Integrated Electronics: Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems

acceptor active region approximately assume atom band base current biasing capacitance capacitor charge circuit of Fig collector current collector junction common-emitter concentration conduction configuration constant covalent bond crystal current gain curve cutin cutoff decreases Define density device diffusion current diode current doped electron volts electrons emitter current emitter junction equal equation equivalent circuit forward-biased gate germanium given Hence hole impurity increases indicated in Fig injected integrated circuits load line logic magnitude metal minority carriers minority-carrier MOSFET n-p-n transistor n-type n-type semiconductor negative obtained open-circuited operation operational amplifier oscillator output voltage p-n diode p-n junction p-n-p transistor parameters photon plotted poles positive potential R₁ radiation recombination rectifier resistor result reverse-biased semiconductor shown in Fig signal silicon sinusoidal small-signal stage substrate temperature truth table tunnel diode V₁ V₂ valence valence band volt-ampere volt-ampere characteristic voltage gain waveform zero