Biomechanics: CirculationThe theory of blood circulation is the oldest and most advanced branch of biomechanics, with roots extending back to Huangti and Aristotle, and with contributions from Galileo, Santori, Descartes, Borelli, Harvey, Euler, Hales, Poiseuille, Helmholtz, and many others. It represents a major part of humanity's concept of itself. This book presents selected topics of this great body of ideas from a historical perspective, binding important experiments together with mathematical threads. The objectives and scope of this book remain the same as in the first edition: to present a treatment of circulatory biomechanics from the stand points of engineering, physiology, and medical science, and to develop the subject through a sequence of problems and examples. The name is changed from Biodynamics: Circulation to Biomechanics: Circulation to unify the book with its sister volumes, Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues, and Biomechanics: Motion, Flow, Stress, and Growth. The major changes made in the new edition are the following: When the first edition went to press in 1984, the question of residual stress in the heart was raised for the first time, and the lung was the only organ analyzed on the basis of solid morphologic data and constitutive equations. The detailed analysis of blood flow in the lung had been done, but the physiological validation experiments had not yet been completed. |
Contents
Physical Principles of Circulation | 1 |
13 Newtons Law of Motion Applied to a Fluid | 3 |
14 Importance of Turbulence | 6 |
15 Principle of Heart Valve Closure | 8 |
16 Pressure and Flow in Blood Vessels Generalized Bernoullis Equation | 9 |
17 Analysis of Total Peripheral Flow Resistance | 10 |
18 Importance of Blood Rheology | 13 |
19 Mechanics of Circulation | 14 |
54 Pressure in the Interstitial Space | 278 |
55 Velocity Distribution in Microvessels | 279 |
56 VelocityHematocrit Relationship | 282 |
57 Mechanics of Flow at Very Low Reynolds Numbers | 291 |
58 Oseens Approximation and Other Developments | 298 |
59 Entry Flow Bolus Flow and Other Examples | 300 |
510 Interaction Between Particles and Tube Wall | 306 |
Sheet Flow Around a Circular Post | 309 |
111 Energy Balance Equation | 16 |
References | 22 |
The Heart | 23 |
22 Geometry and Materials of the Heart | 27 |
23 Electric System | 30 |
24 Mechanical Events in a Cardiac Cycle | 34 |
25 How Are the Heart Valves Operated? | 42 |
26 Equations of Heart Mechanics | 49 |
27 Active Contraction of Heart Muscle | 65 |
28 Fluid Mechanics of the Heart | 69 |
29 Solid Mechanics of the Heart | 72 |
210 Experimental Strain Analysis | 81 |
211 Constitutive Equations of the Materials of the Heart | 86 |
212 Stress Analysis | 88 |
References | 101 |
Blood Flow in Arteries | 108 |
32 Laminar Flow in a Channel or Tube | 114 |
Optimum Design of Blood Vessel Bifurcation | 118 |
34 Steady Laminar Flow in an Elastic Tube | 125 |
35 Dynamic Similarity Reynolds and Womersley Numbers Boundary Layers | 130 |
36 Turbulent Flow in a Tube | 134 |
37 Turbulence in Pulsatile Blood Flow | 136 |
38 Wave Propagation in Blood Vessels | 140 |
39 Progressive Waves Superposed on a Steady Flow | 151 |
310 Nonlinear Wave Propagation | 154 |
311 Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Junctions of Large Arteries | 155 |
312 Effect of Frequency on the PressureFlow Relationship at any Point in an Arterial Tree | 164 |
313 Pressure and Velocity Waves in Large Arteries | 170 |
314 Effect of Taper | 172 |
315 Effects of Viscosity of the Fluid and Viscoelasticity of the Wall | 174 |
316 Influence of Nonlinearities | 178 |
317 Flow Separation from the Wall | 180 |
318 Flow in the Entrance Region | 182 |
319 Curved Vessel | 189 |
320 Messages Carried in the Arterial Pulse Waves and Clinical Applications | 191 |
321 Biofluid and Biosolid Mechanics of Arterial Disease | 192 |
References | 200 |
The Veins | 206 |
42 Concept of Elastic Instability | 208 |
43 Instability of a Circular Cylindrical Tube Subjected to External Pressure | 214 |
44 Vessels of Naturally Elliptic Cross Section | 223 |
45 Steady Flow in Collapsible Tubes | 227 |
46 Unsteady Flow in Veins | 235 |
47 Effect of Muscle Action on Venous Flow | 241 |
48 SelfExcited Oscillations | 243 |
49 Forced Oscillation of Veins and Arteries Due to Unsteady Flow Turbulence Separation or Reattachment | 247 |
410 Patency of Pulmonary Veins When the Blood Pressure Is Exceeded by Airway Pressure | 252 |
411 Waterfall Condition in the Lung | 261 |
References | 262 |
Microcirculation | 266 |
52 Anatomy of Microvascular Beds | 267 |
53 Pressure Distribution in Microvessels | 274 |
512 Force of Interaction of Leukocytes and Vascular Endothelium | 316 |
513 Local Control of Blood Flow | 324 |
References | 328 |
Blood Flow in the Lung | 333 |
62 Pulmonary Blood Vessels | 335 |
63 Pulmonary Capillaries | 340 |
Shape of the Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts | 348 |
65 Spatial Distribution of Pulmonary Arterioles and Venules | 350 |
66 Relative Positions of Pulmonary Arterioles and Venules and Alveolar Ducts | 354 |
67 Elasticity of Pulmonary Arteries and Veins | 357 |
68 Elasticity of Pulmonary Alveolar Sheet | 366 |
69 Apparent Viscosity of Blood in Pulmonary Capillaries | 369 |
610 Formulation of the Analytical Problems | 372 |
611 An Elementary Analog of the Theory | 378 |
612 General Features of Sheet Flow | 382 |
613 PressureFlow Relationship of Pulmonary Alveolar Blood Flow | 389 |
614 Blood Flow in the Whole Lung | 393 |
615 Regional Difference of Pulmonary Blood Flow | 404 |
616 Patchy Flow in the Lung | 408 |
617 Analysis of Flow Through a Pulmonary Sluicing Gate | 409 |
618 Stability of a Collapsing Pulmonary Alveolar Sheet | 417 |
619 Hysteresis in the PressureFlow Relationship of Pulmonary Blood Flow in Zone2 Condition | 423 |
620 Distribution of Transit Time in the Lung | 429 |
621 Pulmonary Blood Volume | 434 |
622 Pulsatile Blood Flow in the Lung | 435 |
623 Fluid Movement in the Interestitial Space of the Pulmonary Alveolar Sheet | 438 |
Coronary Blood Flow | 446 |
73 Coronary Veins | 458 |
74 Coronary Capillaries | 467 |
75 Analysis of Coronary Diastolic Arterial Blood Flow with Detailed Anatomical Data | 472 |
76 Morphometry of Vascular Remodeling | 478 |
77 In Vivo Measurements of the Dimensions of Coronary Blood Vessels | 480 |
78 Mechanical Properties of Coronary Blood Vessels | 485 |
LengthTension Relationship of Vascular Smooth Muscle | 489 |
Effect of Shear Stress on the Endothelium on Smooth Muscle LengthTension Relationship | 495 |
712 Regulation and Autoregulation of Coronary Blood Flow | 501 |
713 PressureFlow Relationship of Coronary Circulation | 503 |
714 Model of Coronary Waterfall | 507 |
References | 509 |
Blood Flow in Skeletal Muscle | 514 |
83 Skeletal Muscle Arterioles and Venules | 519 |
84 Capillary Blood Vessels in Skeletal Muscle | 522 |
85 Resistance to Flow in Capillaries | 527 |
87 Constitutive and Hemodynamic Equations of Skeletal Muscle Vasculature | 532 |
88 Pulsatile Flow in Single Vessel | 533 |
810 Finite ZeroFlow Arterial Pressure Gradient in Skeletal Muscle | 538 |
811 Fluid Pump Mechanism in Initial Lymphatics | 540 |
References | 543 |
547 | |
557 | |
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Common terms and phrases
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