Perpignan and Jonquera, practicable at all seasons, and by all kinds of vehicles; 2, the Pass of Puymoreins, leading from the valley of the Seine to that of the Ariège (6,299 ft. high); 3, the Port de Caufrane, between Pau and Saragossa (6,713 ft.); 4. the Port de Roncevaux, between St. Jean and l'ampeluna (5,771 ft.); and, 5, the Pass of Bidassoa, along the high road connecting Burgos and Vittoria with Bayonne. The first and last of these passes were, previous to the opening, in 1865, of the railway skirting the pass of Bidassoa, most generally used by travellers between Spain and France. The two highest passes are the Port d'Or (9,843 ft.), and the Brèche de Roland (9,856 ft.). The geology of the Pyrenees is still very imperfectly known. The extent of primitive rock is smaller than in the Alps; but its arrangement is very peculiar: not in isolated masses, bursting here and there through the transition and secondary formations, but in a band or zone running in the direction of the chain, but only occasionally falling in with the crest or central chain; the granite in the W. section is on the S., and in that to the E. on the N. side of the main ridge. The primitive formation is extremely simple, consisting of three rocks only, granite, micaceous schist, and primitive limestone, which, together, form a pretty continuous band, stretching threefourths across the isthmus. The transition rocks, comprising the great bulk of the mountain system, are arranged in vertical bands flanking the primitive formation, and consist of argillaceous schist, schistose and common grauwacke, with blue limestone: these strata occur mostly on the N. side, the beds S. of the primitive formation being chiefly secondary rocks, as red sandstone, Alpine and Jura limestone. The oolite and chalk formations are found in the lower parts of the chain on either side. The existence of volcanic action is proved by the trap and other similar formations, interspersed in different parts of the chain; by the peculiar manner in which many of the strata are upheaved; by the frequency of earthquakes on both sides of the range; and by the abundance of thermal springs, especially in the valleys on the French side of the Pyrenees. The most celebrated springs are those of Bagnères de Bigorre and Barrege, Bagnères de Luchon and St. Sauveur; all of which are visited, during the summer months, by persons labouring under rheumatism and chronic disorders, as well as by others in search of pleasure and picturesque scenery. Iron, copper, zinc, and lead are found in the Pyrenees, but, with the exception of iron, these ores are not wrought, though it is a well known fact that great mineral riches were extracted from these mountains by the Carthaginians and Romans. Indeed, there are the remains of 300 or 400 deserted mines in different parts of the Pyrenees, some of which are said to be very rich. The veins of marble are numerous and valuable, one of them, a white marble, being equal, in purity and closeness of texture, to that of Carrara. The flora of the Pyrenees comprise the rhododendra, the alpine rose, and a large variety of plants common to high elevations; the principal forest trees being the box, fir, pine, and, in lower situations, the deciduous oak. The fauna comprise the izzard, a species of chamois, the wolf, and the bear; with a variety of birds, many of which are migratory. The Pyrenees give rise to numerous rivers. Those on the N. side comprise the Adour and its tributaries, the Pau, Oleron, Seison, Nive, &c.; the Garonne, with the Gers, Ariège, and others of its affluents, all sending their waters into the Bay of Biscay; and the Aude, the Tet, and the Tech, VOL. IV. falling into the Mediterranean. The rivers descending from the S. slope are mostly tributaries of the Ebro, the principal being the Aragon, Gallego, Cinca, and Segre, all of which have numerous branches; the other rivers of this slope are the Ter and the Lobregat, the latter flowing into the sea close to Barcelona. Scenes of savage sublimity are more frequently met with in Switzerland than in the Pyrences; the N. lat. of the former, as well as the greater size of its rivers and lakes, adding to its features of wild grandeur. The Pyrenees, however, exceed the Alps in elevation, owing to the much lower level of the valleys, as compared with those of Switzerland, some of which are nearly 4,000 ft. high, while those of SW. France scarcely exceed 2,000 ft. The presence of oaks, also, in the forests, clothing the sides of the mountains, gives a beauty to the Pyrenees which is wholly absent on the fircovered steeps of the Alps. But, however worthy of the traveller's notice, these valleys will probably never become the frequent resort of the tourist, because access to them is, notwithstanding the various lines constructed to and through these mountain masses, still very difficult, and the accommodation for travellers worse than indifferent; while Switzerland, accessible in all directions by good roads, and a complete network of railways, is visited not only on its own account, but because it is the high road to Italy. The mountaineers of the Pyrenees are shepherds, and small proprietors both of land and cattle; but owing to the deficiency of nutritious vegetation, their condition as graziers is far inferior to that of their brothers of the Alps. They are patient and industrious, though seldom raised above want; besides which, they are in everything, but especially in food and clothing, more simple and primitive than the Alpine mountaineers, than whom, however, they are unquestionably handsomer and more vigorous. Their food usually consists of rye or barley, bread and paste, made from Indian corn, with, occasionally, salted kid's flesh and pork. Crime of every description is rare in the Pyrenees, theft very unfrequent, and murder altogether unknown. On these mountains is found the extraordinary race of people called Cugots, distinguished by their sallow and unhealthy countenances, stupid expression, want of vigour, relaxed appearance, imperfect articulation, disposition to goitres, and inferior share of mental capacity. They live in the most retired valleys, secluded from and studiously avoiding intercourse with the rest of the inhabs., by whom they are looked upon as a degraded race; and though they are not persecuted, enslaved, and debarred the privileges of religion as formerly, they are still a separate family, still outcasts; a people having evidently no kindred with those who live around them, but the remnant of a different and more ancient family. The origin of this curious race is hidden in obscurity. The Pyrenees, which seem to have been known to the Greeks under the name of Ivpn, are connected with many important historical events. Hannibal crossed them on his way to Italy, at the beginning of the second Punic war, most probably by the pass of Pertus, near the E. end of the chain. Julius Cæsar also traversed them with his army, when marching into Spain against Pompey. Charlemagne carried his victorious arms over these mountains, and added Spain to the empire of the Franks. Edward the Black Prince led his army over one of the western passes, when fighting in defence of Peter the Cruel against Henry of Trastamare; and these mountains have obtained a more recent celebrity D PYRENEES-ORIENTALES from having been the scene of several obstinate | France, reg. SW., formerly included in Gascony, struggles between the French and English at the between lat. 42° 42′ and 43° 35′ N., and long. 20′ close of the Peninsular War, the result of which W. and 35 E., having N. Gers, E. Haute-Garonne, set in a striking point of view the great military W. Basses-Pyrenees, and S. Spain, the ridge of talents of the Duke of Wellington. the Pyrenees forming the line of demarcation between the two kingdoms. Area, 452,945 hectares. Pop. 240,179 in 1861. Within the limits of this dép. are some of the most remarkable places of resort and objects of curiosity in the Pyrenees, as the baths of Barèges, Bagnères, and Cauterets, the valley of Gavarine, and the Brèche de Roland. By far the greater part of the surface is covered with ramifications of the Pyrenees, among which the Gave de Pau, Gers, and Adour take their rise. Small lakes are very numerous in the mountains. There is a larger proportion of good soil in this than in the neighbouring dép. of the Basses Pyrénées, though the produce of corn (chiefly maize and wheat), be still insufficient for the inhabs. Property is much subdivided; most of the peasants are proprietors of the soil they cultivate; and the greater number of the other proprietors are engaged in the cultivation of their own lands. A traveller, Mr. Inglis, describes a family in the mountains, whose condition might be taken as a fair sample of that of the poorer mountaineers of the Pyrenees. The property of the peasant,' he says, 'consisted of two cows and three goats. A small meadow in the neighbourhood of the hut was fertilised, and allotted to rye, and about a rood of land was laid out in potatoes and cabbages. The peasant and his family consumed the whole produce of the animals. Meat of no kind ever entered the cabin; but the lake, 14 league distant, occasionally supplied a few fish. A kind of cheese, like some of the poores Scotch cheeses, was made from the goats' milk; and the sale of this to the lower orders at Cauterets was the only source of the money necessary for the purchase of clothes and whatever else was not produced by cows and goats.' (Switzerland, the Pyrenees, &c., p. 280, 281.) The dép, produces about 270,000 hectolitres a year of inferior wine, about a half of which is exported or conreared, and the horses bred in the plain of Tarbes are extensively purchased for the service of the light cavalry. Mules are bred for export into Spain. The produce of wool is reckoned at about 370,000 kilogr. a year; and a good deal of butter is made of the milk of the sheep. The produce of honey and wax is also considerable. Minerals and manufactures, though of little importance, are not quite valueless, there being good marble quarries, and some fabrics of woollen, linen, and cotton stuffs, with tanneries and distilleries. The dep. is divided into three arronds.; chief tows, Tarbes (the cap.), Argeles, and Bagnères de Bigorre. PYRENEES (BASSES), a frontier dép. of France, reg. SW., formerly comprised in Gascony, Bearn, and Navarre; between lat. 42° 47′ and 43° 35′ N., long. 0° and 1° 48′ W., having N. Landes, E. Hautes-Pyrenees, S. and W. Spain, and NW. the Bay of Biscay, on which it has a coast-line of about 25 m. Area, 762,266 hect. Pop. 436,628 in 1861. The Pyrenees bound this dep. on the S.; their highest point in this part of the range, the Pic du Midi, being 9,546 ft. in height. Their ramifications cover the greater part of the dep., which is traversed by the rivers Gave de Pau, Oleron, Bidouze, and Nieve, tributaries of the Adour, and flowing NW. Small lakes and mineral springs are very numerous. Except on the mountains, the climate is temperate and healthy the soil in the lower parts of the country is very fertile, while the mountain sides are covered with fine pastures and forests, which maintain great numbers of cattle and hogs. Between Betharam and Pau the country is beautiful. Here are the rich vales of Bearn, every inch of land is cultivated, and the road is a constant succession of villages and houses. The principal products of this country are fruit, wine, and Indian corn, all of which grow in great perfection. It is in this district that the prunes so much prized in England are grown and prepared; and every description of fruit that is produced in the lower parts of Bearn is excellent of its kind. Here, too, is the vine, not as it is found in the other parts of France, an insignificant shrub, covering the acclivities, and possessing not much greater beauty than a potato-field; but trained from tree to tree, as in some parts of Italy and in the Tyrol. Agriculture is, however, in a very backward state; by what would seem to be a singular contradiction, the sides of the hills are cultivated, while the plains, which, it may be presumed, would be much more productive, are left waste or in pas-verted into brandy. A good many cattle are ture; and the corn is insufficient for the home supply. Maize and wheat are the grains principally cultivated; flax and hemp are also raised in large quantities. The produce of wine is estimated at about 300,000 hectolitres a year, of which about one-third part is consumed by the inhabs.; some growths, particularly those of Jurançon, near Pau, are of a superior quality. There are estimated to be nearly 117,000 head of cattle in the dep., and 464,000 sheep, the produce of wool being supposed to amount to about 1,000,000 kilogr. The breed of horses has been greatly improved by the stud at Pau: a great many mules are bred for export into Spain. The hogs furnish the hams so well known under the name of jambons de Bayonne. Copper, iron, sulphur, cobalt, slate, marble, and granite are among the mineral products; and mining industry is carried on upon a pretty extensive scale. The manufactures comprise woollen and linen stuffs and yarn, printed handkerchiefs (called mouchoirs de Bearn), leather, hardware, earthenware, paper, chocolate, and brandy; and the dép. furnishes supplies of planks, with cordage, for the dockyard of Bayonne. The value of the cattle, wine, hams, and salted geese, exported to foreign countries, especially contraband to Spain, is estimated at 4,000,000 fr. a year, and that of the exports to other parts of France at about 3,000,000 fr. Basses-Pyrenees is divided into five arronds; chief towns, Pau, the cap., Bayonne, Mauleon, Oleron, and Orthez. PYRENEES (HAUTES), a frontier dép. of PYRENEES-ORIENTALES, a maritime and frontier dép. of France, reg. S., consisting principally of the old prov. of Roussillon, with a portion of Languedoc, E., having N. Aude, W. Ariège, S. Spain, the ridge of the Pyrenees forming the line of demarcation between the two kingdoms, and E. the Mediterranean. Shape nearly triangular. Area, 412,211 hectares. Pop. 181,763 in 1861. The Pyrenees in this dép. are less lofty than in the greater part of the rest of their course; still, however, the Canigou, their highest peak, attains to an elevation of 9,140 ft. The dep., though in great part mountainous, comprises a large extent of plain country. The principal rivers are the Tet, Tech, and Ågly; but none of these are navigable. The arable lands are of two classes-wet and dry. The irrigable, or wet, are always under culture: in the rotation to which they are sub the dép, have been very much improved by the imperial stud at Perpigan and otherwise: sheep and goats are, however, the most valuable domestic animals; the former yield annually about 50,000 kilogr, of wool for exportation, after supplying the home consumption. The mulberry has been introduced, but this dép, ranks last among those in which silk is grown. About 300,000 kilogrammes a year of cork are collected. Property is very much subdivided. Iron, copper, bismutli, and lead are raised, but in no great quantities. Many of the inhabs, of the coast are occupied in the funny and anchovy fisheries; and there are manufactures of coarse woollen stuffs and hosiery, with iron forges, tanneries, paper mills, and distilleries. The dep is divided into three arronds.: chief towns, Perpignan, the capital, Céret, and Prades. jected, they usually yield three crops in two years, one of which is wheat, and the others trefoil, or beans, maize, potatoes, hemp, or flax, when they are kept in grass for an equal period. The dry, or non-irrigable, lands are alternately under wheat or rye, or in fallow. But though agriculture be better conducted than in most of the adjacent deps.. the corn continues to be separated from the grain by treading out with horses, as in Aude. The total produce of corn, chiefly wheat, maize, and rye, is estimated at 442,160 hectolitres a year, a quantity obviously much below the demand of the pop. The dep. also furnishes in ordinary years about 300,000 hectol, of wine, and 12,000 of oil. The rins ordinaires are highly coloured and heavy, and are but little drunk in a pure state in other parts of France, but are extensively employed to give colour and body to the weaker wines of other déps. The red wines of Bagnols Roussillon belonged successively to the kings of and the white wines of Rivesaltes are, however, of Majorca and of Aragon, till Louis XI. took it a very superior description. The white Muscat from the latter. It was restored by Charles VIII., wine of Rivesaltes is said to be decidedly the best and remained attached to the Spanish monarchy vin de liqueur produced in France. The horses of, till 1640, when it was finally annexed to France. Q. QUEBEC, a city and sea-port of Canada, of height overhanging the river, was burnt down early in 1835. The Roman Catholic cathedral of Notre Dame, the Protestant cathedral, with sundry other Catholic and Protestant churches; the old episcopal palace, now the seat of the Canadian legislature; the quadrangular edifice, formerly the college of the Jesuits, but now a barrack, in the upper town; with the Quebec bank, the exchange reading-room, and the government warehouses, in the lower town, comprise the principal public buildings. There are three nunneries, one of which, the Hôtel de Dieu, is a very valuable hospital. The nuns are here, in fact, a most useful class of persons, acting as nurses to the sick admitted within these establishments, and as instructresses of young girls. which and of the British possessions in N. America, it is the cap., on the NW. bank of the St. Lawrence, at the point where it is joined by the St. Charles, about 340 m. from the mouth of the former. Pop. 62,138 in 1861. The city occupies the extremity of a ridge, terminating in the angle formed by the junction of the two rivers, in the point called Cape Diamond, rising to the height of nearly 340 ft. above the St. Lawrence. The cape is surmounted by the citadel; and the town extends from it, principally in a NE. direction, down to the water's edge. It is divided, from the difference of elevation, into the Upper and Lower towns. The old town, which lies wholly without the walls, partly at the foot of Cape Diamond, and round to the St. Charles, had nar- Among the establishments for educational purrow and dirty, and, in parts, steep streets, till the poses, the first place is due to the French college. year 1845, when the principal part of it was de- It has a principal, and professors of theology, rhestroyed in two tremendous conflagrations in May toric, and mathematics, with five regents for the and June. Though built of stone, the houses Latin and Greek classes. Here is also a royal which were burnt down were mostly roofed with grammar school, a classical academy, a national shingles; and to this the extent of the destruction school, and many French and English private occasioned by the fires in question is principally schools. A royal institution for the advancement to be ascribed. In rebuilding the town, care has of learning within the prov., and a literary and been taken to have the streets properly laid out, historical society, respectively enjoy the patronage widened, and otherwise improved. The ascent of the government and of the principal inhabs. from the lower to the upper town is by a winding A mechanics' institute was established in 1830; street and by flights of steps. The streets in the and it has numerous benevolent associations. The latter, though narrow, are generally clean, and city public library, though not very extensive, tolerably well paved, or macadamised. The pub-is well selected, and contains a great variety of lic buildings and most of the houses in it are standard works. The garrison, also, has a good roofed with tin plates. library. Quebec is very strongly fortified, and may be called the Gibraltar of America. The citadel, over Cape Diamond, includes an area of about 40 acres, and is formidable alike from its position and its works, constructed on a gigantic scale, and on the most approved principles. The line of the fortifications, which stretches nearly across the peninsula on the W., and runs along a ridge between the upper and lower towns, is intersected by five gates, and has an inner circuit of about 2 m. Beyond the ramparts, on the W., are the extensive suburbs of St. Roch, St. John, and St. Louis. The public buildings are substantial rather than elegant. The Château St. Louis, the residence of the governor-general, a large plain building, on a Though not a manufacturing town, Quebec has various distilleries, breweries, with tobacco, soap, and candle works; and numbers of fine ships have been launched from its yards. It has two or three banks, and a savings bank. The markets are well stocked with most sorts of produce, but good fish is rather scarce and dear. The climate, though on the whole good and healthy, is in extremes. In summer the heat is equal to that of Naples, while the cold of winter is not inferior to that of Moscow. This inequality occasions a corresponding difference in the modes of life during the different seasons of the year. In winter travelling is carried on by means of sledges and carrioles, in the same way as in Russia. The first view of Quebec in sailing up the St. Lawrence is striking in the extreme; and there is a magnificent prospect from the citadel on Cape Diamond. The majority of the pop. being of French extraction, the French language, which is still spoken in some of the best circles with great propriety, and the R. Catholic religion, predominate. Society is here more polished and refined than in any other town of British America; and the higher provincial gentry of French descent are distinguished by the courteousness and urbanity of their manner. But all classes are much given to show, and generally indulge in expenses beyond their means. Hence Quebec is very expensive; and owing to the jealousies that exist, and the violence of provincial politics, society is split into different parties. Great attention is, also, paid to etiquette; and those admitted to the governor-general's parties rarely associate with those who do not enjoy that honour. Vessels of the very largest burden arrive at Quebec. Its harbour or basin, between the city and the island of New Orleans, is of great extent, having in general about 28 fathoms water, the tide rising from 16 to 18 ft. at neaps, and from 25 to 30 ft. at springs. Ships lie alongside the wharfs along the St. Lawrence. There are extensive flats between the lower town and the St. Charles, where wet docks might be easily constructed. The trade of the city is very extensive. It engrosses, with Montreal, almost the entire trade of the prov, with the mother country and the W. Indies. It has a regular intercourse, by means of steamers, with Montreal, and other ports higher up the St. Lawrence, and with Halifax and other ports on the Atlantic. The corn and flour exported from Quebec is not the growth of the prov., but of the U. States. The principal articles of import consist of corn, cottons, woollens, silk, and other manufactured goods; glass wares, spirits and wines, iron and hardware, sugar and tea. During the year 1862, the following number of vessels with cargo entered the port. Countries whence arrived United Kingdom British Possessions: British Foreign Vessels Tons Vessels Tons 365 265,290 8 997 1,859 1,056 1,956 381 554 3 870 403 4 1,052 1 defeated the French army under Montcalm, on the heights of Abraham, to the W. of the town. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory; and Montcalm, who was also mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after. The French, panicstruck by the loss of the battle and the death of their commander-in-chief, surrendered the city before even a single battery had been opened against it. A monument was erected, under the patronage of Lord Dalhousie, in the gardens of the château, inscribed to the Immortal memory of Wolfe and Montcalm.' QUEDLINBURG, a town of Prussia, reg. Magdeburg, circ. Aschersleben, on the Bode, a tributary of the Saale, 7 m. SSE. Halberstadt, and 33 m. SW. Magdeburg. Pop. 15,773 in 1861, exclus. of a garrison of 938 men. The town is well built, and is surrounded by turreted walls, pierced by 4 gates. On an eminence immediately above the town is an old castle, now falling into decay, but which has a good library, and is in part converted into a school. It was formerly the residence of the abbesses of Quedlinburg, who were princesses of the empire, and had a seat on the Rhenish bench of bishops. Many of these abbesses are buried in the Stiftskirche, or church of the ancient abbey; in which are also the tombs of Henry the Fowler, his empress, and the beautiful Countess Königsmark, mother of Marshal Saxe. Quedlinburg has several hospitals, public schools, and various charities; with manufactures of woollen stuffs, distilleries, and sugar-refineries. The rearing of cattle and hogs employs many of the inhabs. Klopstock, author of the Messiah,' was a native of Quedlinburg, having been born here on the 2nd of July, 1724: since his death a monument has been erected to his memory in the Brühl garden, near the town, Quedlinburg was formerly a free imperial city, and has been frequently the residence of the German emperors and the seat of ecclesiastical councils. QUEENBOROUGH, a bor., sea-port, and par. of England, co. Kent, Lake Scray, on the E. coast of the Isle of Sheppey, at the junction of the channel of the Swale with the estuary of the Medway, 2 m. S. Sheerness, and 37 m. E. by S. London, on the London, Chatham and Dover railway. Pop. of par. 973 in 1861. The town, which is poor and mean, consists principally of a main street, having the guildhall, with a gaol underneath, near its centre. The church, an ancient structure, has a tower at its W. end; and there is, also, a chapel for Independents. A charity school for the education of the sons of the freemen are supported by the corporation and the parliamentary representatives for the bor.. and there are some minor schools, and a Sunday school. The inhabs. are almost wholly engaged in the breeding and supplying of oysters for the London market. Inconsiderable as it has long been, Queenborough enjoyed the privilege of sending 2 mems. to the H. of C. from the æra of Elizabeth down to 453 the passing of the Reform Act, when it was disfranchised. It was reckoned too unimportant to be included in the provisions of the Municipal Reform Act. A fine old castle in the vicinity of the town was demolished by order of parliament in 1650. 329 296,761 28 13,344 Quebec was taken from the French in 1759. A British army, under General Wolfe, having effected a landing near the city, attacked and QUEEN'S COUNTY, an in. co. of Ireland, prov. Leinster, having N. King's co., E. Kildare and Carlow, and a detached portion of King's co., S. Kilkenny, and W. Tipperary. Area, 424,854 acres, of which 60,972 consist of unimproved bog and waste lands. Surface generally flat; and soil, except where bog occurs, for the most part very fertile. Estates mostly large; but many of them are let on perpetual leases, the head lessees on these estates | mercial schools, courses of practical geometry and forming the middle class of gentry. These, how-mechanics, and a society of arts and sciences. ever, have mostly relet their farins, generally in St. Quentin was formerly the centre of an exsmaller divisions, to inferior tenants; and these tensive manufacture of linen fabrics and yarn. again have subdivided them to others; so that This branch of industry has now almost disapmany of the occupancies are extremely small, and peared, but its place has been supplied by the held by persons too poor to be able to make any cotton manufacture. There are, within an area of improvement. But where farms have been let on 12 leagues round St. Quentin, embracing its terminable leases, they are larger, and on these arrond., with parts of the déps. Somme, Du Nord, various improvements have been introduced, both and Pas de Calais, nearly 75,000 hands employed as respects the rotation of crops, the implements in weaving, bleaching, and spinning cotton, beof husbandry, and the stock. Dairying is carried sides many more in subordinate departments. The on to some extent, and a good deal of cheese is principal articles are striped and spotted muslins made for the Dublin market. Coal and limestone and yarn, and the town and its neighbourhood are found in this co., but the former is not have about 700 bobbinet frames. The cotton wrought. Principal rivers, Barrow and Nore. It spinners, whose number is about 4,000, reside is divided into 8 baronies and 50 parishes, and principally in the town; the weavers live in the sends 3 mems, to the H. of C., being 2 for the co. villages and surrounding country, where most of and 1 for the bor. of Portarlington. Registered them are petty proprietors, occupied in agricultural electors for the co. 3,438 in 1865. At the census labour for 3 or 4 months of the year. The cotton of 1861, the co, had 16.768 inhab. houses, 18,044 mills of St. Quentin are by no means so extensive families, and 90,650 inhabitants; while, in 1841, as those of the dép. Haut-Rhin : few employ more the co. had 25,438 inhab. houses, 27,412 families, than 200 hands. Children are employed here at and 153,930 inhabitants. an earlier age than in the cotton factories of Alsace; but the workpeople of all ages enjoy much better health and more comforts in St. Quentin than either at Mulhausen or Lille. QUEENSFERRY (SOUTH), a parl. bor. and sea-port of Scotland, co. Linlithgow, on the S. shore of the Frith of Forth, nearly opposite to N. Queensferry, 8 m. W. by N. Edinburgh. Pop. 1,230 in 1861. It is a poor decayed place, which was originally founded for, and is still principally dependent on, the ferry, which has long been established at this point, across the Forth. It consists chiefly of one street, running parallel to the Frith. The only public buildings are the parish church, a dissenting chapel, and the townhall: it has a soap manufactory and a brewery. Newhall, immediately to the E. of the town, is now the principal ferry station across the Forth, though, under certain circumstances, the ferrymen prefer the pier of the bor. Table linens, leather, soap, and sulphuric acid are also produced here; and the commerce of the town with the adjacent parts of France, Belgium, and Germany is much facilitated by the railway, as well as the canal of St. Quentin. The latter connects the inland navigation of France with that of the Netherlands, by forming a communication between the Oise, the Somme, and the Scheldt. It is remarkable chiefly for the tunnels cut through the high ground, about 4 m. N. St. Quentin. The first of these is 160 ft. below the surface, 24 ft. in width, the same in height, and m. in length. The second tunnel is on a still larger scale, being 3 m. in length, and 200 ft. below the surface. Daylight is admitted, at certain distances, by openings carried to the surface; and the tunnel being cut through a chalk rock, the sides are not built. It was finished in 1810. St. Quentin, as previously stated, was formerly strongly fortified, and was regarded as one of the bulwarks of France on the N. In 1557, in the earlier part of the struggles between Philip II. and France, the army of the former, under the Duke of Savoy, having threatened to attack the town, defended by the famous Admiral Coligny and a weak garrison, the Constable Montmorency advanced with a considerable army to its relief, and succeeded in throwing some reinforcements into it. On his retreat, however, he was overtaken by the Spaniards, when a general action ensued, which ended in the total defeat of the French, who lost all their artillery and baggage, with about 7,000 men killed and prisoners, including many persons of distinction. The town soon afterwards fell into the hands of the Spaniards. The battle having been fought on the 10th of August, St. Lawrence's day, the vast palace of the Escurial, built by Philip II., was dedicated to the saint in commemoration of the victory. North Queensferry, on the opposite side of the Frith, which is here less than 2 m. across, is still more inconsiderable. The principal ferry business across the Forth is now, in fact, carried on between Newhaven and Burntisland, and Newhaven and Kirkcaldy. Dr. Wilkie, author of the Epigoniad,' was a native of S. Queensferry, having been born there in 1721. Queensferry unites with Dunfermline, Inverkeithing. Culross, and Stirling, in sending 1 mem, to the H. of C. Registered electors in this bor. 33 in 1865. Hopetoun House, the splendid mansion of the earl of Hopetoun, is situated a little W. from S. Queensferry. It occupies a commanding position, and has a noble view. QUENTIN (ST.), (an. Augusta VerumanduoT), a manufacturing town of France, dép. Aisne, cap. arrond., on the Somme and on the canal of St. Quentin, 24 m. NW. Laon, on the railway from Paris to Namur. Pop. 30,790 in 1861. The town was formerly a place of strength; but, since the time of Louis XIV., its ramparts have given place to suburbs and public walks, and a fine public promenade extends on the E. side of the town, along the banks of the canal. St. Quentin is tolerably well built; its principal streets being wide, its new quarters handsome, and most of its houses modern. In the centre of the town is a large square, in which is the town-hall, a curiously ornamented Gothic edifice. The principal church, or cathedral, is a majestic pile, 416 ft. in length internally, and its nave 212 ft. in height. The hospitals, the public library, with 14,000 vols., the QUERETARO, a city of Mexico, cap. of the court-house, belfry, theatre, and concert-hall, com- prov. of its own name, in a rich and fertile valley, prise the other buildings worth notice. It has 110 m. NE. Mexico, and 60 m. ESE. Guanaxuato; tribunals of original jurisdiction and commerce, a lat. 20° 36′ 39" N., long. 100° 10' 15" W. Pop. chamber of manufactures, a council des prud-estim, at 50,000. Queretaro is a well-built city, hommes, a communal college, drawing and com- with three large squares, many handsome public Pierre la Ramée, better known by his Latin name of Ramus, one of the earliest and ablest opponents of the scholastic system of philosophy, and the Marquis Condorcet, were natives of the vicinity of St. Quentin. |