men. These people were found capable of bearing respectively the following pressures: Strength 12 Tasmanians, av. 56 Timorians, av. Of arms in [Of loins in Kilo. grammes. Myria grammes. 50-6 50-8 10-2 58.7 11.6 69-2 15.2 71.4 16.3 (Lawrence, 404.) The Timorians, it should be observed, are of the brown race; and it may be seen that in strength of arm they exceed the Australians more than they fall short of the Europeans. Between these two, the weakest English arm was more powerful than the strongest Australian, and the most muscular of the latter could bear upon his loins only a myriagramme more than the weakest of the former. But the physical character of the Australian is not more marked by a general inferiority than are his moral and intellectual attainments. His is the only race (at least the only one at present known) that goes completely naked. Of arts or manufactures he has scarcely an idea; of agriculture, even in its rudest form, he possesses not the smallest knowledge; nor does he seem to have the least idea of barter, except where intercourse with Europeans has taught him the convenience of giving his labour for a regular supply of food. He may be described rather as a gregarious than as a social animal; for though some personal respect is paid occasionally to a kind of chief among a tribe (Mitchell, i. 192.; ii. 322, &c.), it would seem that it is altogether personal (Sturt, ii. 105202.), and independent of any right, either hereditary or elective. into 5 varieties, be rigorously abided by, the Australian must be classed with the Ethiopian, or negro, as approaching, upon the whole, nearer to his conformation than to that of any other race. But Mr. Crawfurd (Hist. Ind. Arch. i. 24. ), whose experience and intelligence are alike undoubted, says that the "east insular negro is a distinct variety of the human species ;" and, indeed, he has peculiarities quite sufficient to make his classification with the African Ethiop one of considerable violence. "The skin is lighter; the woolly hair grows in small tufts, and each hair has a spiral twist; the forehead is higher, the nose much less depressed, and the buttocks are so much lower than in the African, as to form a striking mark of distinction." It is to this race, if any, that the Australian must be referred; and the inhabitant of the continent recedes still more from the true negro, by having straight, or at all events curling, hair. Captain Cook's description of this race has been verified by every succeeding observer. The skin," says he, "is of the colour of wood soot, or what is commonly called chocolate colour. Their features are far from disagreeable; their noses are not flat, nor are their lips thick; their teeth are white and even, and their hair naturally long and black it is, however, cropped short; in general it is straight, but sometimes it has a slight curl; we saw none that was not matted and filthy, though without grease, and to our great astonishment free from vermin. Their beards were of the same colour with their hair, bushy and thick; but they are not suffered to grow long." (Hawkesworth, iii. 632.) The colour of the Australian does not appear to be uniform; some, even when cleansed from their filth, are nearly as dark as the African, while others have a tint not deeper than that of the Malay. (Prichard, i. 390.) In form The Australian is arraigned by the European the Australian is generally tall and slender, with as a thief; but, destitute of almost every form of no great development of muscle, and more re- social life, he has, of course, no notion of the rights markable for agility than strength. It must of property. Excepting women, all things appear be remarked, however, that the Tasmanians to be in common with a tribe; and accustomed (inhabitants of Van Diemen's Land) are woolly to supply his wants as he best may, it would be headed, as are also the natives of New Caledonia, unreasonable to suppose he should make distincNew Guinea, and the other islands considered in tions between the food which he finds promiscuthis article as constituting Australia, with the ously on the earth, and the hatchet or nail which single exception of New Zealand, which, though comes in his way, and which he knows will be of more remote from the Polynesian islands than use to him. In short, this race, the last and any of the others, is inhabited by the brown race lowest of the human species, appear to be as of those groups described by Mr. Crawfurd barbarous as can well be imagined; and in this (i. 18.) as exhibiting the same superiority over state they have existed for centuries, without their sooty neighbours as the white men of the either the power or the wish to make the first West have over the African negro. The physi- step in civilisation. (Hawkesworth, iii. 506. cal distinction between the continental and in- 634. 657, &c.; Prichard, i. 370-411.; Flinders, sular Australians does not, however, appear to be i. 128. ii. 212, &c.; Oxley, Sturt, and Mitchell, one of importance; and this recently discovered passim.) From these facts it has been concluded, region may with great propriety be regarded as that the Australians are incapable of civilisation the native home of a distinct, and, according to (Field, 224.); that they are essentially, and not Crawfurd (i. 24.), a decidedly inferior variety of accidentally, inferior even to the negro. But, the human race, which has spread itself to a con-degraded as they are, this inference is perhaps siderable distance N. and E. among the islands hardly warranted, at least to its full extent. of Polynesia and the Indian archipelago, and Nature has been singularly unkind to the Auseven to the S. extremity of continental Asia.tralian, not in his conformation only, but in the (Prichard, i. 390.) That this variety is, physi- circumstances by which he has been surrounded. cally considered, the lowest in the scale of ra- The fertile spots fitted for the supply of his litional beings, is sufficiently evident. Puny and mited wants are separated by deserts as wild and weak, in comparison with the African negro, the inhospitable as the sands of Arabia; and to pass Australian is hunted down, without making any these, he had not, like the Arab, the assistance effectual opposition, whenever he is encountered of patient, strong, and faithful servants of the by any of his fairer neighbours; while the African brute creation. No rivers flow through his is subdued only by superior intelligence, and suc- strangely constituted land; and thus communicessfully resists mere physical force. As personal cation, the great refiner and improver of man, strength is one effect of superior physical struc- was rendered difficult and of rare occurrence. ture, the following results may be interesting. His soil was destitute of those plants, which, They are the averages deduced from the power though "eaten in the sweat of his brow," are the exhibited in the arms and loins of 39 Australians, incentives to man's labour, and the reward of his 56 Timoreans, 17 Frenchmen, and 14 English- toil; nor did it feed a single animal like those which, in more favoured regions, have formed | Appen. pass.; Oxley, 138, &c.; Sturt, i. 129, &c. ; from time immemorial the shepherd's occupation Mitchell, i. 260. ii. 193. 335-346, &c.) and wealth. The Australian being thus shut out V. HISTORY AND DISCOVERY.-Some accidental from the two grand primitive employments, his discoveries were made by the Spaniards as early as life could be neither pastoral nor agricultural. 1526; but the first accurate knowledge that was Under less adverse circumstances, the red man gained in Europe of these S. lands, was by the voycontinued a hunter in the greater part of Ame-age of the Dutch yacht Duyfhen, which, in 1605, rica, during the ages that preceded his discovery explored a part of the coasts of New Guinea. In by the European; but even this resource was the following year, Torres, a Spaniard, passed only very partially available to the Australian; through the straits, which now bear his name, for not only were the animals around him between that island and continental Australia; inferior in kind, but also remarkably few in and, under the name of an island, gives the first number. Even the excitement of danger, which account of the N. part of the latter mass of land. may be supposed to have roused the African to The Dutch continued to be the chief discoverers exertion, by making his life a constant struggle for the next 40 years, chiefly from their poswith the fierce and powerful tenants of the woods, sessions in the E. Indies; and between the years was wanting here; for in Australia there was no- 1642 and 1644, Tasman completed the discovery thing dangerous, except some noxious reptiles, of a great part of the Australian coast, together which do not, however, appear to have very fatal with the island of Van Diemen's Land, which is powers. The Australian has had nothing but now pretty generally, and we think properly, hunger to contend with; and this he has endea- called TASMANIA. During these 40 years, the voured to appease by picking up the spontaneous Dutch navigators succeeded in surveying about products of his ungrateful soil, and the shell-fish half the continental coast line; and the names found on the sea shore, with insects and reptiles; bestowed upon various parts of the land, as Carto which he occasionally added a kangaroo or pentaria, De Wit's Land, Arnheim's Land, Enbird, overtaken or destroyed by accident. And diacht's Land, Nuyt's Land, Leuwen's Land, Mitchell mentions, that such is the scarcity of Edel's Land, &c., commemorate the names either the latter kind of food, that young men are for- of the discoverers themselves, or of the ships bidden to eat it. (ii. 340.) Of superfluities, the in which they sailed. It was late before the Australian has had no knowledge; and the surmise English entered on the career of discovery; but of Cook, that it was impossible the inland country once entered, they prosecuted it with vigour. should subsist inhabitants at all seasons (Hawkes- Dampier, between 1684 and 1690, explored a worth, iii. 631.), was found by Sturt to be fatally part of the W. and N. W. coasts; and in the verified in the dry year of 1828. (i. 137.) remaining part of the 17th century, completed But the adverse circumstances now alluded to this survey, gave his name to the archipelago do not, as some suppose, fully explain the bar-lying east of N. W. Cape, and pushed his inquiries barous condition of the Australian. The stupidity of his nature, and the inertness of his faculties, are evinced by his having made few or no efforts to increase his supply of food, or to obviate those incessantly recurring attacks of famine to which he has always been exposed. His want of other things should have made him an expert fisher and hunter of such animals as are native to his country: but he is neither the one nor the other; and though it be probably going too far to say that the Australian is incapable of improvement, the fair presumption seems to be, that he is destined to remain for ever at the bottom of the scale of civilisation; and to be inferior in point of comfort, as he has hitherto hardly been superior in contrivance, to many of the lower animals. to the islands of New Guinea, New Britain, and New Ireland; the straits between the first two being called by his name. Between 1763 and 1766, Wallis and Carteret, the latter miserably appointed, followed in the track of Dampier, and added to his discoveries the investigation of New Hanover and other islands. These were followed by Cook, who first made known the E. coast of continental Australia, the previous discoveries having been confined to the N. and W. This was in 1770; and this great navigator discovered, in the same voyage, the island of New Caledonia. It is scarcely too much to affirm, that Cook's survey of the E. coast did more for Australian discovery than the united labours of all who preceded him; nor should the name of Bligh be forgotten, who, Mitchell thinks, apparently with some proba- after the mutiny of the Bounty, in 1789, though bility, that the increase of wild cattle will ma- in an open boat, and devoid of almost every terially improve both the comforts and the cha- necessary, carried on a series of observations on racter of the natives (ii. 345.); but at present it is the N. E. coast, which added considerably to not possible to imagine a closer approximation the general stock of knowledge. The colonists to the least intelligent of the brutes, than the had, however, arrived on the soil the year preAustralians. Their arts are confined to the viously to this; and, simultaneously, home and erection of extremely rude huts (and these are colonial expeditions were set on foot for explornot numerous in the warmer latitudes), spears ing the new land which had become the resiand fish-hooks, stone hatchets, a kind of dence of Englishmen. It should be observed, shield, and a wooden missile, thin and curved, however, that, previously to this, France enterwhich, when thrown by a skilful hand, rises with ed on the task of southern discovery, but with a rotatory motion in the air, strikes at a consi- no great success; Navigators' Islands, and the derable distance, and returns to within a few Louisades, explored by Bougainville, between yards of the thrower. A rude species of canoe 1768 and 1770, being the most important adserves to carry them across narrow creeks; but ditions. Edwards, in 1791, Bligh (2d time), the greatest skill and taste is displayed in their and Portlock, in 1792, and Bampton and Alt, burial mounds, which nearly resemble the bar-in 1793, nearly completed the knowledge of rows of the Celts, and, like them, have the corpse always disposed with the head towards the E. The Australians believe in good and evil spirits; but it does not satisfactorily appear that they offer either prayers to the one, or deprecations to the other. (Hawkesworth, iii. 631-645. ; Collins' Torres' Straits and a great part of the N. coast; but the greatest discoverers, towards the end of last century, were Bass and Flinders, who surveyed a great extent of coast, mostly in open boats. In 1798 they sailed through the strait between Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land, and the continent, these two being marked in | horn, 11,104, &c. The Gross Glockner is the highest point Cook's chart as continuous, and their junction of that range of the Alps which stretches from the Brenner pass to the Danube. Immense glaciers and beds of eterhaving been, down to this time, a subject of spe-nal snow fill the clefts and cover the higher declivities of culation. In the last year of the 18th century, Grant explored a portion of the S. coast, which bears his name; and, in the five following years, Flinders completed a survey of the S. and E. coasts, and the Gulph of Carpentaria, which may be regarded as nearly perfect. In the same years, Baudin's expedition was employed on the same coast and Van Diemen's Land, the French and English commanders having met in Encounter Bay, so named in consequence of that event. The unwarrantable detention of Flinders for 6 years in Mauritius, despite the letter of protection from the French government, is matter rather of political than of geographical history; but it is right to advert to the fact, that the French authorities made use of his discoveries, while they omitted his name. The present generation has, however, done him justice, and the extent and value of his labours are universally acknowledged. The voyages of Captain King completed the survey of the Australian coast, except for about 500 m. between the lats. of 22° and 14°. The progress of inland discovery has been already noticed. (Flinders' Introduction; Burney's Chron. Account of Discov. in S. Ocean; Sir J. Narborough, Hawkesworth, Dampier, Flinders, and King, passim.) Extent and Population. The following table of the extent and population of the different portions of Australia, has been partly adopted from Malte- Brun; but with some material modifications: The number of native inhabitants, though a good deal less than that given by Malte- Brun, is probably overrated; every traveller speaks of the deserted nature of the interior; and Mitchell, whose travels extended over nearly 1-7th of the continent, does not estimate the aborigines at more than 6,000. The white population, on the other hand, is rapidly increasing. Four English settlements have been made - New S. Wales, established 1788; Van Diemen's Land, 1808; Swan River and K. George's Sound, 1829; and S. Australia, on Spencer's Gulph, 1834. AUSTRIA (THE ARCHDUCHY OF), the nucleus and centre of the Austrian empire, is divided into the two provs. of Austria above the Enns, and Austria below the Enns, commonly termed Upper and Lower Austria. The lower prov. has for centuries experienced no alteration in its boundaries; but Upper Austria was enlarged in the present century by the incorporation of the archbishopric of Salzburg, with the exception of the lordship of Berchtesgaden, which fell to Bavaria, and of the district lying along the right bank of the Inn from the Salza to the mouth of that river. The Archduchy of Austria lies between lat. 46° 57′ 25′′ and 49° 0′ 30′′ N., and long. 12° 46′ and 17° 7 E.; and, according to the measurement of the imperial engineers, contains 15,017 Eng. sq. m., of which 7,317 belong to the lower, and 7,700 to the upper prov. But Blumenbach estimates the area of Upper Austria at only 7,298 sq. m. The boundary of the archduchy is formed towards Tyrol and Carinthia by the central chain of the Noric Alps, in which the primitive formations predominate. The highest summits of these Alps are found within this short space; viz. the Gross Glockner, 11,782 ft., Sulzbach Kees, 11,270 ft., Krumm these lofty summits, from which several important rivers The Danube enters the Austrian territory at Innstadt, opposite Passau, where it is joined by the Inn, which at that spot is almost larger than the stream into which it merges. The elevation of the surface of the united river under the bridge at Passau is, according to Lamont, 868 Paris feet above the sea; its breadth is 650 feet. The left bank, for some distance below Passau, belongs to Bavaria; but from Engelhard's cell the river belongs, on both sides, to Austria. At Linz the breadth of the Danube is 654 feet; and, as this place is looked upon as the key to the navigation of the river, strong fortifications have been erected to protect it, those on the left bank being quite independent of the works which surround the town. The navigation of the Danube between Passau and Vienna is accompanied with no difficulty except that of overcoming strong current in mounting the stream. The high rocky banks confine the river in one bed, and its depth is considerable, with the exception of one spot near Grein, where reefs of rocks occasion a surf which used formerly to be much dreaded. Under Maria Theresa and Joseph II. these rocks were, however, so far reduced by blasting, that they offer no serious obstacle to navigators. Between this point and Pressburg the fall of the river is said to amount to 450 ft., and the rapidity of its current in the canal of Vienna to be 8 feet a second. This canal is an arm thrown off from the main stream a few miles above the city, under the walls of which it passes. The main stream is separated from it by the Prater island, and one or two small islets called Auen, and which together have a breadth of nearly 3 m. Between Vienna and the Hungarian frontier the river forms numerous islands; and, as its course lies through the plain, is apt to change its bed after floods. It is here only navigable at periods of drought for vessels drawing but little water. The greatest breadth which its various arms embrace is now, near Gross Enzersdorf, where from shore to shore, including the island of Lobau, it measures 6,325 yards. It was near this spot that Napoleon erected his bridges; but the main stream runs now in a less favourable position for an enterprise of this kind. On the frontiers of Hungary the Danube is once more shut in between the fall of the Alps, which flatten down almost to its level on the S., and the rise of the lesser Carpathians on the N. bank. This passage divides the river into the Lower and the Upper Danube; and in antiquity the name Danubius, from this spot onwards, gave place to that of Ister. Two canals unite with the Danube. One in Upper Austria, which connects the immense forests of Krummau, the property of prince Schwarzenberg in the Bohemian forest, by means of the little river Mühl, with the Danube, is 40,000 Vienna klafter (47 m.) in length; but is only used for floating down timber. The second leads from Wiener Neustadt, through the plain, to Vienna, and is navigable for barges; but little traffic is at present carried on by its means, although coals are found in the The lakes of neighbourhood of Wiener Neustadt. Upper Austria are not only celebrated for their highly picturesque scenery, but are eminently useful as means of internal communication. The most remarkable are those of Gmunden or Traun, 74 m. in length, and nearly 2 m. across in the broadest part; the lake of Hallstadt, 5 m. long, and about 1 m. broad; the lake of Aussee, which is much smaller, is connected with the other two by means of the river Traun, and the salt produced along the line it traverses, together with the produce of the extensive forests of the Salzkammergut, as this portion of the duchy of Salzburg is named, are forwarded by its means to the Danube. The Atter Lake is 114 m. long, and 2 m. broad. The Mondsee and Lake of St. Gilgen are also extensive, but are not connected with any navigable river, except for the purpose of floating down wood. The Traun circle alone, in which these are situated, is said to contain 27 mountain lakes, the greater part of which are very small. In Lower Austria some small lakes are found on the frontiers of Steiermark; the most considerable is that of Erlax, which is but 1,500 yards in length and about 600 in breadth. The number and variety of the waterfalls add greatly to the beauty of the mountain scenery. The cascades of Gaskin and of Golling, near Salzburg, the latter of which is nearly 300 feet in perpendicular descent; and the cataract of the Traun, where that fine river falls over a rocky ledge 55 feet in height, rank amongst the most picturesque in Europe. Extensive morasses are found in Upper Austria, in the vale of Pinkgau, or of the Salza. These marshes extend 15 m. in length by 3 m. in breadth. In the Mühl circle, on the N. side of the Danube, and in the neighbourhood of the principal lakes, large tracts of marshy land also occur. The climate of the archduchy varies according to the elevation of the ground. In Upper Austria the mean temperature at Linz has been found to be + 7° 6' Reaumur's scale (=48° 28′ Fahr.); at Salzburg it is 7° 4' R.; at Kremsmünster, 7° 4'. In the year 1825 the mean temperature was 7° 41' at Kremsmünster, the greatest heat +230 R. (=83° 45′ Fahr.); the greatest cold, -1007 R. (=9° 15′ Fahr.). At Vienna the mean heat is 8° 30' R. (=51°7' Fahr.); in 1836 it reached + 8° 53′ R. The greatest heat in that year was +26° 8' R. (90° 48' Fahr.); the greatest cold, -14° 4' (=0° 21' Fahr.) The mean elevation of the barometer was 28'2" 4". In 1837 the greatest cold was -15° 5 R. (-1.55 Fahr.). The elevation of Vienna is 954 feet, that of Salzburg 1250 feet, above the level of the sea. Baron Welden has fixed the limit of forest vegetation at 5,000 feet, that of eternal snow at 8,000 feet. The surface of the country in Upper Austria presents a succession of mountain tracts, whose elevation, in the southern parts, admits of little cultivation, but which are extensively clothed with fine and valuable forests. As they subside towards the Danube, the country assumes a more cultivated appearance, but the effects of the cold winds from the snow-covered summits is detrimental to the growth of more delicate plants. The vine is first met with at Krems in Lower Austria, but follows thence the course of the Danube, and where the mountains open near the capital, both their sides and the plains are covered with vineyards, interspersed with fruit-trees of every description. The valley of the Enns is remarkable for its luxuriant growth of corn, as is the plain of Tulla on the Danube. The Marchfeld between the Moravian frontier and the Danube is also highly productive, although much exposed to drought. The Archduchy of Austria is portioned into ten The movement of the population has been as follows during the last 5 years The subjoined table gives a survey of the amount of cultivated land, and of the estimated produce, from official sources; but that of the produce must be considered as too low. The agriculture of the archduchy is in general good, although open to many improvements, especially in the cultivation of the vine. The best wines are produced near Vienna, and are the growths of Veselau, Gumpoloskirchen, Closternenburg, and Weidling. The produce of the vintages in the plain are inferior to those on the hills. Cyder is extensively made in Upper Austria. A remarkable circumstance is the low value of land in the neighbourhood of so large and rich a capital as Vienna; the common price of a joch (= 14 acres), not exceeding 300 fl., or 301. The price does not fall much in a circumference of several miles. Amount of cultivated Land, with its Distribution, in the Archduchy of Austria, per Eng. Acre, from Becker's Handel's Lexicon. Arable. Vineyards. Meadows. Commons. Forests. Total. 3,177,410 114,020 (1,391,226 357,414 3,219,561 8,259,631 Amount of Produce of cultivated Land in the Archduchy of Austria. Pop. 80 87 Vienna Forest 4. Do. above the Mannhardsberg. 101 Germ. Sq. m. 1. Traun) .8 326,699 circ. ( 2. Mühl do. 255,700 3. Hansrück do. f 4. Inn do. 263,160 5. Salzach? do. 5 233,760 Upper Austria Provinces. Germ. Sq. m. Pop. 77 177,000 58 202,100 43 174,760 40 135,936 130-8 157,204 348-8 847,000 Number of Head of Cattle in the Archduchy of Austria, from the National Encyclopædia. AUSTRIA (ARCHDUCHY OF). AUSTRIA (EMPIRE OF). Table showing the Produce of the Mines in the Archduchy of Austria during 5 Years, from 1830 to 1834. Lower Austria. 233 2,016 Total 504 1,610 560 3 97,794 2,218 Aver. 100 322 140 1 19,554 444 The official returns of the produce of the salt-pans of Aussee, Hallstadt, Ishl, Ebensee, and Hallein, in Upper Austria, are not published; but the Nat. Encyclopædia estimates it at 46,000 tons, and supposes that from 5,000 to 6,000 individuals are employed in the works. Owing to the great consumption of all articles in the capital, the province exports but little produce, while its imports are very great. For the trade of Vienna we refer to that article. As the high roads from Trieste and Hungary to the western and northern provinces pass through Vienna, the carrying business is very great, and in general well managed; and the communication between the capital and all the provinces is very brisk. The roads throughout the archduchy are excellent, and the communication between Vienna and the upper province, as well as with Hungary, is facilitated by steam navigation on the Danube, by means of which the journey from Linz to the capital is performed in a day, and that from Vienna to Pesth in 18 hours. In the spring of 1839 the iron railway, now forming, to Poland, will be opened as far as Brunn, in Moravia, a distance of 80 m.; and another leading from Vienna to Raab, in Hungary, will be commenced. the inhabitants of the country are concerned. In towns the administration of police is confided to a special commissary, and the magistracy performs the judicial functions. The manorial courts of the large proprietors are placed under the courts of the circle, and may be appealed from to the latter. The governor of Upper Austria resides at Linz; which, as the cap, of the prov., is the seat of the authorities. Those for Lower Austria reside at Vienna. The Archbishop of Vienna is the head of the clerical authorities in the Catholic church for Lower Austria; the Archbisbop of Salsburg exercises the same functions for the upper prov. Superintendents at Linz and Vienna conduct the clerical affairs of the Protestants under the Consistory at Vienna. The commander of the forces for both provinces resides at Vienna. The military conscripts of the provinces of Austria are enrolled in the 4th, 14th, 49th, and 59th regts. of infantry, in the 3d and 4th regts. of cuirassiers, the 2d regt. of dragoons, and the Ist light cavalry. They further supply two rifle corps and a regiment of artillery, amounting in all to 20,000 men. AUSTRIA (EMPIRE OF), one of the largest, most populous, and most important of the European states. The inhabitants of the archduchy are all Germans, and are distinguished for their industry and quickness of apprehension. As the population is more sparingly distri- Situation and Extent. - The empire of Ausbuted in the mountainous parts than in the plains and tria is situated in central and southern Europe; valleys, there is an appearance of well-doing throughout all classes of the inhabitants; and the schools for the and, with the exception of a narrow strip at its lower classes are both numerous and well attended. The S. extremity, projecting along the coast of the dress and manners of the inhabitants of the mountainous Adriatic, its territory forms a very compact mass. parts, especially of Salzburg, resemble those prevailing in It extends from about 42° to 51° N. lat., and Styria and Tyrol, as the manners and customs, as well as Its length, the occupations, of the Austrian mountaineer are nearly from about 8° 30 to 26° 30′ E. long. the same with those of the neighbouring provinces. The from Lake Maggiore, in Italy, to the E. fronbusiness of driving the cattle up to the Alpine pastures in tier of Transylvania, is about 860 m., and its summer, whence in the autumn they are brought down breadth (exclusive of Dalmatia), from the S. with festive parade, is the department of the women. Wood-cutting and mining are the occupations of the men. frontier of Croatia to the most N. point of BoHand-weaving and spinning of flax, cotton, and wool, are hemia, about 492 m. The total area is estimated, much carried on, especially during the winter. As many in the map of the Austrian engineers, at 12,153 as 23,000 individuals are said to have been employed by On the S., the carpet manufactory at Linz, while it was carried on sq. Germ. or 257,368 sq. Eng. m. upon its largest scale. Along the Enns and the Yps the Austria is bounded by Turkey, the Adriatic iron manufacturing district is situated; but agriculture Sea, and the independent states of Italy; W., is the chief employment of the inhabitants of the grand by the states of the king of Sardinia, Switzerduchy, and is managed with considerable skill. The mountaineer is confined to more frugal fare than the in- land, and Bavaria; N., by Prussia, the free city habitant of the plain enjoys; oatmeal or barley puddings, of Cracow, and Russian Poland; and E., by prepared with the milk and butter of his cows, being his Russia and Moldavia. The extensive frontier chief support. Whether this species of nourishment, or of the empire, upwards of 4,250 m. in length, has the quality of the water, or the nature of his occupations, the rare advantage of being advantageously debe the cause of the goitre or swelling of the neck, which commences on the mountains on the Styrian frontier, is fined by natural boundaries; such as mountains, not known. The lowlanders' enjoyments are sought in large rivers, lakes, and the sea, offering favourthe dance and in the wine-pot, of which his libations, able military positions for defence, with the exespecially of the one-year-old liquor (heuriger), are both deep and frequent. The large earnings which a slight ception of a portion of the frontier of Galicia, exertion of industry secures in a country whose climate towards the Russian provinces, which is open. and soil are highly adapted to furnish the blessings of plenty, give a cheerful appearance to a large portion of the lower classes, that is scarcely to be met with any where else; and the Lower Austrian deserves credit for both earning the good things of this life, and for enjoying them. The Gubernia at Linz and Vienna are the chief provincial authorities for the provs. of Upper and Lower Austria. Under these is the captain of the circle, who unites the judicial and administrative powers, in as far as VOL. 1. As the far Divisions, Population, &c. - The Austrian empire is composed of many states, differing widely in extent and population. greater part of the provinces were united under the imperial sceptre by peaceable means—that is, by inheritance or by treaty — the boundaries Galicia and a part of the military frontier were the only acquisitions by actual conquest. *Q 5 |