Geochemistry: An Introduction

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Cambridge University Press, Jul 3, 2003 - Science - 248 pages
From measuring geological time, through unravelling the evolution of continents, ocean and mantle, to understanding climate change, modern geochemistry is a discipline which pervades nearly all of the Earth Sciences. Geochemistry provides a broad introduction to the subject, which concentrates on the inorganic chemistry of the condensed part of our planet. This new textbook is written by the author of the authoritative and widely acclaimed Introduction to Geochemical Modelling (Cambridge, 1995). Emphasizing general principles rather than specific observations, Professor Albarède leads the reader through the simplest concepts of physics and chemistry behind geochemical processes. He covers fields central to geochemistry, such as crystal chemistry, mass balance and element transport, and geochemical dynamics. A broad range of applications is introduced, in natural water systems, the deep Earth and planetary processes. Geochemistry is an ideal textbook for undergraduate students, and will also provide an accessible introduction for researchers working in related fields.

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Contents

Introduction
1
The properties of elements
7
11 The periodic table
8
12 Chemical bonding
12
14 Geochemical classifications
17
15 The different reservoirs and their composition
18
16 The nucleus and radioactivity
20
Mass conservation elemental and isotopic fractionation
23
71 Early diagenesis
125
72 Hydrothermal reactions
127
73 Metamorphism
132
74 Waterrock ratios
134
Reference
135
The solid Earth
137
81 The geochemical variability of magmas
140
812 Differentiation of magmatic series
144

21 Conservation of mass
25
22 Elemental fractionation
29
23 Isotopic fractionation
34
24 Distillation processes
43
References
46
Geochronology and radiogenic tracers
47
31 Dating by radioactive nuclides
52
312 Beryllium10
53
313 The thorium230 excess method
54
32 Systems with high parentdaughter ratios
56
321 The potassiumargon method
57
322 Dating zircons by the uraniumlead method
58
33 The isochron method
60
34 Radiogenic tracers
64
Element transport
69
41 Advection
70
42 Diffusion
71
421 Closure temperature of radioactive chronometers
74
422 Other applications
76
43 Chromatography
77
44 Reaction rates
79
Reference
80
Geochemical systems
81
52 Interaction of multiple reservoirs and geochemical cycles
87
53 Mixing
91
References
94
Waters present and past
95
62 Speciation in solutions
97
63 Waterrock reactions
98
64 Biological activity
101
66 Precipitation rivers weathering and erosion
106
67 Elements of marine chemistry
110
68 Climate
115
References
122
Mineral reactions
123
82 Magmatism of the different tectonic sites
146
83 Mantle convection
155
84 The growth of continental crust
157
References
163
The Earth in the Solar System
165
92 The formation of the Solar System
171
93 Condensation of planetary material
173
94 The composition of the Earth and its core and the origin of seawater
176
95 The age of the Earth
180
96 The Moon
184
97 Mars
187
References
189
The geochemical behavior of selected elements
191
102 Aluminum
193
103 Potassium
194
104 Sodium
196
105 Magnesium
197
106 Calcium
198
107 Iron
199
108 Sulfur
202
109 Phosphorus
204
1010 Carbon
205
Reference
206
Composition of the major geological units
207
The mixing equation for ratios
210
A refresher on thermodynamics
212
The Rayleigh distillation equation
220
The geological time scale
222
An overview of analytical methods
223
Physical and geophysical constants
230
Some equations relative to residence time
232
Further reading
235
Index
239
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