Modern Filter Design: Active RC and Switched Capacitor

according achieve active filters active-RC amplifier analog analysis applications approximation assumed band band-pass bilinear biquad blocks C₁ C₂ capacitor cascade changes Chapter circuit in Fig clock Comparing components consider Current defined derived desired determined discussed effect element equations equivalent circuit example expression feedback frequency gain given ground high-pass ideal implementation input integrator K₁ limited linear low-pass measures methods minimize normalized notch Note obtained op amp operation output pairing parameters passive performance phase pole practical R₁ R₂ range readily realization reduce referred resistor respectively response sampling second-order sections sensitivity shown in Fig signal simple simulation specifications switched capacitor synthesis Table terminated topologies transfer function transform typically V₁ values variations voltage Vout yields z-domain zeros