Soil Crusting Chemical & Physical Processes

aggregate stability Ahuja Alfisols areas Ben-Hur Brazil bulk density Cecil charge chemical chisel plow clay loam clay mineralogy clayey cover crops crust formation crust strength crusting soils cumulative infiltration decrease depositional crusts electrolyte electrolyte concentration Equation Figure final infiltration rate flocculation formed function gypsum ha¹ hard-setting hydraulic conductivity Inceptisols increase irrigation kaolinite kinetic energy loam Miller montmorillonite Morin Mualem mulch no-tillage organic matter Oxisols particles plots polymers pores rain raindrop impact rainfall intensity rainfall simulator reduced relationship residues Rhodic Haplorthox Roth runoff sand sandy loam saturated hydraulic conductivity seal formation sealing and crusting sediment sedimentary crusts seedling emergence semi-arid Shainberg silt loam simulated rainfall smectite sodic soil conditioners soil crusting soil erosion soil loss soil properties Soil Sci soil sealing soil water solution structural crusts studies surface crusts Table texture thickness tillage treatment Ultisols Valentin variable washed-in water content zone