The precipice of serpentine rock, hollowed out here and there HOLYWELL, a market town, parl. bor. and par. into most magnificent caves, the haunts of almost innu- of N. Wales, co. Flint, hund. Mold, on the great road merable sea-fowl. The town is clean and well paved, from Chester to Holyhead, 144 m. W. by N. Chester, comprising two main, and several cross streets; it has a 56 m. N.N.W. Shrewsbury, and 178 m. N. W. London. fine open market-place, public baths, government esta- Area of par., 1,790 acres; pop., in 1831, 8,969. blishments, &c., and contains many superior residences. town is pleasantly situated on the slope of a mounThe church, formerly collegiate, and now in the patron-tain extending towards the estuary of the Dee, and age of Jesus College, Oxford, is an embattled cruciform is large, well paved, and lighted with gas. The streets structure, in the decorated English style, with a square are irregular; but there are many good and subtower and low steeple; and the churchyard is enclosed stantial houses. The church, a plain structure, with by a low wall, said to have formed part of a Roman for- a strong embattled tower, stands quite at the bottification. There are also four places of worship for dis- tom of the hill: there are also 2 Roman Catholie senters, a free school, established in 1745, and several chapels, and several places of worship for dissenters. other day and Sunday schools, furnishing instruction to a A beautiful Gothic chapel, dedicated to the legendary great many children. Holyhead has no particular branch saint, Winifred, who lived in the 7th century, and of commerce or manufacture: its importance principally now used as a school house, is erected over a well, depends upon its being, next to Liverpool and Bristol, from which water issues so copiously as to turn a large the chief resort of passengers to and from Ireland. The portion of the mill-machinery in the town. The lower erection of the Menai Bridge, the improvement of the part of the building is open, and the sanatory virtues of Holyhead road, and the establishment of steam-packets its holy water are even at the present day not wholly to Dublin, caused a great increase of the intercourse by discredited by the inhab. The town, which was incon Holyhead. But the removal of the London and Dublin siderable till the commencement of the present cen mail packets to Liverpool, in 1838, greatly diminished the tury, is now the largest in the co., and remarkable for number of passengers by this route. (Bound. Rep.) One its activity in mining and manufactures. Lead, zinc, mail packet, however, still continues to run; and there copper, and coal are extensively worked in several very is considerable business in shipbuilding and in the coast-productive mines close to the town. These mines, and ing trade. The harbour, which forms a basin in the the sinelting-houses, foundries, &c., in the vicinity of shape of a horse-shoe, used to dry at low water; but the town, employ from 600 to 700 hands, at wages varying great efforts have been made of late years to improve it; from 10s. to 15s. per week. The chief metallic products and a pier has been projected about 200 fathoms into the are copper wire and copper bolts, nails, and sheathing, sea, having 12 ft. water at its head at low springs. This which are sent to Liverpool, and shipped in large quanpier, formed on the rocky island of St. Gybi, is joined to tities for the W. Indies and S. America. There are four the town by a swivel bridge, and at its other extremity is cotton mills, established by the Holywell Cotton and Twist a lighthouse. The peninsula of Holyhead is terminated Company, and which employ 714 hands. A small trade is by a high rocky promontory called the S. Stack, sur- also carried on in the manufacture of galoons and doubles: mounted by a lighthouse, with a revolving light, 211 ft. the present factory contains 60 looms, worked chiefly by above low-water mark. The Skerries, a small island women, who earn from 6s. to 13s. per week, according to 7 m. N. of Holyhead, is also marked by a lighthouse. The the quality of the fabric on which they are engaged. town of Holyhead, with a small surrouding suburb, is a Work is plentiful, and the weavers are not worse off than parl. bor. contributory to Beaumaris, which returns 1 their fellow-labourers. A short distance from the town mem. to the H. of C. Markets on Saturday. (Nichol- is the Mark, a kind of quay, on the Dee, unapproachable son's Camb. Guide; Bound. Rep., &c.) by ships at low water, and at all times inconvenient. Holywell was made by the Reform Act a parl. bor., contributory to Flint, which sends 1 mem, to the H. of C., and its boundaries comprise parts of the townships of Holywell and Greenfield. HOLY ISLAND (an. Lindisfarne), a peninsula, wholly insulated at high water, on the N.E. coast of England, co. Durham, ward Islandshire, 11 m. S.E. Berwick-on-Tweed. Area, 3,320 acres: pop., in 1831, 836. Its form is that of an irregular four-sided figure, more than half of it towards the N. being covered with sand, and abounding with rabbit-burrows: the remainder, however, has been very productive since its enclosure in 1798. The prospect from the island is extremely beautiful, commanding views, northward, of Berwick, and of Bamborough Castle, at nearly the same distance, southward. At the S. W. angle of the island is a small fishing village, formerly more extensive, near which are a small harbour and an old castle, situated on a high conical rock, of primitive formation. The inhabs. are chiefly engaged during winter in catching lobsters for the London market, and at other times in getting cod, ling, and haddock. Limestone, coal, and iron ore are abundant; but the influx of the tide makes the working of them exceedingly laborious. The great glory of the island, highly esteemed by AngloSaxon scholars, is the abbey (with its connected church), formerly the residence of many literary monks. It was founded by St. Acdan in 635, under the patronage of Oswald, king of Northumbria, who erected Lindisfarne into a bishopric. The monastery was all but demolished by the Danes, in 867, and was then removed (with the bishop's see) to Durham, a few monks only remaining at the establishment after the partial rebuilding of the church and abbey. The ruins of the abbey, which had been constructed of red freestone, and aptly termed by Sir W. Scott"a solemn, large, and dark red pile," show that it was built at different periods. It cannot be better described than in the words of the great minstrel in the 2d canto of Marmion: In Saxon strength that abbey frown'd, By pointed aisle and shafted stalk, * To emulate in stone* * Not but that portions of the pile, Show'd where the spoiler's hand had been. Various fragments of the monastery are extant, and traces of walls are scattered over a space of nearly 4 acres. The main walls on the N. and S. sides of the church still remain, the measurement of the building being 138 ft. in length, and 36 ft. in breadth. S. of Holy Island are 17 small islands, called the Färne Islands, on the largest of which is a lighthouse. (Hutchinson's & Surtees's Durham; Views of Coast and Harbours of England.) HONDURAS a state of Central America. See GUA TEMALA. HONDURAS (BRITISH), a settlement belonging to Great Britain, on the E. coast of Central America, chiefly between lat. 16° and 18° N., and long. 88° and 900 W., having N. Yucatan, W. and S. Guatemala, and E. the Bay of Honduras. It is very extensive, but the pop. is said not to exceed 4,000, of whom only about 300 are whites. The coast is flat, and surrounded with an abundance of reefs and low verdant islands, called keys. The approach to the shore is very dangerous, especially during N. winds, and the different keys resemble each other so much as to make the navigation of the channels between them extremely difficult, except to experienced pilots. Proceeding inland, the surface rises gradually from the coast into an elevated region, covered with primeval forests, interspersed with marshes. Rivers numerous, and some of them large; the principal, the Balize, is navigable for 200 m. The climate is moist, but is reported to be more healthy than that of the W. India islands, especially in the wet season. The heat during most part of the year is moderated by sea breezes; the average annual temp. is about 80° F. The rains are so heavy that the Sibun river sometimes rises 50 ft. in a few hours: they are frequently accompanied with violent thunderstormis. Volcanic products, and marble or other limestone formations, are found in various parts; the shores, banks of the rivers, &c. are covered with a deep and rich alluvial soil, capable of growing most European as well as tropical products. The forests abound with some of the finest timber trees, including mahogany, logwood, and many other valuable trees. The two now specified are the staple product of the settlement, and their cutting forms the chief occupation of the settlers. The mahogany (Swietena mahogani) is one of the most majestic of trees, and is probably 200 years in arriving at maturity. It is seldom found in clusters or groups, but single, and often much dispersed; so that what is termed a mahogany work extends over several sq. m. There are two seasons in which the trees are cut down; one beginning shortly after Christmas, or at the end of the wet season, and the other about the middle of the year. At such periods, all is activity, the pop. being mostly employed in felling or removing the trees. The gangs of negroes employed in the work consist of from 10 to 50 each, at the head of whom is the huntsman, whose chief occupation is to search the woods, and find labour for the whole. An expert negro of this description was formerly often valued at 5007. "About the beginning of August the huntsman is despatched on his errand. He cuts his way through the thickest of the woods to the highest spots, and climbs the highest tree he finds, from which he minutely surveys the surrounding country. At this season, the leaves of the mahogany tree are invariably of a yellow-reddish hue; and an eye accustomed to this kind of exercise can discover, at a great distance, the places where the wood is most abundant. He now descends, and to such places his steps are now directed; and without compass or other guide than what observation has imprinted on his recollection, he never fails to reach the exact point to which he aims." The mahogany tree is commonly cut about 12 ft. from the ground. The body of the tree, from the dimensions of the wood it furnishes, is deemed the most valuable; but for purposes of an ornamental kind, the branches or limbs are generally preferred, the grain of these being much closer, and the veins more rich and variegated. Part of the wood is rough-squared on the spot; but this work is generally postponed till the logs are rafted to the entrance of the different rivers. The rafts often consist of more than 200 logs, and are floated as many miles. "When the floods are unusually rapid, it sometimes happens that the labour of a season, or perhaps of many, is at once destroyed by the breaking asunder of a raft, the whole of the mahogany being hurried precipitately to the sea." (Henderson.) Mahogany at Honduras produces from 161. to 30%. (Jamaica currency) per 1,000 ft.; but when of very fine quality it is worth much more. Not less, in fact, than 3,000/. has been paid in London for 3 logs of mahogany, the produce of a single tree! (Comm. Dict.) The profits of the trade are, however, much diminished, and very precarious. Logwood cutting is much less expensive; but the price of logwood fluctuates even more than that of mahogany; varying from 77. to 147. a ton. The trees are cut in logs of about 3 ft. in length, and sent to Europe in that form. (See CAMPEACHY, p. 514.) The logwood and mahogany do not grow adjacent to each other; the former inhabits a swampy soil, while the latter flourishes most in high and exposed situations. Every settlement at Honduras has its plantain walk, and many of these comprise an extent of at least 100 acres. Cassava, yams, arrow root, maize, &c. are grown, but only for home consumption; the sugar-cane, coffee, and cotton succeed well, but are little cultivated; cocoa, and an inferior kind of indigo, are indigenous. European cattle, and other domestic animals, thrive greatly. The American tiger, the tapir, armadillo, racoon, grey fox, deer of various kinds, and a vast number of monkeys, inhabit the settlement; birds and fish are in great variety, and testacea particularly plentiful. Many turtles are taken by the inhab, living upon the keys, or islands of the coast, a few of which find their way to London. The following were the quantities of the principal articles exported from British Honduras in 1836 : — Mahogany superf. ft. 9,768,293 | Hides : tons 992 Cocoa-nuts serons 3,585 Cedar No. 8,269 150.509 ft. 37,000 In the same year, 132 ships, burden 28,313 tons, chiefly from Great Britain and the U. States, entered, and 134, of 29,493 tons, left the ports of the colony. Honduras is governed by a superintendent, nominated by the crown, and seven magistrates, elected annually by the inhab., who form a council, the members being subject to the approval of the superintendent. The latter officer has a salary of 1,5007.; the services of the other members of the legislature are gratuitous. Trial by jury is in force. From decisions of the central court, an appeal lies to the sovereign in council. Total public rev. (1836), 20,0717.; expenditure, 15,2047. Amount of compensation received by the proprietors of slaves at their emancipation, 101,959. The average value of a slave, from 1822 to 1830, was 1201. 4s. 7d., being a larger sum than in any other colony. The only town in the settlement is Balize, at the mouth of the river of the same name, in lat. about 17° 29′ N., and long. 88° 8 W. It consists of about 500 houses, chiefly of wood; the streets are regular, and the whole town is shaded by groves of cocoa-nut and tamarind trees. Its chief edifices are the government house, a church, and several chapels: it has a public school, which had 126 pupils in 1836, and several private schools. This coast was discovered by Columbus, in 1502; the date of its first settlement by Europeans is uncertain. It was transferred from Spain to England by treaty, in 1670, but its occupation was contested at different times by the Spaniards, down to 1798, since which it has remained quietly in our possession. (Henderson's Account of Honduras; Parl. Papers, &c.) HONFLEUR, a sea-port town of France, dép. Calvados, cap. cant.; on the estuary of the Seine, nearly opposite Havre, from which it is 6 m. S. E., and 30 m. N.E. Caen. Pop. (1836) 8,490. It is ill built, and triste; its streets being mostly narrow, crooked, dirty, and ill ventilated, and its public edifices more remarkable for antiquity and oddity than elegance. Its port, enclosed between two jetties, is difficult of entrance, and encumbered with mud, so as to be inaccessible, except at high water, and then only for ships of small burden. It has two basins connected with it, which serve as harbours for numerous fishing boats and coasting vessels. Many of the inhab. are engaged in the herring, mackarel, and whiting fisheries, and numerous vessels sail annually from Honfleur for the cod, whale, and seal fisheries. It is more a commercial than a manufacturing town; it has, however, some building docks, rope walks, and manufactures of copperas, nails, ship biscuit, lace, &c. Its export and import trade is considerable; butter, fruit, and eggs, in large quantities are sent to England from Honfleur. A good deal of corn, and melons of very fine quality, are grown in its vicinity. Honfleur was taken from the English by Charles VII. in 1440. (Hugo.) HONITON, a parl. bor., market town, and par. of England, co. Devon, hund. Axminster, near the Otter, 142 m. W. by S. London, and 16 m. E.N.E. Exeter. Area of par. and parl. bor., which are co-extensive, 2,880 acres. Pop. (1831) 3,509. The town, which stands in an extensive vale celebrated for fertility and beauty, consists chiefly of a single well paved and lighted street, nearly a mile long, lined with neat and respectable houses, built in the middle of the last century, after a destructive fire which laid nearly the whole place in ruins. The inhab. are supplied with water from a brook that runs along the whole length of the street. The church, a quarter of a mile distant, is a small but neat structure, enlarged in 1482, and remarkable for a curiously carved screen separating the nave and chancel. All-hallows chapel, built of flint in 1765, is a compact building with a square embattled tower. There are 3 chapels for dissenters, a free grammar-school, scantily endowed, a boys' national school, and a girls' working school, and an hospital. The industry of Honiton consists of serge-weaving and lace-making; but both branches are on the decline. Some years ago, more serge was woven here than in any other town of Devon, and at the beginning of the present century the lace manufacture had arrived at that perfection, was so tasteful in the design, and so delicate and beautiful in the workmanship, as not to be excelled even by the best specimens of Brussels lace. (Commercial Dictionary, p. 743., Parl. Papers.) During the late war, veils of Honiton lace were sold in London at from 20 to 100 guineas, whereas they may now be obtained for 8 or 10 guineas. The competition of the bobbin-lace machinery, which became active in 1820, has of late years greatly impaired the trade of Honiton, though not to the extent that it has impaired the lace trade of Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire. Shoemaking and coarse pottery employ several hands, and there is a large trade in butter, the chief portion of which is sent to the London market. Markets on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday; the largest on the latter day: an annual fair, the first Wednesday after July 19th, for cattle, &c. Honiton was granted by Henry L to Richard de Rivers, from whom it descended to the Courtenays, earls of Devon, who for many years have been the patrons and lords of the manor. It is a bor. by prescription. A portreeve and bailiff' are annually elected at the manor court; the civil jurisdiction, however, is vested in the county magistrates. This bor. first sent mems. to the H. of C. in the 28th of Edward I.; but it was only twice represented prior to the reign of Charles I., since which time it has continued to send 2 mems. Previously to the passing of the Reform Act, the franchise was vested in the inhabitant housekeepers. The Boundary Act extended the limits of the parl. bor., so as to make it include the whole par. of Honiton. Registered electors in 1838-39, 455. (Polwhele's Devon; Com. Dict.; Parl. Papers.) HOOBLY, a town of the Deccan, Hindostan, prov. Bejapoor, presid. Bombay, 13 m. S. Darwar; lat. 15° 20° N., long. 750 15 E. Pop. estimated in 1820 at 15,000. It has long been a place of great trade, its merchants and bankers frequently transacting business at Surat, Hyderabad, Seringapatam, &c. It has two forts, but neither is very strong, and there are no public buildings worthy of notice. It was taken by Sevajee in 1673, and by a son of Aurungzebe in 1685. rov. HOOGHLY, a distr. of Hindostan, presid. and Bengal, between lat. 22° 15′ and 230 10 N., and long. 87° 30′ and 88° 45′ E.; having N. the districts Burdwar and the Jungle Mehals, E. Nuddea, Calcutta, and the 24 Pergunnahs, W. Midnapore, and S. the Bay of Bengal. Area, 2,260 sq. m. Pop. (1822), 1,239,150. It is a low, level tract of great fertility, but much of it is waste; and the sea-coast, which is very unhealthy, is densely covered with jungle. Besides the Hooghly river, a great many other branches and tributaries of the Ganges intersect it; it has therefore an extensive inland navigation. On the banks of the rivers, near the sea, a good deal of salt of excellent quality is made. Land revenue in 1829-30, 1,102,874 rup. About 3-4ths of the pop. are Hindoos, and 1-4th Mohammedans. sylvan aspect than most other country towns have. The Education is more extended in this than in most districts houses are generally timber-built, but new faced with in Bengal; but suttees and gang robberies have not-brick, and in the street leading to the church rows of withstanding been in general more prevalent than in trees afford to the dwellings an agreeable shade. The most other parts of India. town is well paved with stone, obtained from the excel. lent quarries in the neighbourhood, and is as well supplied with water." (Horsfield's Ilist., &c.) Considerable improvements have taken place in Horsham within the last few years, many excellent private houses have been built, and the town is now well lighted with gas, and watched. There are numerous good inns and hotels. Several handsome public editices are in progress of erection, including a chapel of ease, in the Gothic style, a vicarage, school-house, &c. The par. church, at the S. extremity of the town, is a spacious and venerable structure, of early English architecture, with a tower surmounted by a lofty spire: it contains some interesting monuments. The town-hall and court-house, a castellated building, with a stone front, was enlarged and improved by the Duke of Norfolk, in 1806, but since that period has been greatly neglected. The county gaol, near the E. extremity of the town, is a commodious prison, built partly with brick, and partly with stone from the neighbourhood, comprising 56 wards, besides dayrooms, &c., and has accommodation for about 180 prisoners. It is under the jurisdiction of the high sheriff of the co., who appoints the governor: at present it is almost solely appropriated to debtors. During the year penditure for the year being 6197. (Gaol Returns, 1839.) Adjacent to the gaol were formerly some barracks, and a magazine, but these have been long removed. Horsham has chapels belonging to the General and Particular Baptists, Independents, Wesleyans, Friends, and Rom. Catholics; and many charitable endowments for the poor, the chief of which is Collier's school, founded in 1532, for 60 scholars, with a master, at a salary of 107, a year. This establishment is now in a very flourishing state: the present rental of the endowment is upwards of 4007. per annum, the master's salary being 1207, and the usher's 807. The rudiments of education, and English and Latin grammar, are taught. There are also a Lancastrian and some other free shools, an infant school, and several superior private seminaries. Horsham was, till lately, the seat of the spring assizes for the co., and the midsummer quarter sessions for the W. div. of Sussex are still holden in it. Until the passing of the Mun. Corp. Act the town was governed by a steward and two bailiffs, chosen annually at the court-leet of the lord of the manor. Horsham is a bor. by prescription, and sent 2 mems. to the H. of C. from the time of Edward I. fill the passing of the Reform Act, which deprived it of one mem. Previously to that act the right of voting was vested in the holders of burgage tenures, but it was, in fact, a mere nomination bor. at the disposal of the Duke of Norfolk. The limits of the parl, bor. are now made identical with those of the par. Registered electors, in 1838-39, 368. Horsham is a polling-place for the W. div. of the co. The town has neither manufactures nor wholesale trade of any consequence; the inhab. deriving their chief support from the retail of goods to the surrounding district. There are two tolerably large weekly markets; one on Saturday for corn, and on Monday for poultry, a good many of which are reared for the London market. The living is a vicarage; patron, the archbishop of Canterbury. (Horsfield's Hist., Antiq., and Topog. of Sussex, 835, vol. ii.; Parl. Reports; Private Inform.) HOOGHLY, a considerable town of Hindostan, presid. and prov. Bengal, cap. of above distr., on the river of the same name, 23 m. N. by W. Calcutta. "It occupies an elevated and commanding site, and is picturesque in its broken and irregular disposition; the buildings being in one place clustered together in thick groups, in other places wide and straggling, and divided by trees and patches of bamboo. A handsome Christian church rises with bold and imposing effect, conspicuous above the temples of the Hindoos and the ghats upon the bank, to the style and architecture of which it forms a striking contrast." (Bacon, i. 241.) The town was once of much greater importance, having been, under the Moguls, the station for collecting the custom and river duties; it is still large, prosperous, well inhabited, and a government civil station. It has a madressa or college, in which English, Persian, and Arabic, are taught, which, in 1824, was in a very flourishing state, having 83 students, and a revenue of nearly 16,000 rupees a year. The Dutch established a factory here in 1625, and the English founded another in 1640; the Portuguese and Danes also had settlements at Hooghly. It was at Hooghly that the first serious quarrel occurred between the Moguls and Europeans, in 1632, when a large Por-ending Sept. 1839, the committals to it were 64, the extuguese fleet was destroyed by the Mohammedans; it was here also that the first engagement took place between the British and the Moguls, in 1686; on which occasion the English fleet cannonaded the town, and burned 500 houses. HOOGHLY RIVER. (See GANGES.) HOORN, a sea-port town of N. Holland, cap. distr., on the Zuyder-Zee, 20 m. N. by E. Amsterdam. Pop. about 10,000. It is surrounded with old ramparts, is tolerably well built, and has 10 churches, and various other public buildings. Its port is the best along the coast on which it is situated, and large quantities of butter and cheese, cattle, herrings, and other kinds of provisions are exported from it. Hoorn has manufactures of woollen cloths and carpets, and ship building is carried on in it to a considerable extent. It was the birthplace both of the navigator Schouten, who in 1616 discovered Cape Horn, and of Tasman, the discoverer of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand. (De Cloet; Dict. Géog.; Murray's Handbook.) HORNCASTLE, a market town and par. of England, co. Lincoln, soke same name, parts of Lindsey, on the navigable river Bain, 18 m. E. Lincoln, and 116 m. N. London. Area of par., 2,510 acres; pop., in 1831, 3,988. The town, which stands in a valley, and is almost surrounded by streams connected with the Witham navigation, comprises a well-built principal street, crossed by others of inferior character, and has a church, three places of worship for dissenters, a grammar-school, founded in 1571, two charity schools, a large dispensary, and a union workhouse. Tanning is extensively carried on, and the Horncastle navigation gives rise to a consi derable traffic with the surrounding districts. Petty sessions are held here, and it is one of the polling places for the N. division of the co. Horncastle is the chief town of a poor-law union comprising 68 parishes; and the maintenance of the poor within this par. cost 1,350. in 1839. Markets on Saturday: large horse-fairs, June 22., Aug. 21., and Oct. 29. HOUNSLOW, a market town of England, situated partly in Heston and partly in Isleworth par., co. Middlesex, hund. Isleworth, 11 m. W.S.W. London. The pop. is included in the returns of the above parishes. The town stands on the W. edge of an extensive heath, enclosed; it consists of a single street, in which are numerous inns and posting-houses, once busy and prosperous, but comparatively deserted since the opening of the Great Western Railway. The chapel of ease is a modern erection at the W. end of the town, built on the site of an old priory; and connected with it is a charity school attended by 200 children of both sexes. There are 3 places of worship for dissenters. On the heath are cavalry barracks erected in 1793, for the accommodation of 600 men; and in another part of the heath are two extensive powder-mills. Market-dav. Thursday. HORNSEY, a par. and village of England, co. Middlesex, hund. Ossulstone, 5 m. N. London. The par., which comprises the hamlets of Muswell-hill, Crouchend, the chief part of Highgate, and a part of Finchley,) had, in 1831, a pop. of 4,856. This retired village is long and straggling, containing many handsome and pic-bearing the same name, but now to a great extent turesque residences, inhabited by wealthy bankers and merchants; and the New River, which meanders through it, adds greatly to the beauty of the scenery. The church, a building of the 16th century, and recently restored, comprises a nave, S. aisle, and chancel, with a handsome "ivy-mantled" tower at the W. end. The living is a rectory, in the gift of the bishop of London, and several bequests have been made at different times for the relief of the church poor. A good charity school is attached to the church. Dissenters have 3 places of worship within the village. At a short distance is a coppice called Hornsey Wood, at the S. end of which is a good house of entertainment. HORSHAM, a town, parl. bor., and par. of England, co. Sussex, rape Bramber, hund. E. Easwrith, on the Adur, a tributary of the Arun, in the centre of a fertile and richly-wooded tract, 18 m. N. W. Brighton, and 31 m. S.S.W. London. Area of par., 8,560 acres. Pop, of do., in 1831, 5,105, since which period it has greatly increased. "The town consists of two streets, crossing each other at right angles, with an open space on the S., in which stands the court-house, and a green on the N. The mixture of trees among the houses gives it a more HOWDEN, a market-town and par. of England, a dependency of the co. of Durham, but situated in the E. rid. co. York, wap, and lib. same name, 17 m. S.S.E. York, 155 m. N. London. The entire par., which con. tains 14 townships, has an area of 14,510 acres, and had a pop. of 4,531, in 1831: the township of Howden contains 2,820 acres, and had, in 1831, 2,130 inhab. The town stands in a low but richly cultivated plain, about a mile N. of the Ouse, where there is a small harbour for boats, and a ferry. Streets narrow, badly paved, and only partially lighted: houses mean, and the supply of water insufficient. The church, formerly collegiate, is a spacious cruciform structure, in the decorated English style, with an elegant square embattled tower, 235 ft. high, rising from the centre upon pointed arches, supported by clustered pillars. The chapter-house, built in the middle of the 14th century, is of octagonal shape, resembling the chapter-house at York, but of much less extent. The delicacy, richness, and symmetry of its architecture are equalled by few specimens of the kind in the country, except Melrose Abbey, in Scotland. (Hutchinson's Hist. of Durham, iii. 466.) On the S. side of the church are the remains of an ancient palace, formerly used as a summer residence by the bishops of Durham, especially the celebrated Hugh de Pudsey, who died here in 1195. The ruins consist of a centre, front, and W. wing, with some detached parts, used as granaries. The site of this palace is held on lease from the see of Durham, and the venerable ruins, patched up with modern building, are now converted into a farm-house. Besides the church there are three places of worship for dissenters. A grammar-school has for many years been kept in a building contiguous to the church by the successive curates of Howden; but it has never been endowed, and furnishes no gratuitous education, except to 12 children, whose instruction in English is provided for by an income of 247. yearly, arising from a bequest made in 1803. (Charity Comm. Rep. part ii. 763.) The national school is supported by subscription, and gives instruction to 300 children of both sexes. Numerous other charities and benefactions exist for the relief of the poor of the par. and township. Market on Saturday. A great horsefair, the largest in the E. riding, is held here on Sept. 25., and six following days: besides this, there are fairs on every alternate Tuesday for horses and cattle. Howden is one of the polling-places appointed in the Reform for the election of members for the E. riding. and the rules of the market make all the business be completed half an hour after noon. The removal of goods is allowed after 3 P. M. The light of the building is wholly admitted from within, a contrivance intended to secure it the better both from fire and depredation. Among the other public buildings may be mentioned the Philosophical Hall, a Grecian structure very lately erected by a thriving mechanics' institute founded in 1825: it is well adapted for lectures, and other useful purposes to which it is devoted. The Huddersfield and Agbrigg infirmary is an elegant stone edifice with wings, having a portico supported by four fluted Doric columns. A dispensary assists the infirmary in giving medical relief to the poor of the town. About 4 m. from the town, on the Sheffield road, is a sulphureous spa, over which have been built spacious and beautiful rooms fitted up with every convenience for bathers. The educational and religious institutions of Huddersfield are as follow:a church-collegiate school, intended to supply the want of a regular grammar-school; a college furnishing a good general education, open to all sects; a national and infant school, instructing together about 500 chil. dren; and a British and foreign school: but it is the general opinion that the means of education are still deficient. The Bible Society and Missionary Associations hold the highest stations amongst the purely religious establishments of the town. Huddersfield is one of the principal seats of the woollen manufacture. It owes its importance in this respect partly to nature and partly to art. It stands in the midst of a rich coal-field, and there is an ample supply of water for mills from the neighbouring rivers. The means of cheap and convenient transit for its products, and the raw materials of its industry, have also been provided. Sir J. Ramsden, on whose estate the town is built, obAct❘tained, in 1774, an act for making a canal to connect this town with the Calder. It commences at King's mill, close to Huddersfield, and running N. E. for 34 m., joins the Calder navigation at Cooper's bridge, from which point there is a communication with the Humber æstuary. The connection with the towns and ports of Lancashire is effected by means of the Huddersfield canal, completed in 1806: it takes a S. W. direction past Slaithwaite to Marsden, where, at a summit level of 656 ft. above the sea (the highest canal level in England), it enters a tunnel 5,450 yards long, cut through Standedge hill, and thence runs down the vale of Diggle in Saddleworth, and past Stayley bridge to its junction with the Ashton and Oldham canal. Its entire length is 19 m., and it cost 300,000. This facility of intercourse will be vastly increased, when, by the completion of the Leeds and Manchester railway, a rapid communication shall have been established between the ports of Hull, Liverpool, and the intermediate towns. "Huddersfield carries on a very flourishing trade both in cotton and woollen goods, particularly the latter: every factory seems to have full employment, and every thing about the town bears the appearance of opulence." (Bound. Rep.) The following table gives an account of the number of mills and people employed in them in 1839: (Factory Returns, p. 278.) Description. Power. No. Water Steam Hands employed. Horses. Woollen mills 100 20 31 816 2,881 2 1 41 263 3 2 96 284 8310 HUDDERSFIELD, an important manufacturing town, parl. bor., and par. of England, W. Riding co. York, wap. Agbrigg, on the Colne, a tributary of the Calder, 162 m. N. by W. London, and 15 m. S. W. Leeds. The par., which lies chiefly in this river-valley, extends nearly 12 m. N. of the town, and includes 7 townships, with an area of 15,080 acres, and a pop., in 1831, of 31,041, being an increase of 109 per cent. since the census of 1801, when the pop. was 14,848. At present (1840) the pop. of the par. is supposed to be about 40,000. The township of Huddersfield, which is co-extensive with the parl. bor., extends over 3,950 acres; and had, in 1831, a pop. of 19,035, which, when compared with that of 1801 (7,268),|(Priestley's Canals, pp. 371. 567.) exhibits an increase of 162 per cent. in thirty years! The present town has little appearance of antiquity, and appears to be wholly the result of manufacturing industry. It is situated on the slope and summit of an eminence rising from the Colne, and is surrounded by other hills of greater height: the streets are regular, well paved, and lighted with gas; and the best houses, which are numerous, built of a light-coloured stone. The market-place is spacious, and surrounded by handsome buildings. The town is well supplied with water from reservoirs about 4 m. W., in the township of Golcar. The chief ornaments of Huddersfield are its churches, clothhall, and other public buildings. The par. church, built in the reign of Henry VIII., was taken down in 1834, and rebuilt by public subscription, at the cost of 8,952., including 5002. expended on a very handsome painted east window this is at once an elegant and a commodious structure, and does credit alike to the taste and liberality of the town's people. The vicarage is in the gift of the Ramsden family; the average income about 4001. a year. There are 7 churches in the par., of which the vicar has the patronage. Trinity Church, built and endowed at private expense, and opened in 1819, is in the pointed Gothic style, and has an embattled tower at the W. end; it holds conveniently 1,500. Its situation, on an eminence N.W. of the town, renders it a striking object from any point overlooking Huddersfield. St. Paul's Church, erected in 1831, and fitted to accommodate 1,250 persons, is a good modern imitation of the early English style: it may be distinguished by its tower surmounted by a light spire. This, and another church at the Paddock, have been built by funds provided by the parl. commissioners. There are 7 places of worship for dissenters, the most ornamental of which belongs to the Rom. Cath. The most capacious, however, is one of two belonging to the Wesleyan Methodists: it is the largest ever built by that sect, and will hold 2,400 persons. Sunday-schools are attached to all the churches and chapels. Among the secular buildings the chief is the cloth-hall, erected in 1765 by Sir John Ramsden, and enlarged by his son in 1780. It is a circular edifice two stories high, bisected, as respects its lower story, by an arcade, on one side of which are separate compartments or warehouses, let out to the larger manufacturers; on the other, an open space taken up by stalls held by the country weavers, and subdivided by passages between the rows of stalls. The attendance on a market-day (Tuesday) averages 600 traders, Besides the factory work-people there are many others employed in hand-loom weaving, warping, winding, &c. and in making mill machinery. The entire working pop. is estimated at above 7,000. The goods manufactured in this par. are narrow and broad cloths of superfine and inferior qualities, kerseymeres, flushings, and corded cloths of all descriptions. Cloths of wool and cotton mixed, especially fancy articles, are an increasing object of industry, and large quantities are now sent to the foreign markets. Valencias and twills for waistcoats, of stuff and silk, are also much made, and highly prized for superior texture and elegance of pattern. In the last few years shawl-making and merino-weaving from British wool have been introduced with advantage. The Reform Act conferred on Huddersfield, for the first time, the privilege of sending I mem. to the H. of C. Registered voters, in 1838-39, 826. Petty sessions are held here every week; and there are two courts, for the recovery of debts under 157., one for the honor of Pontefract, and the other by a recent local act for the parish, along with certain adjoining parishes. The cloth-market is held on Tuesday, which is always a day of intense bustle. Fairs for cattle, &c., March 31. May 4. Oct. 1. Huddersfield is said by Dr. Whitaker (Hist. of Leeds, p.347.), to be identical with the Oderfelt of Domesday Book, and to have been at that time "a mere waste." The parish, according to the same authority, was, like Halifax," separated from Dewsbury, and erected into an independent parish, by the influence of one of the earlier Lacys, to whose piety and munificence this neighbourhood has been greatly indebted, as the founders of its parish churches." The manor of Huddersfield, which originally belonged to the earls of Halifax, came into the possession of the Burton family, who sold it in the 16th of Eliz. to Sir Gilbert Gerard. How soon the Ramsden family, its present possessors, acquired it, is uncertain; but one of them applied, as lord of the manor, during the reign of Charles II., for the privilege of holding a market in the small town of Huddersfield: from this time forward it has been a market-town. It is indeed indebted to the Ramsden family for many privileges, which have greatly contributed to raise it to its present importance. (Parl. Papers; Baines's Gaz. of Yorkshire; Whitaker's Hist. of Leeds. Private Information.) HUDSON, a town or city and port of entry of the U. States, New York, co. Columbia, of which it is the cap., built chiefly on a rocky promontory on the Hudson River, 90 m. N. by E. New York. Pop. (1835), 5,531. It is regularly laid out; the streets are spacious, and cross each other at right angles: Warren Street, the principal, is upwards of a mile in length. Opposite the river is a handsome promenade, and on either side the promontory forming the site of the town is a spacious bay, with depth enough for vessels of any burden, and on which some quays, docks, &c. have been constructed. Here is a new and handsome court-house, comprising also a gaol and other offices. Hudson has several places for public worship, a Lancastrian and several superior private schools, a private lunatic asylum, a bank with a capital of 150,000 dollars, many good hotels, several printing establishments, and stores of various kinds. It is a place of considerable trade, but is a port of delivery only, dependent upon the port of New York. Twelve ships, of the aggregate burden of 4,000 tons, were owned in Hudson in 1836, 11 of which | were engaged in the whale fishery. There are manufactures of cotton and woollen fabrics, with establishments for calico printing and bleaching. It was founded in 1784, and incorporated under a mayor, recorder, and aldermen, in the succeeding year. (New York Gazetteer; American Almanack.) HUDSON'S BAY, a large bay or inland sea of N. America, extending between 510 and 64° N. lat., and 78° and 95° W. long., and surrounded on all sides by the partially explored British territories N. of Canada. Its length, N. to S., is about 800 m.; greatest breadth, estimated at 600 m.; area, probably near 300,000 sq. m. Its S. extremity is called James's Bay. It communicates with the Atlantic by Hudson's Straits, a sea about 500 m. in length, and generally upwards of 100 m. in breadth. Hudson's Bay is navigable for only a few months in the year, being at other times frozen over or obstructed by drift ice. It is full of sand-banks, reefs, and islands, and inhabited by few fish. Its shores are rocky and bar. ren. On its W. coast are several settlements of the Hudson's Bay Company, which monopolises nearly all the fur trade of British N. America. This company was incorporated by a charter from Charles II., in 1669. In 1837, the numbers of the principal furs, &c. imported and exposed for sale by the company were,- beaver skins, 82,927; marten do., 156,168; fox do., about 25,000; musquash do., 838,550; lynx do., 31,887; mink do., 27,570: quantities generally much above those of the years immediately preceding. The company in the same year imported 1,259,000 goose and swan quills, 461 lbs. seahorse teeth, besides castor, isinglass, and other articles. HUDSON RIVER, the principal river of the state of New York, U. States, through the E. part of which it flows, generally in a S. direction, from near lat. 44° N. to its mouth in the Atlantic, below New York city, about lat. 40° 40′ N. Throughout the greater part of its course (that is, from where it passes over a ledge of primitive rock, and forms what are called Glenn's Falls, in lat. about 43° 15′) it runs through a very remarkable depression or valley. This valley extends from the Atlantic to the St. Lawrence, having in its N. part the Lake Champlain with its outlet the Richelieu river, and, though enclosed by lofty mountain ranges on either side, the highest level of its surface is only 147 ft. above the level of the tides in the Hudson. The total length of Hudson River is about 280 m., 120 of which, or up to 5 m beyond the town of Hudson, are navigable for the largest ships. Sloops pass as far up as Troy, 150 m. from the sea, to which distance the influence of the tide is felt, and thence through a lock to Waterford, a few miles further. Near the head of the tide the mean breadth of the Hudson does not reach a mile; but in the lower part of its course it is much wider, and below New York it expands into a spacious basin 4 m. broad, which forms the harbour of that city. Its only tributary worthy of notice is the Mohawk, which joins it from the W. Owing to its small rate of descent, the current of the Hudson below tide is slow; and, except in the season of floods, it appears rather like an inland bay. At Albany, about the middle of its course, during the 19 years from 1818 to 1836 inclusive, its navigation was at an average closed by frost for about 90 days annually. The banks of this river are almost everywhere abrupt and lofty. The chief towns on it are New York, Albany, Newbury, Hudson, and Cats ill It is connected with the basin of the St. Lawrence by the Champlain and the Erie canals. (Gordon's New York Gazetteer, pp. 24-26. ; Darby's View of the U. States, pp. 134–141.; "American Almanack, 1838.) HUE', or HUE'-FO, the cap. city of the empire of Anam, on the river of same name, about 10 m. from the Chinese Sea: lat. 16° 19′ N., long. 107° 12′ E. Pop. uncertain. This remarkable city, which has probably no parallel in the East, was fortified early in the present century, in the European style, and, it is said, upon the model of Strasbourg. The work was undertaken by the king of Cochin China, and was carried on under the instructions of some French officers previously in his service. "The new city is completely insulated, having the river on two sides of it, and a spacious canal of from 30 to 40 yards broad on the other two. The circumference of the walls is upwards of 5 m. The form of the fortification is nearly an equilateral quadrangle, each face measuring 1,180 toises. The fortress has a regular and beautiful glacis, extending from the river or canal to the ditch, a covert way all round, and a ditch which is 30 yards broad, with from 4 to 5 feet water in it all through. The rampart is built of hard earth, cased on the outside with bricks. Each angle is flanked by 4 bastions, intended to mount 36 guns apiece. To each face there are also 4 arched gateways of solid masonry, to which the approach across the ditch is by handsome arched stone bridges. The area inside is laid out into regular and spacious streets, at right angles to each other. A handsome and broad canal forms a communication between the river and the fortress, and within is distributed by various branches, so as to communicate with the palace, arsenal, granaries, and other public edifices. By this channel the taxes and tributes are brought from the provinces, and conducted at once to the very doors of the palace or magazines. In the whole of this extensive fortification, there is scarcely any thing slovenly, barbarous, or incomplete in design. The banks of the river and canal, forming the base of the glacis, are not only regularly sloped down every where, but wherever the work is completed, they are cased from the foundation with a face of solid masonry. The canal within the walls is executed in the same perfect manner; and the bridges which are thrown over it have not only neat stone balustrades, but are paved all over with marble brought from Tonquin." (Crawfurd's Embassy to Siam, &c. i. 384-386.) The palace is situated within a strong inner citadel, consisting of two distinct walls or ramparts. The barracks surround the whole of the outer part of the citadel, and in 1821 would have done no discredit to the best military estab. in Europe. From 12,000 to 13,000 troops were then constantly stationed in the cap. The arsenal contains a vast number of cannon, shot, shells, &c., all manufactured in the country. The public gra naries are also of enormous extent, and kept full of corn. The fortress of Hué, from its immense size, which is its greatest fault, would require at least 50,000 troops to garrison it, in case of an attack from Europeans: against Asiatic enemies it is impregnable. There are some building-docks on the river, and a large fleet of galleys is usually stationed at Hué. The river is not above 400 yards wide at its entrance, but within is little inferior in breadth to the rivers of Saigon, or Bankok: owing to a bar at its mouth, however, it is fitted only for ships of small draught. Its entrance is completely commanded by a stone quadrangular fort, built in the European style. Its banks are well raised, and in some places extremely picturesque. The neighbourhood of the cap. is every where in a high state of cultivation, with rice, mulberry trees, cotton, fruit, &c., and thickly interspersed with villages. Mr. Crawfurd remarks, that Hué is probably the only city in India, in the vicinity of which there are good roads, bridges, and canals. About 10 leagues N. is the royal mausoleum, surrounded by magnificent grounds, laid out by a late king of Cochin China. (Crawfurd's Embassy, i. 368-400.; White's Voyage, &c.; Finlayson; Ritter, Asien Erdkunde, iii. 1006-1012.) HUESCA (an. Osca), a town of Spain, prov. Aragon, cap. partido same name, and a bishop's see, 35 m. Ñ.E. Saragossa, and 135 m. W. by N. Barcelona. Pop., according to Miñano, 9,200. It stands on a slope close to the Isuela, a tributary of the Cincas, is surrounded by walls now falling into decay, and contains many respectable houses. The chief public buildings are a cathedral, 4 par. churches, 15 convents, a foundling hospital, cavalry barracks, 2 schools, and a university; the latter, entitled Sertoriana, comprising 4 colleges, was founded, in 1354, by Peter IV. of Aragon, and further endowed by subsequent monarchs; but the endowment, as in most Spanish universities, is wretchedly small, and the edu cation is of a very inferior description. The industry of |