Space-time Codes and MIMO SystemsMIMO is the technology that is advancing the wireless industry from 3G to 4G systems, and this book is your essential guide to this major development in wireless communications. It takes you step-by-step from the basics of MIMO through various coding techniques, to topics such as multiplexing and packet transmission. Practical examples are emphasized and mathematics is kept to a minimum, so you can quickly and thoroughly understand the essentials of MIMO. The book takes a systems view of MIMO technology that helps you analyze the benefits and drawbacks of any MIMO system. |
Contents
| 1 | |
13 MultipleInput MultipleOutput Systems | 6 |
14 Internet Protocol | 8 |
15 Wireless Internet Protocol | 11 |
References | 12 |
The MIMO Wireless Channel | 15 |
223 Diversity Gain | 16 |
224 Data Pipes | 18 |
633 Code Design Criteria | 154 |
64 LST Receivers | 157 |
643 MMSE Receiver | 158 |
645 Zero Forcing VBLAST Receiver | 159 |
647 Simulation Results | 160 |
648 Receivers for HLST and DLST Systems | 161 |
66 The Effect of Imperfect Channel Estimation on Code Performance | 162 |
69 Summary | 163 |
225 Spatial Multiplexing | 19 |
23 MIMO System Model | 20 |
24 MIMO System Capacity | 22 |
25 Channel Unknown to the Transmitter | 23 |
26 Channel Known to the Transmitter | 24 |
262 Capacity When Channel Is Known to the Transmitter | 26 |
27 Deterministic Channels | 27 |
272 MISO Channel Capacity | 28 |
28 Random Channels | 29 |
281 Ergodic Capacity | 30 |
282 Outage Capacity | 31 |
29 Influence of Fading Correlation on MIMO Capacity | 32 |
210 Influence of LOS on MIMO Capacity | 35 |
211 Influence of XPD on MIMO Capacity | 38 |
Degenerate Channels | 39 |
213 Capacity of Frequency Selective MIMO Channels | 42 |
2131 Channel Unknown to the Transmitter | 43 |
2132 Channel Known to the Transmitter | 44 |
References | 45 |
Channel Propagation Fading and Link Budget Analysis | 47 |
322 Diffraction | 48 |
33 LargeScale Fading or Macroscopic Fading | 50 |
332 Outdoor Propagation Models | 53 |
34 SmallScale Fading | 57 |
341 Microscopic Fading | 58 |
35 Microscopic Fading Measurements | 65 |
351 Direct Pulse Measurements | 66 |
353 Frequency Domain Channel Sounding | 68 |
36 Antenna Diversity | 69 |
362 MIMO Channels | 73 |
SpaceTime Block Coding | 75 |
43 Alamouti SpaceTime Code | 76 |
431 Maximum Likelihood Decoding | 78 |
433 Transmit Diversity | 79 |
434 Summary of Alamoutis Scheme | 80 |
441 STBC for Real Signal Constellations | 82 |
442 STBC for Complex Signal Constellations | 84 |
45 Decoding of STBC | 86 |
46 Simulation Results | 88 |
A Performance Analysis | 92 |
471 Least Squares Estimation | 93 |
472 Minimum Mean Squares Estimation | 94 |
473 Channel Estimation Algorithm Using the FFT Method | 95 |
48 Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance | 97 |
49 Dominant Eigenmode Transmission | 98 |
410 Capacity of OSTBC Channels | 100 |
411 Simulation Exercises | 101 |
SpaceTime Trellis Codes | 103 |
53 SpaceTime Code Word Design Criteria | 105 |
54 Design of SpaceTime Trellis Codes on Slow Fading Channels | 107 |
542 Design Criteria for Slow Rayleigh Fading STTCs | 109 |
543 EncodingDecoding of STTCs for QuasiStatic Flat Fading Channels | 113 |
544 Code Construction for QuasiStatic Flat Fading Channels | 116 |
545 Example Using 4PSK | 117 |
55 Design of SpaceTime Trellis Codes on Fast Fading Channels | 121 |
56 Performance Analysis in a Slow Fading Channel | 126 |
57 Performance Analysis in a Fast Fading Channel | 128 |
59 Effect of Antenna Correlation on Performance | 130 |
511 Comparison of STBC and STTC | 131 |
512 Simulation Exercises | 134 |
References | 135 |
Layered SpaceTime Codes | 137 |
622 Vertical Encoding | 144 |
Design Criteria | 148 |
631 Performance Analysis of an HLST System | 149 |
632 Performance Analysis of a DLST System | 152 |
610 Simulation Exercises | 164 |
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing | 165 |
723 Multicarrier Approach | 167 |
74 OFDM Generation | 168 |
75 Synchronization Issues | 171 |
76 Survey of Synchronization Techniques | 178 |
77 Frequency Offset Estimation | 189 |
78 Carrier Synchronization | 190 |
781 Pilots | 191 |
710 Performance Analysis of Synchronization Techniques | 192 |
711 ML Estimation of Timing and Frequency Offset | 193 |
7111 The Correlation Algorithm Using the Guard Interval | 194 |
712 Carrier Synchronization | 195 |
713 SamplingFrequency Synchronization | 198 |
715 Suggested Solution to the Synchronization Problem | 199 |
716 Channel Estimation | 200 |
7171 Schemes for Reduction of PAPR | 201 |
718 Application to Packet Transmission Systems | 206 |
720 Simulation Exercises | 207 |
IEEE 8021 la Packet Transmission System | 209 |
82 Background | 210 |
84 IEEE 80211 Standard Family | 211 |
843 80211a | 212 |
86 Medium Access Control | 213 |
87 Physical Layer | 215 |
871 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum | 216 |
873 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and 5GHz WLAN Physical Layer | 217 |
88 Synchronization and Packet Detection Algorithms | 224 |
882 Symbol Timing | 226 |
883 Sampling Clock Frequency Error | 227 |
884 Carrier Frequency Synchronization | 229 |
885 Carrier Phase Tracking | 232 |
89 Channel Estimation | 233 |
References | 234 |
SpaceTime Coding for Broadband Channel | 237 |
93 SpaceTime Coding in Wideband OFDM Systems | 239 |
94 Capacity of MIMOOFDM Systems | 240 |
941 Assumptions | 242 |
942 Mutual Information | 244 |
943 Ergodic Capacity and Outage Capacity | 246 |
944 Influence of Channel and System Parameters on Capacity | 247 |
945 Simulations | 251 |
946 Summary | 254 |
951 Analysis | 260 |
962 Overall System Concept | 262 |
963 Comparison with MCCDMA | 267 |
964 Interfacing with MIMO | 272 |
The Way Ahead | 275 |
1021 Capacity in the Uplink | 276 |
103 Linear Dispersion Coding | 280 |
1031 Hassibi and Hochwald Method | 281 |
1032 Method of Heath and Paulraj | 288 |
104 Conclusion | 292 |
Wideband Simulator Description and Explanatory Notes | 295 |
A3 SISO Mode | 297 |
A4 SIMO Mode | 300 |
A5 MISOMIMO Mode | 301 |
A6 VBLAST Mode | 302 |
| 303 | |
Narrowband Simulator | 305 |
List of Acronyms | 307 |
List of Symbols | 311 |
About the Author | 313 |
| 315 | |
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Common terms and phrases
Alamouti algorithm angle spread array gain assume bandwidth base station bit/s/Hz bits CDMA channel estimation channel matrix Chapter code word coding gain complex cyclic prefix data pipes data rates data stream decoding defined delay spread diversity gain diversity order eigenvalues encoder ergodic capacity error rate fading channels flat fading frame frequency error frequency offset Gaussian given guard interval Hence input interleaving log2 long training symbols maximized maximum mbit/s MC-CDMA MIMO MMSE mobile modulation multipath noise number of transmit OFDM symbol OFDM system orthogonal outage capacity output packet PAPR performance phase pilot PN sequence propagation QPSK radio rank Rayleigh fading receive antennas received signal samples scheme shown in Figure simulation SISO SNR dB space-time block codes Space-Time Coding spectrum STBC STTC subcarriers subchannels synchronization technique TFFT transmission transmit antennas transmit diversity transmitted signal V-BLAST vector Wireless Communications WLAN zero Мт
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