the justification of the actual grouping adopted in classification, as indicating branches of a genealogical tree.

SECTION III.

The principal facts in the anatomy, histology, and embryology of the following animals:

59. Scorpio.

60. Large Araneid.

61. Limulus.

62. Paludina. 63. Aplysia. 64. Helix. 65. Sepia. 66. Octopus. 67. Mya.

68. Anodonta.

69. Pecten.

70. Ascidia.

71. Botryllus.
72. Pyrosoma.
73. Salpa.

74. Amphioxus.
75. Petromyzon.
76. Myxine.
77. Raia.

39. Apus.

40. Daphnia.

13. Cordylophora.

41. Lepas.

42. Cyclops.

15. Pleurobrachia.

43. Argulus.

16. Aurelia.

44. Cypris.

17. Actinia.

45. Oniscus.

18. Alcyonium.

19. Antedon.

47. Squilla.

20. Asteracanthion.

48. Astacus.

78. Esox.

21. Ophiocoma.

49. Carcinus.

22. Echinus.

79. Rana.

23. Holothuria.

50. Julus.
51. Lithobius.

So. Lacerta.
81. Testudo.

24. Dendrocœlum.

52. Blatta.

25. Meckelia.

82. Columba.

53. Æschna.

26. Distoma. 27. Tenia.

83. Lepus.

28. Hirudo.

54. Nepa.
55. Musca.

56. Bombyx.
57. Lucanus.
58. Apis.

84. Homo.

N.B. This list is to be regarded not as representing 84 different types, but as for the most part containing examples of a series of groups the members of which serve as illustrations to one another. The most important types to which the student should pay especial attention, and with which he will be expected to be thoroughly conversant, are printed in blacker type. Knowledge of such details as are of marked importance from the point of view of the science of Animal Morphology will be required. For example, in the cases of Numbers 54, 55, and 58 a knowledge of the structure of the parts of the mouth and other appendages will suffice, and in the case of Number 84 questions involving a knowledge of details of Anthropotomy will not be set.

SECTION IV.

The following cartilaginous and bony skeletons, in addition to those included under Section III: :

With reference to these skeletons the knowledge required is a general one of the important facts relating to each. Candidates will not be required to recognise single bones of the animals, but to know the characteristic features of each skeleton, such as the relation of the notochord to cartilage, and of bone to both; the structure of the neural and hæmal arches; the varieties of ribs, and their relation to the sternum; the structure of the pectoral and pelvic arches, and of the fore and hind limbs and their digits. With regard to the skull, the relation of the cranium to the sense capsules and to the jaw arch and following arches; any important characteristic peculiarities in the general form and structure of the skull, and the dentition.

SECTION V.

The principal differences in structure between man and the higher apes. The structural variations exhibited by the five or six main groups of human races. Practical knowledge will be expected of the chief points in which the skulls of members of these main groups differ from one another.

SECTION VI.

The dentition of the following animals, in addition to that of those included under the former sections:

The following invertebrate skeletons and shells, in addition to those

General Histology and Histological methods of all kinds. The varieties of tissues in different groups of animals and in the abovenamed types: the simplest forms of nervous and contractile tissues, of skeletal and vasifactive tissues, and their differentiation in the higher groups: the minute anatomy of sense-organs in the different classes.

SECTION IX.

The embryonic development of the common fowl.

The generalisations of embryology: the germ-layer theory; larval forms; embryonic membranes and other embryonic organs. Parthenogenesis and budding in animals. Theories of individuality.

SECTION X.

Discoveries and doctrines bearing on Animal Morphology connected with the names of Harvey, Linné, Hunter, Goethe, Lamarck, Cuvier, Johannes Müller, Schwann, Remak, Darwin, Max Schultze.

SECTION XI.

Distribution of recent and fossil forms as bearing on the origin of species. The characteristic mammals, birds, &c. of zoo-geographical regions, their affinities and probable migrations.

SECTION XII.

Succession of forms in time: the more important extinct animals and their significance for the origin of species.

SECTION XIII.

Mimicry, parasitism, and other special cases of adaptation.

VI. BOTANY.

(For some General Regulations see above, p. 169.)

One Examination paper will deal with the subjects enumerated in Sections I and II, two with those of Section III, and one with Section IV.

Of the two days' practical work one will be devoted to the demonstration of the more important structural features (with microscopic preparations) of any of the plants (or parts of them) included under Section II. The second day will be assigned to the demonstration, whether by experiment or from preparations made by the Candidates, of matters included in Sections I and III. But some piece of work relating to Section IV will always be set. Specimens relating to any part of the Schedule may be given for identification and brief description on either of the days.

SECTION I. GENERAL MORPHOLOGY.

Doctrine of the cell; discoveries connected with the names of Grew,
Brown, Mirbel, Schleiden, von Mohl, Nägeli, Strassburger.
Structure of the cell; its nucleus and protoplasm; chlorophyll bodies,
starch, fat; aleuron-grains, and crystalloids.

Varieties of cell- and tissue-formation.

The chief types of the fibro-vascular system in the higher plants; modes of secondary thickening in stems and roots.

The formation of intercellular spaces, and of lysigenous or schizogenous cavities and canals with their contents.

The structure of contractile tissues.

The nature of reparative processes.

The minute anatomy and development of the organs of reproduction in the different groups.

Laws of cell-division in tissues; various modes of apical growth and their relation to the ultimate conformation of the plant.

General organography of plants.

The mode and sequence of origin of appendicular organs; branching; structure of branch systems.

Metamorphosis; modifications of external conformation due to inherited

adaptation to external conditions.

Actinomorphic and zygomorphic symmetry.

Organogeny of the floral whorls in Phanerogams.

SECTION II. SPECIAL MORPHOLOGY.

Subsection (a). The principal facts in the anatomy, histology, development, and life-history of the following typical forms :—

29. Batrachospermum. 50. Fontinalis.

N.B. In all cases knowledge of details, which are not of obvious significance from the point of view of Comparative Morphology, will not be required.

Subsection (b). The floral structure' (including fruit) characteristic of the following families, with the more important deviations:

Candidates should be prepared to draw floral diagrams' showing the relation of the several parts to each other and to the parent axis in each of their families. They will be also expected to know the theoretical grounds on which the most important anomalous or divergent types are explained and their affinities determined. Questions relating