Pond Aquaculture Water Quality ManagementThe efficient and profitable production of fish, crustaceans, and other aquatic organisms in aquaculture depends on a suitable environment in which they can reproduce and grow. Because those organisms live in water, the major environ mental concern within the culture system is water quality. Water supplies for aquaculture systems may naturally be oflow quality or polluted by human activity, but in most instances, the primary reason for water quality impairment is the culture activity itself. Manures, fertilizers, and feeds applied to ponds to enhance production only can be partially converted to animal biomass. Thus, at moderate and high production levels, the inputs of nutrients and organic matter to culture units may exceed the assimilative capacity of the ecosystems. The result is deteriorating water quality which stresses the culture species, and stress leads to poor growth, greater incidence of disease, increased mortality, and low produc tion. Effluents from aquaculture systems can cause pollution of receiving waters, and pollution entering ponds in source water or chemicals added to ponds for management purposes can contaminate aquacultural products. Thus, water quality in aquaculture extends into the arenas of environmental protection and food quality and safety. A considerable body of literature on water quality management in aquaculture has been accumulated over the past 50 years. The first attempt to compile this information was a small book entitled Water Quality in Warmwater Fish Ponds (Boyd I 979a). |
Contents
Water Quality and Aquaculture Preliminary Considerations | 1 |
12 The Role of Pond Aquaculture | 2 |
13 Water Quality Restraints | 3 |
14 Water Quality Management | 5 |
15 Water Quality Measurement | 6 |
16 Prospectus | 7 |
Ecology of Aquaculture Ponds | 8 |
22 Food Webs and Aquaculture Production | 9 |
85 Effects of Water Circulation | 369 |
Turbidity and Appearance of Water | 372 |
92 Measurements of the Appearance of Water | 373 |
93 Enhancing Turbidity | 377 |
94 Sources of Turbidity | 378 |
96 Settling Basins and Erosion Control | 380 |
97 Turbidity Removal from Pond Waters | 382 |
Aquatic Weed Control | 392 |
23 Aquaculture Production in Pond Culture Systems | 13 |
24 Phytoplankton Communities | 15 |
25 Carbon in Aquaculture Funds | 37 |
26 Nitrogen in Aquaculture Ponds | 46 |
27 Phosphorus in Aquaculture Ponds | 62 |
28 Fate of Nutrients and Organic Matter | 70 |
29 Dissolved Oxygen in Aquaculture Ponds | 75 |
Water Quality Requirements | 87 |
33 Water Temperature | 88 |
34 Salinity | 94 |
35 pH | 100 |
36 Total Alkalinity | 106 |
37 Total Hardness and Calcium | 109 |
38 Dissolved Oxygen | 113 |
39 Carbon Dioxide | 121 |
310 Dissolved Gas Supersaturation | 124 |
311 Ammonia | 131 |
312 Nitrite | 136 |
313 Nitrate | 143 |
314 Hydrogen Sulfide | 144 |
315 Copper and Other Heavy Metals | 147 |
316 Chlorine | 151 |
317 Turbidity | 152 |
Water Use | 154 |
43 Water Budgets | 157 |
44 Water Requirement for Aquaculture | 168 |
46 Water Conservation Techniques | 174 |
Liming | 178 |
53 Effects on Water Quality and Fish Production | 190 |
54 Identification of Ponds Needing Lime | 194 |
55 Soil Characteristics and Liming | 196 |
56 Lime Requirement | 204 |
57 Liming Practices | 214 |
58 Acid Rain | 222 |
Fertilization | 224 |
63 Manures | 243 |
64 Principles of Pond Fertilization | 245 |
65 Review of Fertilization Trials | 274 |
66 The Practice of Pond Fertilization | 293 |
Aeration | 304 |
73 Mechanical Aerators | 310 |
74 Gravity Aeration | 318 |
75 Aerator Performance | 322 |
76 Improved Design for PaddleWheel Aerators | 328 |
77 Practical Considerations | 331 |
78 Predicting Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations | 342 |
Water Circulation | 352 |
83 Devices for Circulating Pond Water | 357 |
84 Measurement of Water Circulation | 364 |
103 The Occurrence of Weed Problems | 404 |
104 Management of Aquatic Weed Problems | 406 |
106 Biological Control | 407 |
107 Chemical Control | 411 |
108 Control of Phytoplankton Blooms | 421 |
OffFlavors and Harmful Algae | 437 |
113 Harmful Algae | 459 |
Pollution | 470 |
123 Types of Pollution | 476 |
124 Toxicity Investigations | 488 |
125 Protection from Pollution | 493 |
Chemical Physical and Biological Treatments | 494 |
133 Piscicidcs | 508 |
134 Toxic Metabolites and pH | 512 |
135 Therapeutants | 520 |
136 Probiotics | 521 |
137 Bactericides | 524 |
139 Registration of Chemicals | 526 |
1310 Application of Chemicals to Ponds | 527 |
Waste Management | 537 |
143 Fate of Nutrients and Organic Matter | 540 |
144 Sources of Suspended Solids | 542 |
145 Volume of Effluents | 543 |
146 Composition of Pond Effluents | 544 |
147 Water Quality Improvement through Pond Management | 547 |
148 Effluent Treatment | 554 |
149 Environmental Effects | 559 |
1410 Solid Wastes | 563 |
1411 Effluent Regulations | 566 |
1412 Best Management Practices | 569 |
Measurement of Waler Quality | 572 |
153 Types of Water Assessment Programs | 581 |
154 Guidelines for Sampling Programs | 583 |
155 Water Samplers and Sample Storage | 587 |
156 Water Analysis Kits and Portable Meters | 591 |
157 Data Analysis and Records | 595 |
Sustainability and Environmental Issues | 597 |
162 Environmental Concerns | 598 |
163 Food Safety Considerations | 605 |
164 Social Concerns | 612 |
165 Sustainability | 614 |
166 Environmental Impact Assessment | 616 |
167 Impact Mitigation | 617 |
168 Rehabilitation | 618 |
1610 Industry Efforts | 619 |
References | 621 |
683 | |
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Common terms and phrases
2-methylisoborneol acid algal ammonia ammonium applied aquaculture ponds aquatic animals areas Auburn Auburn University average bacteria biomass blooms blue-green algae brackish water C. E. Boyd calcium carbon dioxide carp cause channel catfish channel catfish ponds chemical chlorine compounds copper crustaceans culture depth dissolved oxygen dissolved oxygen concentrations effects effluents environmental fertilized ponds fish ponds fish production freshwater geosmin growth hydrogen hydrogen sulfide increase ions kg/ha liming materials macrophytes manure nitrate nitrogen nutrients off-flavor organic matter oxidation paddle-wheel aerators particles phosphate phosphorus photosynthesis phytoplankton phytoplankton communities plankton plants pond aquaculture pond bottom pond fertilization pond water potassium permanganate reduce respiration result salinity samples Secchi disk sediment shrimp farming sodium soluble species standing crops sulfate sulfide tilapia tion total alkalinity total ammonia total hardness toxicity toxins treatment Tucker turbidity uptake usually values water exchange water quality water temperature zooplankton µg/L