Reproductive Ecology and Human Evolution

activity adaptive adult aggression American Journal Anthropology apes appear associated availability behavior Biology birth body Cambridge causes changes chimpanzees compared conception costs cycles decrease differences disease early ecology effects Ellison Endocrinology energetic energy et al evidence evolution evolutionary example factors fecundity females fertility function groups growth higher hormone human Human Reproduction hypothesis immune important increase individuals infant intake interbirth intervals investment Journal of Clinical lactation lemurs less levels loss male maternal mating mechanisms menopause metabolic monkeys months mortality mothers natural nursing Nutrition occur offspring ovarian function patterns period physical physiological populations pregnancy Press primates production rates reduced relationship relatively reported reproductive response risk season selection sexual significant social species status stress studies success suggest suppression testosterone tion University Press variation weight wild women World monkeys York