to this subsection (b) need not be included in the paper work if practical work relating to it is set. SECTION III. TAXONOMY AND PHYTO-GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. The principal methods of plant classification associated with the names of Ray, Linnæus, Jussieu, Brown, Decaisne, Hofmeister, Darwin, and Schwendener. The evidence afforded by Comparative Morphology in support of the view that the most natural classification is that which best exhibits genetic relationships. The leading facts with regard to plant distribution; the theories of insular and mountain floras; the agencies by which plants are distributed. The leading facts of palæo-phytology and their bearing on the theory of descent. SECTION IV. VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. Elementary constituents of plant-food, their source and function. Synthesis of plastic materials; their distribution through the tissues; parasitism. Metabolism; saprophytes; carnivorous plants; action of ferments in nutritive processes; degradation products; secretion. Respiration; production of heat. Movement of water in plants; absorption; root pressure; transpiration. Movement of gases in plants. Properties of growing parts; tension of tissues; nutation; periodicity in growth. Influence of external conditions on protoplasmic activity and plantgrowth; temperature; light; effects of rays of different refrangibility, heliotropism, daily periodicity; gravitation. Mechanical adaptations of plant-tissues; structural modifications exhibited by water-plants. Movements of variation-spontaneous, paratonic, periodic; inhibitive conditions; phototonus. Electrical phenomena of plants. Influence of adverse external conditions; optimum of temperature; effects of extremes of heat and cold on plant-tissues; action of gases and substances injurious to plant life; starvation. Theory of mutual competition amongst constituents of mixed vegetation. Reproduction: sexual and asexual; alternation of generations; apogamy; theory of fertilisation; hybridism; variation; dichogamy; the leading facts in the history of the subject. VII. SPECIAL SUBJECTS. MINERALOGY AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. Candidates for Honours in the Natural Science School who desire to take in Mineralogy as a Supplementary Science should exhibit a (a) practical as well as theoretical knowledge of Crystallography, and of Crystallographic Physics. (b) The Candidate should also be acquainted with the Crystallographic characters of such substances as serve to illustrate the principles and applications of Crystallography. (c) Mineralogy may be further pursued by the Student : Firstly, as a discriminative and classificatory Science, involving an acquaintance with the logical principles of classification. Secondly, in respect to its subject-matter, namely, by the actual study of the more important minerals and other crystallised substances; more (d) especially of such as illustrate the principles of Classification as well (e) as of Crystallography, and of such as are important either from their contributing to form the rock masses of the globe, or from a mining point of view, or as being of value for their employment in the useful arts. Thirdly, in respect of the practical methods of discriminating minerals, not merely by investigating their crystallographic forms with (ƒ) the aid of the goniometer, but by determining their physical characteristics, specific gravity, degree of hardness, colour, optical and pyroelectric properties, &c.; and also by examination with the blowpipe and other simple chemical tests. And finally, the mineralogical student should be acquainted with the (g) hypotheses regarding the causes that have operated in effecting the deposition, the transformations, or the successions of Minerals in veins and rocks. Treatises recommended. (a) Miller (W. H.), A Tract on Crystallography. Cambridge, 1863. Lang (V. von), Lehrbuch der Krystallographie. Vienna, 1866. Karsten (H.), Lehrbuch der Krystallographie. Leipzig, 1861. Schrauf (A.), Lehrbuch der physikalischen Mineralogie. Vienna, 1866. Grailich (J.), Miller's Lehrbuch der Krystallographie, a German translation of Professor Miller's original work, containing chapters on Crystallographic Physics. Vienna, 1856. Grailich (J.), Krystallographisch-optische Untersuchungen. Vienna und Olmütz, 1858. (b) Rammelsberg (C. F.), Krystallographische Chemie. Berlin, 1855, and Suppl. 1857. (c) Mill (John Stuart), A system of Logic, the chapters on Classification. 7th ed. London, 1868. Whewell (W.), History of the Inductive Sciences, chapters on Rose (G.), Das krystallo-chemische Mineralsystem. Leipzig, Rammelsberg (C. F.), Berzelius' neues chemisches Mineralsystem. (d) Brooke and Miller's Mineralogy. London, 1852. Rammelsberg (C. F.), Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Leipzig, 1860. Quenstedt (F. A.), Handbuch der Mineralogie. 2nd ed. Tübingen, Dana (J. D.), System of Mineralogy. 5th ed. London, 1868. (e) Cotta (B. von), Rocks classified and described, translated by H. Lawrence. London, 1866. Zirkel (F.), Lehrbuch der Petrographie. Bonn, 1866. Senft (F.), Lehrbuch der Mineralien und Felsartenkunde. Jena, 1869. (ƒ) First volume of Dana's System of Mineralogy. 4th ed. London, 1855. Blanford and Scheerer on the Blowpipe. London, 1855. 1852. Leipzig, Naumann (C. F.), Elemente der Mineralogie. 8th ed. Leipzig, 1871. (g) Bischoff (Gustav), Lehrbuch der chemischen und physikalischen Geologie. 2nd ed. Bonn, 1863, &c. English translation by the Cavendish Society. Blum (R.), Die Pseudomorphosen des Mineralreichs Stuttgart, 1843, &c. &c. Cotta (B. von), Gangstudien. Freiberg, 1847, &c. &c. 6. Honour School of Jurisprudence. 1. GENERAL REGULATIONS. 1. The Examination in the School of Jurisprudence includes (1) General Jurisprudence; (2) The History of English Law; (3) Such departments of Roman Law, and (if the Board of the Faculty of Law shall think fit) such departments of English Law, as may be specified from time to time by the Board; (4) International Law, or some department of it specified by the Board. This may be omitted by Candidates who do not aim at a place in the First or Second Class. 2. Subject to such regulations as the Board may make from time to time, select portions of Historical study, approved by the Board of the Faculty of Arts (Modern History), may be substituted by Candidates for portions of Legal study; provided that no Candidate shall be allowed to offer in the School of Juris prudence any select portion, whether of Legal or Historical study, which he has already offered in the School of Modern History. 2. REGULATIONS OF THE BOARD OF THE FACULTY OF LAW. The subjects of examination in the Honour School of Jurisprudence will be the following: 1. General Jurisprudence. Candidates will be examined in the principles of Analytical Jurisprudence, in the theory of Legislation, and in the early history of Legal Institutions. They are recommended to read the following books: Austin, Jurisprudence, Lectures I, V, VI, and the Essay on the T. E. Holland, Elements of Jurisprudence. W. Markby, Elements of Law. Bentham, Theory of Legislation, by Dumont. Sir H. Maine, Ancient Law, and the Lectures on Sovereignty (XII and XIII) in his Early History of Institutions. Students may also refer to the following works: Hobbes, Leviathan, The Second Part, Of Commonwealth. F. Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics. 2. Roman Law. 1. The Institutes of Gaius. The Institutes of the Emperor Justinian. 2. Digest, IX. 2, ad Legem Aquiliam. Students are recommended to study the Institutes of Gaius and Justinian in the editions of Poste and Moyle respectively; and also to use some text showing clearly the relation of the two works one to another, such as that of Gneist, Pellat, Polenaar, or Holland. Reference may also be made to— J. Muirhead's edition of Gaius. Alphonse Rivier, Introduction Historique au droit Romain. W. A. Hunter, Exposition of Roman Law in the order of a code. Puchta, Institutionen. Salkowski, Institutionen. Dirksen, Manuale (as a Lexicon for the study of the texts). The title of the Digest may be omitted by Candidates who do not aim at a place in the First or Second Class. 1. The Law of Contract. 3. English Law. The subject may be studied in Sir W. R. Anson, Principles of the English Law of Contract. Reference may also be made to C. C. Langdell, Cases on the Law of Contract. 2. The Law of Succession, Testamentary and Intestate, to— (1) Real Property. (2) Personal Property. The subject may be studied in Stephen, Commentaries, Vol. I and II. Williams, Treatise on the Law of Real Property. Williams, Treatise on the Law of Personal Property. 3. The Law of Real Property, in so far as it is not included in the foregoing subjects. The subject may be studied in Williams, Treatise on the Law of Real Property. The principal Statutes referred to in Williams' Treatise should be studied, and reference may be made to— K. E. Digby, History of the Law of Real Property. 4. The Law of the Constitution. Candidates will be expected to have mastered the leading principles of existing Constitutional Law, and in particular to show a knowledge of the following topics : The Legislative power of Parliament, the modes in which it is exercised, and its extent as to Territory and Persons; The Prerogatives of the Crown, the Privileges of the Houses of Parliament; The Constitutional position of the Privy Council, the Ministers of the Crown, the Established Church, the Courts of Law, and the Armed Forces. They are recommended to read Blackstone, Commentaries, Introduction and Vol. I. Stephen, Commentaries, Vol. II. Book IV. Part I, and Part II. Traill, Central Government. Hearn, Government of England. They may also refer to Stephen, History of the Criminal Law. |