Fundamentals of Steelmaking

activity coefficient alloying elements argon atoms austenite binary calcination calcium aluminate calculated carbon contents concentration controlled data in Fig decarburisation decreases degasser deoxidation desulphurisation diffusivity E.T. TURKDOGAN effect equilibrium constant experimental data flow rate flux free energy gas bubbles gas mixture gases graphite H₂ haematite heat capacity Henry's law hot ductility hot metal HSLA steels hydrogen inclusions increasing injection iron oxide isothermal ladle ladle slag layer liquid iron liquid steel manganese mass melt molar molten N₂ nitrides nitrogen oxygen blowing percent peritectic plant data plotted in Fig pore surface area porous precipitation Raoult's law rate constant rate equation ratio reaction reduction saturated shown in Fig silicate SiO2 slag slag basicity solid solidification solubility solution steel containing Steel Inst steelmaking sulphur surface tension thermal thermodynamic tion Trans U.S. Steel vaporisation vapour viscosity wustite