The Science of Ecology

A₁ abundance adults age class alleles animals average behavior birds body temperature breeding butterfly chemical cichlid CO₂ coexist competition cycle density dependence ecologists ecology ecosystem eggs Ehrlich energy environment environmental equation eusocial evolution evolutionary evolved example exist exponential exponential growth extinction feed females fish fitness flow flowers foraging furanocoumarins gametes gene pool genetic drift genotypes growth guild habitat herbivores heterozygote increase individuals insects interactions island K-selection Lake larvae less lizard males mammals mimic mimicry moths mouthbrooding mutation N₁ natural selection nest nitrogen nutrients occur offspring organisms parasites pathway patterns phenotype Photo by Paul photosynthesis plants pollination polygyny population predators predict prey produce rain forest reef relative reproductive result root Roughgarden savanna season seeds senescence sexual shown in Figure soil stable age distribution strategy studies survival tend territories theory tion traits trees tropical variation wasps zone zygotes