SECTION II. MECHANICAL FUNCTIONS.

*The changes of form of contractile protoplasm and the conditions which affect them. * The phenomena and conditions of ciliary motion. * The mechanisms concerned in the changes of colour of the integument of animals.

*The microscopical phenomena of muscular contraction (in insects). The elasticity of muscle. The work done and the heat produced in muscle in the act of contraction.

*The structure and mechanism of the heart in molluscs, osseous and cartilaginous fishes, amphibia and reptiles, as compared with those of the mammalian heart.

Investigations relating to the flow of liquids in rigid and elastic tubes. Their application to hæmodynamics.

The measurement of blood pressure in the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. Rhythmical changes which the blood pressure undergoes in different parts of the circulatory apparatus. Methods of gauging the blood-stream in blood-vessels of different kinds, and of measuring its velocity.

*The structure and mechanism of the lymphatic system in the frog and in mammalia.

The mechanism of respiration in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Mechanical influence of the respiratory movements on the systemic and pulmonary circulations.

*The peristaltic mechanisms of the alimentary canal, and of the genito-urinary passages.

The mechanism of voice.

The action of muscles on the skeleton, and the mechanism of joints.

SECTION III. FUNCTIONS DEPENDENT ON EXCITABILITY, EXCLUDING THOSE OF THE SENSE ORGANS.

Part I. Brain and spinal cord; efferent nerves and the excitable structures in which they end peripherally.

*Excitability of muscle and the conditions which affect it. Properties of curarised muscles. *Structure and functions of end-organs of motor nerves. Electrical organs of fishes.

Propagation and duration of the excitatory state in muscle and nerve. Influence of voltaic currents, and law of electrical excitation in nerve. Relation between stimulus and excitatory effect. Relation of minute structure of nerve to its physiological endowments. Electrical phenomena of nerve and muscle in the excited and unexcited states, and methods used for their investigation. Measurement of current, electromotive force, and resistance in animal tissues.

Functions of reflex centres. Relation of stimulus to response in reflex action; duration of reflex processes. Interference of sensory impressions affecting reflex centres with each other. Methods of localising reflex centres. Relation of reflex action to muscular tonus.

* Experimental localisation of the respiratory centre. Proofs of its automatic action. Functions of the respiratory vagus. Apnoea,

dyspnoea, and asphyxia. Determining conditions of the first respirations at birth.

* Inhibitory nervous mechanism of the heart. The cardiac vagus and its centre, in the frog and in mammalia. Proper nervous system of the heart. Influence of nutrition and other physiological conditions on the excitatory properties and rhythmical motion of the heart. Accelerator

nerves.

* Experimental localisation of the vascular centre. Its influence on the blood-vessels, and determination of the modes and channels of that influence. Vascular tonus. Hypothetical nervous mechanism of peripheral arteries.

Experimental localisation of the centres for the secretion of sweat. Distribution of the sweat-nerves. * Minute structure of the secreting apparatus of the liver and kidneys, and mechanism of the secretion of bile and urine. Influence of the central nervous system on these processes. *Vascular and secreting nerves of the salivary glands; the salivary centre; reflex mechanism of the secretion of saliva; morphological changes in the secreting structures which are associated with the process. Corresponding phenomena in the peptic and pancreatic glands.

* Physiological anatomy of the spinal cord and brain. Experimental determination of the functions of the spinal roots and ganglia. * Channels of conduction of motor, sensory, and vascular influences in the brain and spinal cord; methods by which these have been traced. Experimental localisation and determination of function in the cerebellum, crura, corpora quadrigemina, optic thalami, corpora striata, and cerebral convolutions. Physiological relations of psychical functions. Conditions of mental activity. Time occupied in mental processes.

Part II. Afferent nerves and their end-organs. The special senses. Minute anatomy of the sensory end-organs of the skin and mucous membranes. Sensation of pressure; modes of investigating the smallest perceptible pressure and the smallest perceptible difference of pressure. Law of E. H. Weber, Power of exploring objects by touch. Tactile Areas;' their relation to the distribution of tactile end-organs. Sensation of Temperature; methods of investigating it and results obtained.

Sensory nerves of muscles. Theories relating to the perception of bodily motions.

Distribution and minute structure of end organs of taste. Experimental limitation of the gustatory region. Determination of the channels of conduction of taste-sensations. Classification of perceptions of

taste.

Distribution and minute structure of olfactory end-organs.

Vision.

Measurements of the eye,

(a) The eye as an optical instrument. optical properties of its media and forms of its refracting surfaces. Formation of the image, (1) in the reduced eye, (2) in the schematic eye of Listing. Chromatism, Astigmatism.

(b) General and minute structure of the lens and of the parts concerned in accommodation. Scheiner's experiment and the optometer. Definition of the terms Emmetropia, Hypermetropia, and Myopia. Experimental determination of the change of form of the anterior surface of the lens in accommodation. Purkinje's images; the ophthalmometer. Experimental proofs of the function of the tensor choroideæ.

(c) Minute structure of the iris. Influence of the nervous system on the iris; its relation to the vascular nervous system. Actions of the iris dependent on light. Actions associated with accommodation.

(d) Vision of the shadows of objects inside the eye of the observer. (e) Vision of the retinal surface of the living eye of a second person or an animal. Reflection of light by the retina. The ophthalmoscope.

(f) Minute structure of the retina in man and animals. The 'visual purple.' Excitation of the retina by white light; time-relations of the excitatory process. Talbot's law. The Stroboscope. After-images. Colour-perceptions; methods of blending them. Classification of colour-perceptions; the colour-ring. The Young-Helmholtz theory of colour-perceptions. Theory of Hering. Contrast and irradiation. Distribution of function with reference to (1) distinctness of vision, (2) sensations of colour in different parts of the retina. Colourblindness.

(g) The rotations of the eyeballs; law of Listing and Donders. Wheel-rotation of Helmholtz. Combined action of the muscles of the eyeball.

(b) Vision with two eyes. Physiological relation of the two retina to each other. Conditions under which the images of two or more object-points are projected on corresponding points of the two retina. Visual judgment of distance. Visual judgment of the form of a projecting or hollow surface. Contest of visual perceptions.

Hearing.

(a) Form of the cavity of the tympanum. Anatomical relations of the membrana tympani, the ossicles, and of the muscles and ligaments attached to them. Mechanism of the tympanic apparatus. Experimental methods by which (1) its adaptation to its function, (2) its motions when acted on by sound, and (3) the mode of action of its muscles can be investigated or demonstrated. Form and mechanism of the Eustachian orifice.

(b) Form and relations of the bony labyrinth; general and minute structure of the organs contained in it.

(c) Character and classification of perceptions of sound. Definition of the terms noise, tone, compound tone, partial tone, &c. Propagation of sound-vibrations in the liquid of the membranous labyrinth. Helmholtz's and Hensen's theories of the organ of Corti. Theories and experimental investigations relating to the function of the semicircular canals.

(d) Comparative Physiology of the organ of hearing.

SECTION IV. GENERATION.

Definition of the term ovum.

Evolution and structure of the ovum in the animal series.
Chemical characters of the nutritive yolk.

The ovary of mammalia; the graafian vesicles; mechanism of the extrusion of the ovum and its entry into the fallopian tube.

Menstruation and other periodical changes in the female organs of generation; their relation to ovulation.

Development, morphology, and physiological properties of the spermatic elements in the animal series. Structure of the testis in the higher vertebrates.

Mechanisms by which the spermatic elements reach the ovum (including the structure and physiology of the organs concerned in this process). Mechanism of impregnation in the rabbit, frog, lamprey, &c., changes which result therefrom in the ovum.

The mechanism of parturition in the higher animals.

Experimental localisation and determination of the function of the centres and nerves which are concerned in the generative mechanisms.

Practical Examination.

SECTION V. CHEMICAL METHODS.

The nature of the Exercises which may be set is indicated by the following list of materials to be examined :

1. milk; 2. white of egg; 3. serum of blood; 4. magnesium sulphateplasma; 5. pericardial fluid; 6. solution of colouring matter of blood; 7. muscle in the fresh state; 8. flesh; 9. extract of flesh; 10. saliva; 11. salivary glands; 12. mucous membrane of stomach; 13. pancreas; 14. glycerine extract of 12 or 13; 15. products of gastric or intestinal digestion; 16. fresh liver or other tissue containing glycogen; 17. bile; 18. urine.

In general, the Candidate will be required to demonstrate only those chemical facts relating to the materials enumerated which are of physiological interest. He will not be expected to do any quantitative work. SECTION VI. PHYSICAL METHODS.

Under this head the Candidate may be called upon to apply any of the following methods:-1. Methods for the investigation of the physical properties of muscle at rest, and of the changes of form, of elasticity, of electrical state, of temperature, which muscle undergoes in passing from the condition of rest to that of action, and during the decline of physiological activity. 2. The methods for observing and measuring the excitability of motor nerves, and the influence of voltaic currents and other external conditions thereon. 3. The methods for the localisation of nervous and muscular function in the separated heart of the frog, and for studying its mechanical action under normal or abnormal conditions [particularly those relating to (a) the influence of the nervous system, and (b) the influence of the nutritive liquid circulating through the organ, and (c) of the work it is required to do]. 4. The

methods by which the motions of circulation and respiration can be investigated in man.

He may further be asked to explain any of the methods, instruments, or appliances commonly used in the investigation of the vital phenomena of man or of the higher animals, or to demonstrate on the dead body the anatomical facts relating to such methods.

SECTION VII. HISTOLOGICAL METHODS.

Each Candidate must be prepared to prove his practical familiarity,1. with the methods used for the investigation of the physiological properties of living protoplasm; 2. with the methods of dissociating, colouring, and otherwise preparing tissues for microscopic examination, particularly with the use of gold chloride, silver nitrate, osmic acid, etc. for these purposes; 3. with the art of hardening or otherwise preparing tissues for the cutting of microscopical sections; and 4. of staining and permanently mounting such sections; and, with this view, he may be required to perform any of the operations which are in common use for these purposes.

He may further be required to investigate microscopically any organ or tissue of a Mammal or of the Frog and to state the results of such investigation; or to identify and describe any preparation of such organ or tissue.

V. ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY.

(For some General Regulations see above, p. 169.)

The first two Examination papers shall deal with the topics enumerated in Sections I to VII inclusive. But the Examiners may at their discretion omit questions dealing with Sections IV, VI, and VII, provided that some work arising out of each Section so postponed is set in the practical part of the Examination. One paper shall deal with the topics enumerated in Sections VIII and IX, and one with those set forth in Sections X to XIII inclusive.

Practical work. In the two days assigned to testing the proficiency of Candidates in practical Anatomy and Microscopy, they may be required to demonstrate the more important structural features (by dissection or microscopic preparation) of any of the animals named in Section III, and of such animals only. They are also to be required to identify and describe briefly objects selected from those enumerated in Sections IV, V, VI and VII.

Candidates may be required in any part of the Examination to make sketches to illustrate the work they have to do.

SECTION I.

The chief characters of the Orders in every Class of the animal kingdom, including the more important extinct forms.

SECTION II.

The explanation of structures as due to heredity and adaptation, and