Ecotaxes on Polluting Inputs and OutputsThe use of taxes to put pressure on polluters has had mixed results internationally, according to this study of economic instruments (EIs) as a means for cleaning up environmental-hazards. The analysis identifies several key considerations in structuring effective ecotaxes, including trade-offs between environmental and other goals, the size of the tax base, distortions in prices, the possibility of phasing in the taxes, incentives for compliance, and the advisability of earmarking of funds for environmental protection. Industries in India covered in the discussion include makers of automobiles, coal, fertilizers, lead acid batteries, paper and pulp, pesticides, plastics, phosphate-based detergents, and rayon. |
Contents
List of Figures Tables and Annexures | 11 |
About the Authors | 17 |
Design and Implementation of Ecotaxes | 27 |
CONTD | 33 |
Coal | 61 |
Summary of Characteristics | 110 |
Chlorine Use in Pulp and Paper | 121 |
Phosphate Based Detergents | 131 |
Chemical Pesticides and Biopesticides | 139 |
Fertilisers | 149 |
Lead Acid Batteries | 161 |
Plastics | 179 |
Summary | 191 |
| 197 | |
| 203 | |
Common terms and phrases
16 per cent abatement ash content Beneficiation Cost biodegradable biofertilisers biopesticides Bioplastics bleaching capacity carbon tax carry bags CENVAT cess charges chemical fertilisers chemical pesticides Chennai chlorine chlorine dioxide coking coal consumers consumption Contd content ECU CPCB crore Denmark detergents diesel diesel cars diesel vehicles earmarked ecocess economic ecotax effect effluent energy environment environmental taxes estimated eutrophication excise duty fertilisers Finland fuel economy grades green taxes Impact Other Regulations important Incentive Impact increase India industry inputs levied million tonnes MoEF motor Netherlands nitrogen non-coking coal Norway OECD OECD countries organised sector organochlorine compounds output paper passenger cars phosphate plastic wastes polluter pays pollution control power plants price of ROM production programmes pulp rebate recommended recycling reduce resource tax scrap batteries smelters Source standards STPP subsidy sulphur Sweden Table tax rate technologies tonnes toxic unleaded petrol unorganised zeolite