heart? 29. What does the right heart contain? The left? 30. What happens if the valve between the auricles fails to close at birth? 31. Where is the tricuspid valve? The mitral valve? 32. Where are the semilunar valves? 33. What motion has the heart? 34. Are its motions voluntary or involuntary? 35. When the auricles contract, what becomes of the blood contained in them? 36. What prevents its regurgitation? 37. What occasions the sounds heard upon auscultation ? 38. What interval is there between the contractions of the heart? 39. What takes place during this interval? 40. What is the state of contraction of the heart called? Its relaxation? 41. Do the two sides of the heart act together or alternately? 42. Describe the course of the blood from the left ventricle. 43. What is the largest artery in the body? 44. Describe its direction. 45. Where do the lesser arteries originate? 46. Describe the structure of the arteries. 47. What difference is there between that of the larger and the smaller arteries? 48. Which are the most elastic? 49. What effect has this

elasticity upon the circulation? 50. Into what do the arteries empty? 51. Describe the capillaries. 52. Into what do they lead? 53. Describe the course of the veins. 54. The structure of the veins. 55. How do they differ from arteries? 56. In what state are the arteries found after death? The veins ? 57. What is the endocardium? 58. Where is the circulation most rapid? Where is it slowest? 59. What takes place while the blood is retained in the capillaries? 60. What are the venæ cavæ ? 61. Into what do they empty? 62. Review the entire systemic circulation. 63. When the blood gets back to the heart, what alteration has it undergone? 64. What must be done to render it fit for further use? 65. How is it to be purified? 66. Describe the pulmonary circulation. 67. What takes place in the pulmonary capillaries? 68. How do the pulmonary veins and arteries differ from those of the general circulation? 69. What is anastomosis? 70. What surgical value has it? 71. What is the pulse? 72. Where can the pulse-beats be counted? 73. If you fail to get them at the radial artery, what will you do? 74. Which arteries retain their pulsation longest? 75. Why is it important to watch a patient's pulse? 76. How can you best take the pulse of a child? 77. Why does the pulserate vary? 78. Name certain conditions that modify it in health. 79. What is the average rate in a healthy adult? In an infant? 80. Which is more common, increase or diminution in the rate? 81. What else may vary as well as the rate? 82. Describe a quick pulse. A full one. Small. Compressible. Irregular. Intermittent. 83. Can

a pulse be at the same time irregular and intermittent? 84. Which is the more serious symptom? Ɛ5. Name some other forms of departure from a normal pulse. 86. What is a dicrotic pulse? 87. To what error may marked dicrotism lead? 88. Does the pulse in the two wrists ever differ? 89. What is such a pulse called? What does it usually indicate? 90. What other function has the blood? 91. How is animal heat produced? 92. What is the normal temperature of the body? 93. Is it affected by external variations of temperature? 94. How is its equilibrium maintained? 95. What effect has the action of the skin upon the temperature? 96. How does the nervous system affect it? 97. Has a normal temperature any variations? 98. When is it highest? Lowest? 99. How much variation may there be within the limits of health? Within the limits of life? 100. In what proportion is the danger to life? 101. What is hyperpyrexia? 102. What do you call high fever? 103. What is the temperature of collapse? 104. Which is more dangerous, a temperature far above, or the same number of degrees below the normal? 105. Are all diseased conditions accompanied by changes in temperature? 106. What diagnostic value have they? 107. Define pyrexia. 108. How is fever produced? 109. To what is the amount of heat produced proportional? 110. What else usually rises with the temperature? 111. Is the relation between them always the same? 112. What is indicated if the pulse is more rapid than the temperature will explain? 113. How early in the course of disease may you look for a rise of temperature? 114. Why is it important to get the earliest rise of temperature? 115. Is a slight variation of much importance? When least so? 116. If the exacerbation is found to be increasing, what do you infer? What if it begins each day earlier? 117. What may you regard as a sign of improvement? 118. Do the same daily fluctuations take place in disease? 119. When may a febrile temperature be expected to rise? Any exception to this? 120. What irregularities are sometimes observed? 121. How are these to be recognized? 122. Why is it important to take the temperature with regularity? 128. At what hours should you take it? 124. What is indicated by an irregularity in temperature in the course of a disease having usually a regular type? 125. What local causes may occasion it? 126. Distinguish between continued fever, remittent, and intermittent. 127. In what disorders does the temperature rise suddenly? 128. Name some in which the rise is gradual. 129. What is the usual course in typhoid fever? 130. What is defervescence? 131. In what two ways may it

take place? 132. How may temperature be artificially reduced? 133. How elevated? 134. When will these measures be most effective? 135. How are modifications of temperature recognizable? 136. How can you measure them with certainty? 137. How do you throw down the mercury in a clinical thermometer? How far? 138. Where may the temperature be taken? 139. Will it make any difference in the result? 140. What precautions should be exercised in taking an axillary temperature? 141. Can you always get a correct axillary temperature? 142. What risk is there about taking a sublingual temperature? 143. Which is the most reliable temperature? 144. Which method would you employ in the case of an infant? 145. What points must be observed? 146. How long does it take to get a correct tem perature? 147. What care does a thermometer require? 148. Why does a thermometer deteriorate with age? 149. Can you have a local without a general rise of temperature? 150. What produces it? 151. Can this local heat be measured in the same way? With the same instrument? 152. How does the surface thermometer differ from the other? 153. How do you use it? 154. Is this local temperature subject to variations? 155. After taking a temperature, what should you do next?

CHAPTER V.-1. What are the chief respiratory organs? 2. Of what are the lungs composed? 3. How are the air-cells connected with the external air? 4. What is the trachea? What other name for it? 5. What is the pleura? Its use? 6. How is the thorax separated from the abdomen? 7. Is the motion of the diaphragm voluntary or involuntary? 8. What happens to the lungs when the diaphragm descends? When it ascends? 9. What further affects the size of the thoracic cavity? 10. What constitutes respiration? 11. What is tidal air? 12. How is the stationary air purified? 13. What follows each expiration? 14. What is the normal rate of respiration? 15. How much air is taken in at each breath? 16. How many respirations does it take to completely renovate the air in the lungs? 17. What is gained by this gradual introduction of the outer air? 18. How can the capacity and strength of the lungs be improved? 19. What is the direct object of respiration? 20. Of what is the atmosphere composed? 21. What is the proportion of oxygen in it? 22. What is the use of the nitrogen? 23. What is the character of carbonic-acid gas? 24. What effects may it produce? 25. In what proportion does it become dangerous? 26. What is meant by osmosis? 27. Describe the process of purification of the blood by osmosis. 28. What relation

is there between circulation and respiration? 29. How many pulsebeats are there to each respiration? 30. Name some conditions that affect the rate of the respirations. 31. How are the respirations best counted? 32. Where can the motion be felt ? 33. What rate of respiration would you consider alarming? 34. Describe some variations in the character of respiration. 35. When is breathing said to be stertorous? 36. What is dyspnoea? Apnoea? 37. Name some possible causes of dyspnoea. 38. Define asphyxia. 39. What impurities does the air acquire in the lungs? 40. Which has the greater specific gravity, carbonic-acid gas or the atmospheric air? 41. Why does the heavier gas not accumulate in a stratum near the ground? 42. Why does it not in time contaminate the whole atmosphere? 43. How do the animal and vegetable kingdoms assist each other? 44. What stimulus is necessary to excite plants to the absorption of carbonic-acid gas? 45. When we are in the open air, what becomes of the products of respiration? 46. Can this process be carried on in any confined space? 47. What is then necessary? 48. Why do the wounded so often do better in tents than in hospitals? 49. What effect has impure air upon the system? 50. What other sources of impurity in the air besides the exhalations of the lungs? 51. What is the effect of combustion upon the atmosphere? 52. How many gas-lights would you have in a sick-room? 53. How much air-space is necessary for a healthy adult? 54. How much for an invalid? 55. Why is the necessity greater in sickness? 56. What is the minimum air supply? The maximum ? 57. What is ventilation? 58. Distinguish between natural and artificial ventilation. 59. How many methods of artificial ventilation? Illustrate each. 60. Which is to be preferred? Why? 61. What do you mean by accidental ventilation? 62. How is natural ventilation mainly produced? 63. How does an open fire assist in ventilation? 64. Where must your fresh-air supply come from? 65. Does a strong draught prove a room to be well ventilated? 66. In what part of the room should the fresh air be admitted? Why? 67. What are necessary for good ventilation? 68. How should the inlets and outlets compare in size? 69. How should they be situated? 70. How can thorough distribution be secured? 71. Why is it more difficult to properly ventilate a small room than a large one? 72. What is the ideal condition of the air in a sick-room? 73. Is it possible to attain this? 74. How far is the nurse responsible for the condition of the air? 75. Are you like to have any difficulty in securing fresh air enough? 76. What is to be guarded against? 77. Can you al

ways have the windows open in the sick-room? When not? 78. How will you, then, get your fresh air? 79. What can you do in ordinary cases? 80. Is ventilation equally important at night? 81. What objection is there to night air? 82. Shall we then shut it out 83. When is the body least able to resist cold? 84. What is, then, to be done? 85. What additional ill effect if we close the windows? 86. Which will do most harm, cold air or foul air? 87. Is cold air always pure air? 88. Is ventilation as much needed in cold weather? 89. How can you test the purity of the air? 90. What does a "sick-room odor" indicate? 91. After staying for some time in a vitiated atmosphere, why are you no longer a fit judge of its condition? 92. How can you regain your sensitiveness? 93. Ought the nurse to feel personally rebuked if the doctor criticises the room as "close"? 94. Can you open the windows wide in cold weather? 95. What else should you do at the same time? 96. Mention a good way to protect the patient. 97. How long should you keep him covered? 98. If the patient can leave his room, what should you do in his absence? 99. How frequent should be the renovation of the air? 100. How can you arrange the window so as to admit air without direct draughts? 101. Of what use is a wire screen? 102. What kind of windows are the best for ventilating purposes? 103. What direction should be given to the currents of cold air? Why? 104. What is the best way of securing an outward flow of the foul air? 105. If the open fire gives insuffi. cient heat, what should be done? 106. What if it gives too much heat? 107. What is necessary to make an extraction flue draw? 108. What must there be, to allow open windows? 109. Is it economical to heat all out-doors? 110. Do stoves aid in ventilation? 111. Are they as good as open fires? 112. What is the worst mode of heating? 113. What is essential to the wholesomeness of the air? 114. What objection is there to furnace-heat? 115. Tell some ways of imparting moisture to the air? 116. Do patients with pulmonary disease need particularly dry air? 117. What is the proper temperature for a sickroom? 118. In what cases is there especial necessity for warmth? 119. Is it as important to keep the room warm after the patient leaves his bed? 120. Do patients often take cold in bed? 121. Is there any danger of it? 122. What should prevent you from giving your patient abundant fresh air? 123. Why is it of literally vital importance? 124. Give three rules to be remembered concerning ventilation.

CHAPTER VI.—1. What point of difference should there be between a trained and an untrained nurse? 2. In what particular has the nurse