study in them as are mentioned above in connection with the collection of hardy plants.

2. The Herbarium.-The collections contained in the Herbarium may be classed under three heads :

(a) The Modern British Collection; (B) The Modern General Collection; (y) The Ancient Collections.

(a) The Modern British Herbarium is now completed, and is especially intended as an herbarium of reference for students. Not only have good typical specimens of each species been selected, but seeds also and the more minute parts are, in most cases, preserved in capsules, from which the student may be supplied. Special appliances are also offered him for their maceration and dissection.

(B) The Modern General Herbarium, the noble gift of the late Mr. Fielding, is, after those at Kew and the British Museum, one of the largest and most valuable in the country. It is now cleaned and rendered safe from the further attacks of insects: it is also being rapidly arranged, and all the post-Linnean collections are being incorporated with it.

(y) The Ancient Collections include all such as have been made previous to the time of Linnæus. Among these may be reckoned those of Morison, Sherard, Dillenius, and Dubois. All these are kept separate, and serve to illustrate the state of botanical science in the times in which they were made.

3. The Museum, although containing at one time a great number of valuable and useful specimens, is unfortunately of little service to the student, owing chiefly to the excessive darkness of the room in which the cases are placed.

4. The Laboratory is open for practical work daily.

The Professor lectures three days a week on Elementary Morphology and Physiology; and after each lecture practical instruction in illustration of the lecture is given.

2. DEPARTMENT OF RURAL ECONOMY.

The house in the Botanic Garden, formerly assigned to the Sherardian Professor of Botany, now contains the books bequeathed by Dr. John Sibthorp; and the Professor of Rural Economy lectures and gives instruction on the scientific principles of Agriculture and Forestry.

§ 8. Radcliffe Observatory.

The Radcliffe Observatory, although founded for the purpose of affording practical instruction to the students of the University, is not now strictly an educational establishment: but the Radcliffe Observers have, since the separation of the offices of Radcliffe Observer and Savilian Professor, admitted advanced students to the benefit of practical instruction in observing.

The Astronomical instruments of the Observatory are at present: (1) a transit-circle with telescope of 66 inches focal length and 5 inches aperture: (2) a heliometer, of which the telescope is of 10-foot focal length and 71⁄2 inches aperture: (3) an equatorially-mounted telescope of 10-foot focal length and 7 inches aperture: (4) a 42-inch achromatic telescope: (5) four sidereal clocks, and a sidereal box chronometer. The foregoing are all in actual use: there are in addition, (6) two 8-foot mural quadrants with corresponding 12-foot zenith sector, (7) a transit-instrument and meridian circle, (8) an unmounted Gregorian telescope with 18-inch mirror by Short, (9) a 10-foot Newtonian telescope, (10) two small unmounted telescopes, which are not in actual use.

The Meteorological instruments consist of a barograph, thermograph, hygrograph, anemograph, rain-gauge, and sunshine recorder, for automatic registration of the corresponding elements; and of the ordinary standard instruments, viz. barometer, dry and wet bulb thermometers, maximum and minimum thermometers, and rain-gauges.

The Observatory is one of the stations reporting daily by telegraph to the Meteorological Office, London, in connection with the system of daily weather Charts and Forecasts issued by that office.

§ 9. College Scientific Institutions.

At the following Colleges there are Scientific Institutions, accompanied with scientific teaching, in addition to the Institutions which are common to all members of the University, and which have been described above.

At Balliol there is a chemical laboratory for students, and a

lecture room for scientific demonstrations. There is a good collection of physical apparatus, and a small scientific library including the chief English and foreign periodicals devoted to physics and chemistry. The laboratory has benches for about ten students working at one time. Adjoining the laboratory is a balance-room. In addition to the students' laboratory there is a research laboratory containing elaborate apparatus for the measurement and manipulation of gases, an electric Chronograph with apparatus for the measurement of the velocity of explosions, mercury pumps, etc. Power is supplied by a water-motor and by a gas engine. It is the custom for the most distinguished students to remain a year or more after taking their degree and undertake some piece of original work.

At present the laboratory is used in common by Balliol and Trinity Colleges. The lectures are open to other members of the University on payment of a fee.

At Exeter lectures and practical instruction in some of the subjects recognised in the Biological division of the School of Natural Science are given during Term within the walls of the College. A small laboratory has been fitted up with microscopes, chemical re-agents, a brooding chamber, and other apparatus necessary for the practical study of Histology and Embryology. There is accommodation for ten students. An extensive series of important memoirs on the development of animals, chiefly published during recent years in Germany and France, has been collected and added to the College Library with the view of facilitating such study. The Library also contains a complete set of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, of the Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie, and of the Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie.

At Magdalen there is a laboratory with an efficient Curator, and also a library for the use of its Natural Science students. The laboratory is a block of buildings exclusively devoted to the teaching of science. The lecture-room is fitted up with ordinary appliances for chemical demonstration, and contains, in addition, a quantity of physical apparatus. One room is devoted to the geological collection of the late Professor Daubeny, and this, together with a large collection of minerals, is well catalogued and arranged for the use of the student. A second room contains

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a number of instruments connected with meteorology, and on the roof is placed an achromatic telescope, with a 54-inch objectglass, equatorially mounted, and with tangent screw motions. series of daily meteorological observations is taken and recorded, including readings from a standard barometer, maximum and minimum temperature, dew-point, maximum solar radiation, rainfall, &c. The upper rooms, four in number, contain a collection of specimens illustrating Comparative Osteology, a Zoological series with dissections in illustration, together with microscopes and microscopic preparations. These rooms are also fitted up as work-rooms for students, and are furnished with a set of physiological instruments used for illustrating the elementary as well as the advanced parts of Experimental Physiology.

The courses of instruction given by the College Tutors comprise

(1) A course of lectures intended for candidates for Honours in the Natural Science School.

(2) A course of elementary lectures on Chemical Physics, intended for beginners, i. e. (a) for those who are not necessarily candidates for the Natural Science School, as a means of general education, (b) as an introduction to the advanced course.

Each course of lectures combines formal teaching with attention to the requirements of each candidate in private; and the apparatus is accessible, subject to certain conditions, to advanced students wishing to pursue original investigations.

The laboratory is open for the use of students at all reasonable hours.

All the above courses of lectures and demonstrations are free to members of the College, and are open by arrangement to other members of the University.

At Christ Church there is a laboratory, in which the Lee's Readers in Physics and Chemistry lecture on their respective subjects. The laboratory is open, without charge for teaching or apparatus, to all members of Christ Church, and, on payment of a fee, to other members of the University.

A small Physical and Chemical Library has been formed, from which books may be taken out by the Undergraduates.

The Lee's Reader in Anatomy lectures in his room at the

Museum, and has joint rights with the Linacre Professor to the use of the anatomical specimens belonging to Dr. Lee's Trustees, which are at present deposited there.

All three Christ Church Readers admit to their lectures members of other Colleges on payment of a fee.

§ 10. Art Collections.

1. The University Galleries contain (1) a collection of original drawings by Michael Angelo and Raffaelle, of which a full account has been written by Mr. J. C. Robinson (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1870); (2) a collection of drawings by J. M. W. Turner, R.A.; (3) a small collection of paintings by Masters of various Schools; (4) the original models of statues and busts by Sir F. Chantrey; (5) the Douce collection of early prints, chiefly German and Italian; (6) a small reference Art Library, the books for which have been obtained chiefly through funds given by the present Lord Eldon. They also contain the Pomfret collection mentioned below, p. 67.

The Galleries are open without fee to all members of the University in Academical dress, and to persons introduced by them, daily throughout the year (except during a short interval in the Long Vacation), from noon to 4 P.M. Visitors not so introduced are charged a fee of 2d.

2. The Ruskin Drawing School, which occupies part of the same building as the University Galleries, is under the direction of the Master of Drawing appointed by Mr. Ruskin. It is open, under certain regulations, not only to all members of the University, but also to the general public. Students, have access, for the purpose of practical work, not only to the collections in the University Galleries, but also to the following special collections of Drawings and Engravings which have been prepared for the School by Mr. Ruskin—(1) the Rudimentary Series, which illustrates the instruction in elementary drawing which is given in the School; (2) the Educational Series; (3) the Reference Series, and (4) the Standard Series, which illustrate the higher work of the School. Of these series there are two descriptive catalogues, which can be obtained at the School. A small fee is charged to those who attend the Master's classes.

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