Three Census Periods. In the 10 years previous to June 1, 1840 Passengers of 552,000 Azores, Canary, Madeira, and Cape Sandwich and Society Islands Isle of France The following is an estimate of the number of naturalised citizens residing in the United States 1,558,300 in the year 1865, with the countries whence they . 2,707,621 have originated:- Ireland, 1,611,000; German States, 1,198,000; England, 430,000; British AmeThe immigration during the years 1860-63 was rica, 250,000; France, 109,000; Scotland, 105,000; above the average. The total number of foreign Switzerland, 54,000; Wales, 45,000; Norway, immigrants arrived in the United States during 43,000; Holland, 28,000; Turkey, 28,000: Italy, the year 1863 amounted to 196,540. The greater 10,000; Denmark, 10,000; Belgium, 9,000; Poland, number of those immigrants came from Ireland. 7,000; Mexico, 7,000; the Antilles, 7,000; China, The subjoined table shows the distribution of 5,000; Portugal, 4,000; Prussia, 3,000; various ages of the immigrants on arrival: countries, 204,000; total, 4,136,000, The rapid increase of population, and particularly the continual extension of the white settlers further W., will, ere long, go far to extinguish the native races. The Sioux Indians, estimated at 27,000 or 28,000, still hold their ground W. of the Mississippi; and nearly all the region from that river to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Arkansas to the head waters of the Missouri, are inhabited by nations more or less connected with them; but of the tribes formerly inhabiting the country E. of the Mississippi, few remnants exist. Of the Iroquois and Algonquins, there are now estimated to be only about 8,000 individuals in all, chiefly in New York and the New England states. Further S. a few Cherokees and Chicksaws still occupy their original seats; but a war of extermination has been latterly carried on against the Indians of Florida, provoked in a great measure by their hostility to the whites. The Indians who remain within the states are allowed to retain their own government; but inducements have been held out to them either to become citizens of the states in which they reside, or to emigrate to the Platte country, W. of Arkansas and Missouri, where lands have been provided for the purpose, and where they are supplied with agricultural implements, and other necessaries of civilised life. The mortality of the entire population of the United States amounted to 392,821 in 1860, as against 323,272 in 1850, the average in each of those years being as 127 to 141. It varied, in 1860, according to latitude, the nature of the population, the soil, and other causes, from 0-44 per cent. in Washington territory, to 2:06 per cent, in Arkansas. The next highest mortality to that in Arkansas was in the two states of Massachusetts and Louisiana, and the same, 176 per cent., in both. The next highest (174 per cent.) is set down to the district of Columbia, in which the tities of land are always in the market. Labour can generally be had, except in the extreme W. Farm produce is in constant demand, and prices are regulated by the markets of New Orleans, to which it is sent by the Mississippi, these being in part governed by the prices on the E. coast, and in part by those of the Havannah and other great W. Indian ports. Manures are seldom used except near the larger towns. The price of farms of an equal quality of soil vary according to their distance from the means of transport, from a dollar to 127. the acre. The money wages of labour may be stated to be nearly the same from the E. to the extreme W., any difference being towards a rise in the W. But land is there so cheap, that every prudent labourer is able to purchase a farm for himself in a year or two, and it is only the imprudent who continue labourers. capital is situated. Taking the country by regions, | in the E. part of this region belongs to private inthe Pacific coast and the north-western states dividuals, though a large proportion is still covered show the lowest, and the Mississippi Valley the with forest trees. On the W. side of the Missishighest rate of mortality. sippi, the greater part by far of the country is Land and Agriculture.-In the N. States ex-public property; but, in either case, great quantensive landholders are not common; and, where they exist, a great part of their possessions is unproductive. The soil is chiefly cultivated by its owners, who in many respects resemble the tenants of Scotland, and often perform a great portion of the manual labour of the farm. But in many parts of the country, which have been long settled. the farmers are opulent, and hire a good deal of labour; and in the more recently settled tracts they do not labour hard after the first three or four years from their settlement. In the S. estates are larger, and in the rice plantations of Louisiana a single field sometimes comprises 300 or 400 acres. The price of land is very variable: near Philadelphia land of fine quality and in high condition may be had at from 120 to 200 dollars an acre; but there produce of all kinds fetches a high price, and the straw of a wheat crop has been sold at 30 dollars per acre. In some parts of New York, as near Canandaigua, 25 doll. an acre is asked for tine cleared land; but, in other parts of the same state, land is sometimes sold by auction for less than one-half the price. Almost every farmer in the E. states who has a family, or is in straitened circumstances, is willing to sell his land, and move to the W. states, where he can obtain soil of an equal or better quality, and in a finer climate, usually at one-twentieth part of the price. In Michigan, though the prairie lands sometimes fetch from 3 to 6 dolls, an acre, the government upset price is only 14 doll., and the rich land in Illinois, and elsewhere in the Union, is often to be had at the same low rate. The terms of rent, at least in the N., are almost equally variable. Near towns, and in thickly peopled districts, a small rent is paid in money, and a lease of several years taken. In remote situations land is commonly let in shares from year to year. If the owner of the soil furnish seed and labouring animals, he gets two-thirds of the produce; if the tenant supply animals and seed, the landowner gets one-third. But terms vary according to situation, soil, and crop. Speaking generally, agriculture is little known as a science in any part of America, and but imperfectly understood as an art; and it could not rationally be expected that it should be otherwise. In all those countries in which, as in the greater part of America, portions of fertile and unoccupied land may be obtained for little more than a nominal price, the invariable practice is, after clearing and breaking up a piece of land, to subject it to a course of continuous cropping; and, when it is exhausted, to resort to some other tract of new ground, leaving that which has been abandoned to recover itself by the aid of the vis medicatrix naturæ. But in those parts of the Eastern or Atlantic States that have been long settled, and are fully occupied, this scourging system can no longer be advantageously followed; and there, consequently, a better system of agriculture is beginning to be introduced; and a rotation of crops, and the manuring of land, are practised sometimes with more and sometimes with less success. Still, however, even in the best farmed districts, agriculture is in a very backward state; and, except where the land is naturally of a very superior quality, the produce is scanty, The quantity of land unoccupied within the U. compared with what is obtained in the West EuroStates is of prodigious extent. The cleared land pean states, and in Great Britain in particular. The is indeed quite inconsiderable, as compared with following table shows the average produce per the whole surface. In the country E. of the Al-acre of the corn crops in the state of New York, leghanies, which, however, is but of very limited in contrast with what is believed to be the produce extent, all the land worth occupying belongs to of similar crops in England:private individuals. But, even of this, a great part is covered with forest; and in all situations near a village, or where there is ready access to water carriage, forest land is more valuable than that which has been cleared, fuel, in many places, having latterly become very dear. Except on the banks of the rivers, the soil E. of the mountains is generally so inferior, that much of the land covered with wood is not worth cultivating, and It results from this statement that the returns should the trees be cut down, it is likely to remain per acre are about twice as great in England as in in pasturage, or be preserved as a forest for the New York, which has some of the best corn growproduction of new trees. The price of farms, how-ing land in the Union. In Ohio, which is supever, varies from 57. to 30%. an acre, according to the quality of soil, buildings, and situation. This part of the states has a comparatively abundant supply of labour, and a ready market for all kinds of produce. Market gardening and dairy husbandry are here the most profitable branches of industry. The soil W. of the Alleghanies is generally much superior to that on their E. side; and large tracts produce, for a while at least, Indian corn and wheat without manure. Almost all the land Produce New York England Wheat bushels per acre 14 30 or 32 16 32 26 40 Indian Corn 25 none posed to be the most productive of all the states, the results are similar, the produce of wheat and barley in it being respectively 154 and 24 bushels an acre. It is true, no doubt, that these returns may be increased; but this can only be done, if it be done at all, by the employment of greater capital and skill in the culture of the land. In the meantime the New York farmers, and those of the other Atlantic States, have to withstand the competition of their neighbours in the newlyformed states on the Mississippi and Missouri, staple product of Kentucky, Tennessee, Maryland, Virginia, and Missouri. The tobacco of the U. States is of very superior quality; but it is a crop which scourges the land, and the labour attending its cultivation is very severe. Cotton and rice are the great staples of the S. part of the Union; the former has even supplanted the culture of tobacco in some of the cos, of Virginia. A little cotton had been raised for domestic use in the Southern states, previously to the revolutionary war; but its produce was quite inconsiderable. In 1790, the total produce amounted to 1,500,000 pounds, and in the following year to 2,000,000 pounds. Thenceforth it went on increasing at an enormous rate, as exhibited in the following table, which shows the produce of cotton during the seventy-two years from 1790 to 1861: Maize is the great staple of American husbandry, and it grows on soil not particularly rich, as respects other products, for a succession of years, without manure, in all the vigour and luxuriance of an indigenous plant. It has been justly called the meal, meadow, and manure' of the farm, as it is used for both human food and the supply of the farm stock in winter, and furnishes more nourishment for man or beast on a given space, and with less labour, than any other bread-corn. But it is not successfully cultivated beyond lat. 43° N., where it begins to be superseded by the grains of Europe. Tennessee is the principal maize-growing state, and next to it are Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois. The surface of the New England states is often hilly, and the soil rocky, or of the most inferior kind of sand. The principal crops are oats for horses, and rye for distillation, the corn produce of these states being insufficient for the support of their inhabs. Boston, the largest corn and flour importing port in the Union, receives nearly all her supplies of these articles from the S. states. Tobacco is grown from lat. 39° or 40° throughout all the S., and in a part of the W. states; it is a American cotton, the produce of the Gossypium herbaceum, is of two kinds, generally known by the names of sea island and upland. The former grows along the low sandy islands off the shores of Carolina and Georgia. It is long in the staple, has an even silky texture, a yellowish tinge, is easily separated from the seed, and is decidedly superior to every other description of cotton hitherto brought to market. Unluckily, however, it can be raised only in certain situations: so that its quantity is limited, and has not, in fact, been at all increased since 1805. At present 97 or 98 per cent. of the cotton produced in the United States consists of what is denominated upland, from its being grown on the comparatively high ground at a distance from the coast. Though of varying qualities, it is all short-stapled; and its separation from the seed and pod, if attempted by the hand, is so very difficult, that the cotton is hardly worth the trouble and expense. This, however, was the only way in which it could be made available for home use, or exportation, in 1791; and had any one then ventured to predict that 10,000,000 ibs. of upland cotton would ever be |