An Introduction to Coastal Ecology

abundant adaptations algae algal amphipods anaerobic areas bacteria barnacles beach benthic biological biota birds bivalves breeding burrows Chapter Chthamalus coast coastal waters colonization communities competition consumers copepods coral reefs crabs crustaceans depth desiccation detritus diatoms distribution dominant dune ecosystem effects energy environment estuaries euphotic zone example extensive factors fauna feeders feeding Figure fish fisheries forms fresh water freshwater gastropods gradients grazing growth habitat herbivores important increase inshore intertidal invertebrates kelp large numbers larvae layer light intensity mainly major mangrove marine marsh meiofauna meiofaunal migrations mussels Nereis diversicolor North nutrients occur oceanic offshore oxygen particles patches patterns pelagic photosynthesis phytoplankton plankton plants polychaetes populations predators prey primary production relatively rocky shores salinity saltmarsh sand sea water sea-birds sea-grasses sediment Semibalanus shallow species e.g. subtidal surface water temperature terrestrial tidal tide trophic levels tropical upwelling vegetation vertical water column water movement wave action whilst wind zonation zooplankton zooxanthellae