The Sounds of Speech Communication: A Primer of Acoustic Phonetics and Speech Perception

acoustic action airflow alveolar amount amplitude articulation articulatory auditory begins breath group burst called causes changes Chapter closed compared complete components consonants constriction corresponding cues damped depending described duration effects example factors Figure final flow force formant frequency fricatives front fundamental frequency given glide glottal glottis harmonic higher important increase intensity intervals intonation language length lips listeners locations lower measured motion motor mouth move movement muscles nasal natural occlusion occur oral oscillation patterns perception period phoneme phrase pitch position produced prosodic pulses range release resonant response resulting rise rules seen sentences shape similar sound speaker spectral spectrogram spectrum speech speech perception speech sounds spoken stop stress strong subglottal pressure syllables tension theory tion tongue transitions tube unvoiced utterance vocal folds vocal tract voiced vowel wave