since the last hurricane: they will contain comfortably The whole population, as in the adjoining islands, may properly be divided into four classes: Creole or native whites; European whites; Creoles of mixed blood; native blacks. There has been no recent census of the island; the popu ation, consequently, cannot be accurately given; but, from an estimate made previously to the abolition of slavery, it may be stated as follows:- whites, 12,797; coloured, 5,584; and if to these be added the number of emancipated slaves, ascertained by the last registration to be 83,140, the total population would be 102,521. It is conjectured, indeed, that the whole population amounts to 120,000; but this is much beyond the truth, as the same estimate which gives this return states the population of Bridgetown to be 37,000, which is an excess of at least 17,000 beyond what it really is. Of the whole population, only 1,100 enjoy the privilege of electing and being elected members to serve in the colonial assembly, and in the vestries: and of this class 446 are electors for the principal town. 390,5691. was from Great Britain and Ireland; and in the same period the value of the exports was 897,9904., of which 773,0771. was to Great Britain and Ireland. The government of the island is administered by a governor, who is also gov.-gen. of the islands of Grenada, St. Vincent, Tobago, Trinidad, St. Lucia, and their respective dependencies. There is a legislative council, consisting of 12 members, and a representative assembly, constituted by a return of 2 members from each of the parishes, making 22 members. The duration of the assembly is 12 months. If there be less than 7 members of council resident in the island, the governor may fill up the number to 7 for the despatch of business. The governor is chancellor, but he sits in chancery with the council, who act as judges both in the ccurt of error and in equity. There is a court of cominon pleas held for each district, monthly, during 8 months of the year, but no court of king's bench. A general sessions of the peace is held twice a year. The principal articles of import are dry goods of every quality and description; flour, corn, meal, and oats; pickled herrings, cod-fish, salt beef, pork, and butter; soap, candles, and all kinds of Irish provisions, with wood-lumber, horses, cattle, and live stock, hardware, and earthenware. The revenue of the island, previously to the abolition of slavery, was raised by a poll-tax upon slaves, and by duties on spirituous liquors, licences, &c. ; but it is now derived principally from duties levied upon American produce, on the tonnage of ships, and on spirituous liquors, licences, &c.: lately it has been as high as 40,000Z. ster. per ann.; and the expenditure has been little more than 30,0007. A banking establishment has been lately formed by a board of directors in London, incorporated by act of parliament, which is of the greatest utility to the colony. The proportion of the 20,000,000 voted by partiament for the abolition of slavery paid to the colony was 1,721,3457. 198. 7d. The value of the slaves was estimated at 3,897,276/. 198.; and the average value of a slave, from 1822 to 1830, was 477. Is. 34d. BARBANTANE, a town of France, dép. Bouches du Rhone, near the confluence of the Durance and the Rhone, 4 m. S. W. Avignon. Pop. 2,926. Its environs produce excellent wine. Barbados is the residence of the bishop of Barbados and the Leeward Islands, and of one of the archdeacons. The clerical establishment is fixed upon a very liberal and effective scale. There is a rector resident in each parish, at a stipend of 3331. 6s. 8d. sterling, with an allowance of glebe land, and an excellent parsonage house, kept in repair at the expense of the parish. In Bridgetown, besides the cathedral and parish church, there is St. Mary's Church, and in the neighbourhood BARBARY, the name usually given in modern times three other chapels of ease, with a minister appointed to to that portion of N. Africa which comprises the various each, and paid by the British government and the Chris- countries between the W. frontier of Egypt and the Attian Knowledge Society. The surplice fees, which are lantic on the one hand, and the N. frontier of the Sahara, received by the rector, are upon a liberal scale. There or Great Desert, and the Mediterranean on the other; are two Wesleyan chapels, and two Moravian chapels. or between 250 E. and 100 W. long., and 36° to 37° N. There are several public establishments for the edu- lat. It consequently includes within its limits the emcation of the youth of the island: - Codrington College, pire of Morocco and Fez, with the regencies of Algiers, Codrington Foundation School, Harrison's Free School, Tunis, and Tripoli, including Barca. Under the Roman and the Central School: the two latter are in Bridge- dominion, it was divided into Mauritania Tingitana, town. Codrington College is situated 13 or 14 miles E. of corresponding to Morocco and Fez; Mauritania CæsariBridgetown, and was founded by Colonel Codrington, aensis, to Algiers; Africa Propria, to Tunis; and Cyrenative of the island, who died in 1710. The object of the naica and the Regio Syrtica, to Tripoli. Its extent may founder was the education of a certain number of white be taken at from 650,000 to 700,000 sq. m.; and its popuyouths, and the religious instruction of the blacks; for lation has been variously estimated at from 10,000,000 to which purposes he bequeathed landed property, capable 14,000,000. of clearing 3,0007. sterling a year, to the Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts. This establishment is under the superintendence of the bishop of the diocese, who is visiter, a principal, and two tutors. It is open to all young men, for whatever profession intended, throughout the West India colonies. There are 12 theological exhibitions. The college expense to each com moner is about 307. sterling per annum. The course of study embraces theology, the classics, logic, and mathe-would be incorrect if used by Europeans. If a new name matics. All candidates are required to be at least 17 years of age at the time of admission. At the Central School about 160 white children are educated, upon the plan of the national schools in England. All the children are fed, and the major part clothed. From this class of boys, master tradesmen, mechanics, and overseers, are supplied. A girls' school has also been founded under the auspices of Mrs. Coleridge and the ladies of Barbados. The name Barbary has not, as has sometimes been supposed, been given to this portion of Africa because it is occupied by a barbarous and ignorant people. It is derived from the name of its ancient inhabitants, usually styled Berbers or Kabyles, and should, therefore, in strictness, be called Berbery. The Arabians call it Maghreb, or the region of the W.; but though this name correctly points out its situation in relation to Arabia, it were now to be adopted, it might be called the Region of Atlas, inasmuch as it includes the whole of that great mountain chain, with its numerous ramifications. This designation has, in fact, been given to it by some geographers; but there is but little probability of its displacing the common name; and, when properly explained, it is quite as good as any other. In antiquity, this part of Africa was distinguished as being the seat of Carthage-that great commercial republic, that waged a lengthened, doubtful, and desperate contest with Rome herself for the empire of the world. After the fall of Carthage, it formed an important part of the Roman empire. It had many large and flourishing cities, and was long regarded as the principal granary of Rome. After being overrun by the N. barbarians, it was subdued by the Saracens ; and under their sway acthe most brilliant period of its ancient history. But the Saracenic governments in Barbary, like those in other countries, gradually lost their vigour, and became a prey to every sort of disorder; and this great country ultimately sunk into the lowest state of barbarism and degradation. A handful of Turks and renegades acquired the government of its finest provinces, and subjected them to the most brutal and revolting despotism. Being unable to contend with the European powers in regular war, they had recourse to a system of piracy and ma The trade of the island has varied very much at different periods, owing to the uncertainty of the crops, occasioned by hurricanes and bad seasons. The maximum value of the exports in 15 years, from 1822, having been, in 1826, 1,307,8897., and the minimum value, in the same period, in 1832, the year succeeding the last hurricane, 408,3637. The imports have fluctuated also in the same proportion, during the same periods. In 1826 they werequired a lustre and reputation scarcely inferior to that of 999,2312, and in 1832, 481,6101. The total value of the exports, employing 74,497 tons of shipping, and 5,194 men, in 1834, was 624,6851. The exports of sugar, the staple produce of the island, have been, in 1833, 384,971 cwts.; 1834, 394,527 cwts.; 1835, 344,689 cwts.; 1836, 373,428 cwts.; 1837, 445,713 cwts. Exclusive of sugar, there were exported, in 1837, rum, 914 galls.; molasses, 70,293 cwts.; cotton, 107,811 lbs.; arrow-root, 63,823 lbs. ; succades, 15.351 lbs. In the year ending January, 1838, the total value of the imports was C06,5867., of which rauding; which, though often partially abated, was not entirely suppressed till the conquest of Algiers by the French. Barbary has far more of a European than of an African character. Owing to its being pervaded by the great chain of Atlas, it has every diversity of surface, and is remarkably well watered. The climate is excellent; and it produces all the grains and fruits of S. Europe, in the greatest perfection. In ancient times its fertility was such as to be almost proverbial: Frumentum quantum metit Africa. Hor. Sat., lib. ii. sat. 3. and notwithstanding the wretched treatment to which it is now subject, the fertility of the soil continues unimpaired, and with no manure, except occasionally burning weeds and stubble, it produces the most luxuriant crops. No wonder, therefore, that the site of the famous gardens of the Hesperides should have been originally placed in Barca; and that they should afterwards have been carried farther W. according as the Greeks became better acquainted with the coast, and with the riches and capabilities of the country. (For a full account of this interesting region, the reader is referred to the articles on the different countries comprised within its limits and to those on ATLAS, CONSTANTINE, &c.) BARBASTES, a town of Spain, Aragon, near the Cinea, 28 m. S. E. Huesca. Pop. 5,000. It is surrounded by walls, is the seat of a bishopric, and has some tanneries. BARBEZIEUX, a town of France, dép. Charente, cap. arrond., on the road from Angouleme to Bordeaux, 21 m. S. W. Angoulême. Pop. 3,013. It is advantageously situated on the declivity of a hill, at the extremity of an extensive and fertile plain. It is well built; has a court of original jurisdiction, a linen manufacture, and some trade in wine, corn, cattle, and especially poultry. The chapons truffes of Barbezieux are highly esteemed. (Hugo, Dict. Geog., &c.) BARBUDA, one of the W. Indian islands, belonging to Great Britain, 27 m. N. Antigua, 15 m. in length by 8 m. in breadth. Pop. 400, almost all blacks. It is flat and fertile. It is a proprietary of government, and belongs to the Codrington family. Corn, cotton, pepper, tobacco, are produced in abundance, but no sugar. It has no harbour, but a roadstead on its W. side. BARBY, a town of Prussian Saxony, on the Elbe, 14 m. S. E. Magdeburg. Pop. 3,100. It is well built, has an old castle, two Lutheran, and one Calvinist church, with fabrics of cloth, cotton, and flax, soap-works, breweries, and distilleries. BARCA (Bagxn), a district of N. Africa, forming the E. portion of Tripoli, extending from 2610 to nearly 330 N. lat., and from 190 to 251 E. long. The limits are, however, very uncertain towards the S. and E., the country, in the former direction, terminating in the Libyan Desert, and being, in the latter, divided from Egypt by wandering tribes of Bedouins, who acknowledge no authority in any settled government. On the N. Barca is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the W. by the Gulph of Sidra (the Syrtis Magna of the ancients), and the government of Sert or Sort. (Beechy, 210.; Pacho, 19.; Beechy and Pacho's Maps.) It extends 500 m. from N. to S., but the cultivated and inhabited portion terminates at about the 31st parallel, or 140 m. only from the farthest N. point of the coast. The greatest width from E. to W. is about 390 m., and the area may be estimated at about 78,000 sq. m. (Beechy and Pacho's Maps.) A mountain range, at a short distance inland, fronts the whole extent of coast line: this range appears to have its greatest elevation near the 22d meridian (at the town of Cyrene), and to decline thence both towards the E. and W., terminating, in the former direction, in the plain of Lower Egypt; in the latter being continued round the gulph till it vanishes in a low swamp S. of Mesurata. The least elevation of these mountains is estimated at 400 or 500 ft., and the greatest at 1,805 ft. It is upon the sides and summits of these hills that the only population and production is found, though the great plain towards the S. is probably preserved from some of the worst features of the desert by a range of sand hills extending from the oasis of Ammon to that of Maradeh, which must of necessity form some protection from the effects of the sirocco. (Beechy, 107. 216. 252. 434. &c.; Pacho, 57. 83. 134. 272. &c.) There are no rivers, but innumerable mountain torrents, and wells are also tolerably abundant, though many of them contain only salt or brackish water. Ön the whole, however, the mountain land is not very badly frrigated. Some years since, the Americans made a temporary settlement at Derna, where, taking advantage of the many flooded ravines, they built a water-mill of very simple construction, which, by a little skill in damming up the stream, works nearly all the year. (Pacho, 99.) The ancient sacred fountain of Cyrene is permanent (Beechy, 424), and probably the only stream in Barca that is so, with the exception of a subterranean rivulet, near Bengazi, which is supposed by Beechy (329.), on good grounds, to be the Lathon or Lethe of Ptolemy (iv. 4.), Pliny (v. 5.), and Strabo (xvii. 836.), and the Erceus of Scylax. (Perip. 111.) Though stretching as far as 33° N., Barca has an equinoctial climate. The rainy season appears to commence sometimes as early as November, and at others to delay its violence till the end of December, or even till January: during such delay, however, the intermediate season is showery, and when the rains descend in their strength, the mountain roads become nearly, if not quite, impassable. The ravines pour down torrents, which, in their progress, carry with them earth, trees, and stones of enormous size; and convert the narrow belt of flat land between the mountains The temperature and the sea into onormous marshes. is, of course, generally high, but the powerful evaporation makes that of winter something lower than might be anticipated, and absolutely cold nights are not unknown. The wet season, as in other countries, is ushered in by storms. (Beechy, 41. 59. 247. 281. 347, &c.) Notwithstanding the celebrity of this country in ancient times, it is only within these few years that any thing accurate has been learned concerning it. Its very outline was erroneously marked in every map and chart previously to 1828 (See SYRTIS); and every account of its soil, climate, and fertility was nearly the direct reverse of what experience has shown to be the truth. The ancients, with the single exception of Herodotus, have combined to represent the coasts of the Syrtis as an irredeemable desert. At least such is the impression given by Strabo, Pliny, Scylax, and others of all the country W. of Berenice (Bengazi); while the moderns, following Leo Africanus and the Arab historians, have extended the same description to all the land between Tripoli and Alexandria, till the term Barca became synonymous in European language with barrenness. (Strabo, xvii. 838.; Pliny, v. 4. &c.; Scylax, Perip. 113. &c. ; Leo. Afric. v. 72, &c.) But, to say nothing of the gardens of the Hesperides, situated on this coast, it is impossible to reconcile this idea of utter barrenness with the pastoral life said by Herodotus to be led by the aborigines (Melp. 186.), or with the subsequent colonisation of the country by the Greeks. Neither is it likely that Herodotus, who so accurately describes the "vast sandy desert" in the interior (Meip. 181.), should have omitted all mention of the parched and barren soil, had any such existed on the high lands near the coast. In fact, the prevalent descriptions of Barca have been, for years, little more than fables; the S.W. corner, indeed (joining on the desert), seems fully to justify the accounts of utter desolation given of it; but E. and N. the country rapidly improves, and presents extensive crops of corn and large fields of excellent pasturage. The mountain sides are in most cases thickly wooded, and covered with an excellent soil; and even the sand itself (on the shore) is made, by little labour, luxuriantly productive during the rainy season. The trees consist of pines, olives, laurels, with a great variety of flowering shrubs and climbers; such as roses, laurestinas, honeysuckles, myrtles, &c.; but the trees most in esteem here, as in every other Mohammedan country, are the various species of dates, palins, and figs, which flourish in great variety and abundance. The corn which this country produces is chiefly barley, or dhourra, and oats. The fruit, -grapes, melons, pumpkins, melonrani (or egg plants), cucumbers, and tomatas; a peculiar plant, called Bauria, is also raised, though not in great abundance; fine artichokes, and green and red pepper, are also very plentiful. But the plant for which this country is the most remarkable is the Silphium, an umbelliferous perennial resembling the hemlock or wild carrot, of which the most marvellous tales are related by the ancients. Its origin was said to be miraculous; it perished under cultivation, but throve in the most savage and neglected deserts. liquor produced from it was esteemed an almost universal remedy for inward ailments; and various ointments, compounded of the stalk, leaves, and root, were held to be equally efficacious in outward applications. The silphium was an object of public, almost of divine, honour it was an offering to the deified king of the country, and its figure was stamped upon the coins of Cyrene. (Pliny, xix. 3.; xxii. 22.; Theophrastus, iv. 3.; Arrian, Hist. Ind. xliii.; Exp. Alex. iii. 28, &c.) It does not, however, appear to differ essentially from other soporific plants of the same family. (Beechy, 409–420.; Pacho, 247-255.) Thus, though not very varied, the productions of Barca are sufficiently abundant, and nothing but industry seems requisite to restore this country to the state in which Herodotus beheld it, when three successive harvests, on the coast, on the sides, and on the summits of the mountains, occupied the Greek inhabit A Captain Beechy saw, in the neighbourhood of Bengazi, large quantities of oats, which he considered to be the spontaneous production of the soil. Their situation was, however, in open tracts among forests, apparently deserted cultivations (p. 347.), and the grain was, singular, but, except in a few accidental instances like the present, a therefore, probably, the product of the last neglected crops. It is a universal fact, that the bread corns are xo wHERE INDIGENOUS. U A ants eight months in every year. (Beechy, 261. 339. 387. | et pass.; Pacho, 59. 99. 153. 235. et pass.; Herod. Melp. 199.) The domestic animals, camels, horses, oxen, asses, sheep, and goats, are extremely numerous, and form the riches of the present wandering, as of the ancient settled, population. The hog, forbidden by the Mohammedan law to the faithful, is found only in his savage state; but in this state he exists in great numbers, maintaining his ground against the jackals, hyenas, and other beasts of prey that infest the same locality. From the silence of travellers it may be inferred that birds are scarce; and though several kinds of venomous serpents are unquestionably met with, it seems also as if both the number and power of the reptile tribe had been greatly exaggerated. Insects are exceedingly numerous; and even the locust, which is a frequent visiter, is scarcely more terrible (to strangers at least) than the myriads of flies, beetles, fleas, lice, and other noxious vermin, which the heat of the climate and the filthy negligence of the inhabitants preserve in constant strength and activity. (Pacho, 61-64. 235-246. &c.; Beechy, 107. 211. 286. 301. et pass.) The inhabitants are exclusively Bedouin Arabs, with the exception of a few Jews in the towns. The Arabs differ in nothing from their countrymen in other parts, except in being dirtier, less active, and exhibiting the worst parts of their national character in a more exaggerated form. The country is governed by a bey, subject to the pacha of Tripoli; and the pop., notwithstanding the resources of the country, is thin. amount can only be guessed at; but it probably does not exceed 1,000,000. (Beechy and Pacho, passim.) Its identify the heaps of filth and ruins which they now The The city is divided by the promenade, called La Rambla, into two pretty equal parts; that to the N.W. being called the new, and that to the N.E. the old city. streets in the latter are narrower and more crooked than than in the former. The houses, which are mostly of brick, are generally from four to five stories high, with numerous windows and balconies. Mr. Townsend says that the old Roman town may still be distinctly traced, occupying a small eminence in the centre of the city, with one of its gates and some of its towers well preserved. With the exception of the cathedral and custom house, the old palace of the kings of Aragon, &c., few of the public buildings are worth any special notice. The ca thedral is a noble structure, in the later Gothic style, with finely painted windows, and a choir of good workmanship and singular delicacy. With the exception of that of the Dominicans, the convents are destitute of any attractions; and the records and pictures of the heretics who had suffered in the city from 1489 to 1726, described by Mr. Townsend as existing in the latter, are no longer to be met with. Barcelona has a royal junta of government, and is the seat of the provincial authorities. A Junta de Comercio, or board of trade, supports public professorships of, navigation, architecture, painting, sculpture, perspective chemistry, experimental philosophy, agriculture, and botany; short-hand writing, commerce, and accounts; mechanics, and the English, French, and Italian languages. It has a large cabinet of coins, and awards pensions and rewards for superior attainments and useful inventions. It also maintains some of its students in foreign parts, to perfect themselves in their studies; and has expended large sums in drawing plans and taking levels of the ground for canals and other public works in the province. Mr. Townsend says he counted 500 boys, most of them intended for trades, attending the academy of fine arts, provided with materials, models, and living subjects at the public expense. It has also four public libraries, an ecclesiastical seminary, eight colleges, a college of surgeons, and professorship of practical medicine, a college of pharmacy, academies of arts and sciences, and of belles lettres, &c., a school for deaf and dumb, house of industry (Real Casa de Caridad), numerous hospitals, a foundling institution, and several other charities. Mr. Townsend says that the general hospital of this city was the best managed institution of the kind he had ever seen. The population of the city has not an exclusively Spanish appearance. Spanish hats are scarcely to be seen, and the mantilla is not indispensable. According to Mr. Inglis, the features of the females are more regular, their forms slighter, their complexions clearer, and their hair less coarse than that of the Andalusian ladies; but their eyes have less expression. The dress of the peasantry is peculiar, their red caps hanging a foot down their backs; crimson girdles, and gaudy coloured plaids, give them a highly grotesque appearance. Barcelona has some fine public walks: the Rambla, al The original inhabitants of this district are called by Herodotus (Melpom. pass.) Africans (Ab), a term which he seems always to distinguish carefully from Egyptians (ATT), but which certainly did not mean a black race of men. According to Strabo, it would appear that, even from the earliest times, they were Arabs following the wandering pastoral life, which prevails among them to the present day. (xvii. 835.) The Phonicians appear to have traded with them at a very early period; and from their description of the country probably arose the first fanciful idea of the Hesperian gardens, which, as already observed, were supposed to have their seat in this country. It is probable that the report of this luxuriance of the district was one inducement to the Greek settlement in Cyrene; but the immediate cause seems to have been the pressure of population in Lacedemon, consequent to the expulsion of the descend-landscape, and ornamental flower-drawing, engraving, ants of the Argonauts from Lemnos by the Pelasgian population of Attica. After a troubled residence of some years, these exiles threw off a large body of emigrants, who, under the command of Battus, and by order of the Delphic oracle, established the first Greek colony in Africa of which there is any record. The pressure of population continuing in Lacedemon, and the oracle urging the Greeks to follow their countrymen, a general propensity to emigrate was at last excited; and, about 60 years after the first adventurers had landed, a movement, that might almost be called national, was made toward the African shores. The natives and the Egyptians seem to have been equally alarmed at this irruption; they combined to expel the intruders, but received so decisive a defeat that few of the Egyptians returned to their own country. In the succeeding generation the town of Barca, which subsequently gave name to the whole country, was built. This once famous city has now vanished, and even its site is a matter of dispute. For a generation or two, there were now two Greek kingdoms in Africa, that of Cyrene and that of Barca; both, however, shared the fate of their Egyptian neighbour, and, under Cambyses, became a part of the Persian empire, and so remained, till the conquests of Alexander changed the aspect of Eastern affairs. Under his successors they formed a part of the Greco-Egyptian kingdom; but before its fall they passed into the hands of Rome. With the irruption of the northern nations, Africa fell for awhile beneath the power of the Vandals; but the rapid conquests of the early Mohammedans quickly added this country to their dominions. This was the last important revolution. During the many centuries that the Greek and Roman ruled in Barca, civilisation, arts, and sciences flourished; the re-ready referred to, is always crowded, and is hardly inmains of aqueducts, temples, and other mighty works, sufficiently attest this fact; but the refinement was entirely foreign, and vanished with the exotic population which introduced it. The Arab is again the sole possessor of the soil; and the description of the shepherd, who held it before the Greek arrived, would in every important particular apply to him at this day. The cities of this country, especially those of Berenice (Bengazi), Arsinoe, Barca, Appollonia, and Cyrene, which gave name to the district called Pentapolis (IIтærλ), are very famous in antiquity. These towns, however, frechanged their names, so that it is sometimes difficult to follow the ancient writers, and in the bar. barous names bestowed upon them by the present occupiers, it is as impossible to recognise them as it is to ferior to the Boulevards of Paris. There is also a charming walk round the ramparts, with delightful views, particularly towards the sea. The opera here enjoys a considerable reputation; the interior of the theatre is large and handsome; almost all the boxes are private, and cost from 50l. to 601. for the season. Seats in the pit let at 40 dollars for the season. The principal singers are paid from 2,000 to 2,500 dollars, with a benefit night. There are here several valuable libraries and collections of MSS.; especially the royal archives of the kingdom of Aragon, containing 20,000 loose MSS., 8,000 in folio volumes, and 900 papal bulls. The principal manufactures are those of silk, leather, lace, wool, cotton, &c., but none of them are flourishing. Miñano says of the cotton manufacture, that its progress has been de mal en peor! — from bad to worse!-a consequence of oppressive and absurd political and commercial regulations. Mr. Townsend speaks in high terms of the foundry for brass cannon that existed in the city at the epoch of his visit. We are not aware whether it has been abandoned; but it is unlikely that such an establishment should be kept up in the present wretched state of the monarchy. The trade of Barcelona has greatly declined since the emancipation of Spanish America; but it is still far from inconsiderable. The principal imports are cotton, sugar, fish, hides, cocoa, iron hoops, cinnamon, dye-woods, indigo, staves, cheese, bees' wax, coffee, horns, and specie, mostly from America, Cuba, and Porto Rico. The exports consist of wrought silks, soap, fire-arms, paper, hats, laces, ribands, and steel. The export of shoes, in the manufacture of which about 2,000 hands used to be employed, has entirely ceased. In 1831, 18 English and 110 other vessels, being in all of 15,130 tons burthen, entered the port. The harbour is formed by a mole running to a considerable distance in a S. direction, having a lighthouse and battery at its extremity. The depth of water within the mole is from 18 to 20 feet; but there is a bar outside, which has frequently not more than 10 ft. water. When in the harbour, vessels are pretty well protected; they are, however, exposed to the S. winds, and great damage was done by a dreadful storin in 1821. Large vessels are obliged to anchor outside the mole. 1634; previously to which, the cap. of the distr. was Cumanagoto, 2 leagues higher up the river. (Mod. Trav. xxvii. 102-104.) BARCELONETTA, a suburb of Barcelona, on the S.E. side of the river, often considered as a separate town. It was built in 1754, on a uniform plan; the houses are all of red brick. Pop. 5,000. (Miñano, i. 392.) BARCELONETTE, a town of France, dép. Basses Alpes, cap. arrond., on the Ubaye, 30 m. N. E. Digne. Pop. 2,154. It is beautifully situated in a fine valley at the foot of the Alps, above 3,800 feet above the level of the sea. It consists principally of two main streets, which intersect each other at right angles; the houses are neat and good; and, altogether, this is perhaps the handsomest town of the French Alps. It has a court of original jurisdiction, a college, a primary normal school, and an agricultural society. Above 200 silklooms have recently been established here, and it has also some manufactures of cloth, and fulling mills. Barcelonette is believed to occupy the site of a Roman town. Being on the frontier of two states frequently at war, it has been repeatedly taken and retaken; but was definitively ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht. It was the native place of Manuel, the liberal deputy, to whose memory a monument has been constructed in the principal square. It consists of a fountain, surmounted by a funeral urn, and having on one of its sides a bust of Manuel, with the inscription, taken from Beranger, "Bras, téte et cœur, tout était peuple en lui." (Hugo, France Pittoresque, art. Basses Alpes.) The Barcelonese used to evince more superstition and ignorance than might have been expected in a city having so much intercourse with foreigners. Money is collected to the sound of little bells, at executions, to buy masses BARCELOS, a town of Portugal, prov. Minho, on for the soul of the criminal; and large processions of the Cavado, 28 m. N. Oporto. Pop. 3,892. It is surmasked penitents accompany him to the scaffold. In rounded by walls flanked with towers; streets broad and 1779, most of the insurance companies were ruined by un- straight, houses well built: it has a fine bridge over the derwriting the French West Indiamen, relying on their river, a grammar-school, an hospital, and a workhouse. partnership with various saints, when nobody else would It is very ancient. take the risk at any price! (Townsend, i. 153.) And it would seem, from the statements of Mr. Inglis, that matters continue, in this respect, nearly on their old footing. Barcelona is supposed to have been founded about 200 years before the Christian æra, and 300 after the establishment of the Carthaginians in Spain, and to have been named after its founder, Hamilcar Barcino. After the Romans and the Goths, it was subjugated by the Arabs, in the beginning of the eighth century; and was reconquered from them by the Catalonians, aided by Charlemagne and Ludovico Pío, in 801. It was then governed by counts, who were independent sovereigns, till the end of the 12th century, when it was ceded, by marriage, to the crown of Aragon. Barcelona is distinguished in the history of the middle ages for the zeal, skill, and success with which her citizens prosecuted commercial undertakings. She singly rivalled the maritime towns of Italy in the commerce of the Levant; and was one of the first to establish consuls and factories in distant countries, for the protection and security of trade. She would seem also to be entitled to the honour of having compiled and promulgated the famous code of maritime law, known by the name of the Consolato del Mare; and the earliest authentic notices of the practice of marine insurance, and of the negotiation of bills of exchange, are to be found in her annals. She has been more celebrated as a commercial than as a manufacturing town; though in this, also, her progress has been very respectable. BARDSEY, a small island of N. Wales, in the Irish Sea, near the N. point of Cardigan Bay, co. Caernarvon; lat. 52° 45′ N., long. 4° 46′ W. Pop., in 1831, 84. Length about 2 m.; breadth 1 m. It contains 370 acres, of which is a mountain ridge, feeding a few sheep and rabbits; the rest a tolerably fertile clay soil, growing good wheat and barley. Its rental does not exceed 1001. a year, in three distinct holdings. It is accessible only on the S.E. side, where there is a small well-sheltered harbour for vessels of 30 or 40 tons. On the N. and N.E. it is sheltered by the promontory of Braich-y-Pwll, 24 m. distant. In the channel between them is a very rapid current, rendering it unsafe, except to experienced hands. The perpendicular and projecting cliffs are a great resort of puffins and other migratory birds in the breeding season, and their eggs form a considerable trade, being gathered by men suspended from the summits of the promontory. There is a lighthouse on the island (with fixed and revolving lights), established in 1821, under the Trinity House, having the lantern elevated 141 ft. above the sea. It is said to owe its present name to its forming a refuge for the last Welsh bards. It had an ancient and celebrated abbey, the annual revenue of which, at the general suppression, was 461. Is. 4d. The site is traceable only from numerous walled graves, and a building called the Abbot's Lodge. In a ruined antique oratory, with an insulated stone altar at the B. end, the church service is read on Sundays by one of the inhab. to the rest, when the weather does not permit them to resort to the pa. church of Aberdavon, on the promontory. Barcelona has sustained seven regular sieges since its recovery from the Arabs. During the greater part of the war of the succession, it adhered firmly to the party of BAREILY, an inl. distr. of Hindostan, prov. Delhi, Charles; but, after a desperate resistance, it was taken, in mostly between 280 and 29° N. lat.; having N. the distr. 1714, by the forces of Philip V., commanded by the Duc de of Pillibheet, E. and S.E. Shahjehanpore, and W. and S. W. Berwick. The French got possession of it in 1808, and kept Saiswan and Moradabad: area 6,900 sq. m.; surface geneit all through the Peninsular war, In 1821 it was attacked rally level and well cultivated: the Ganges bounds it W., by the yellow fever, which is said to have carried off a fifth and the Ramgunga and many small streams intersect it. part of the population. Thirteen councils have been held In summer the heat is intense, but during winter, with N. here, and above 24 assemblies of the Cortes, down to the winds, the thermometer falls below 30° Fahr., and water last, in 1706. It has had, also, many visits from the Spanish freezes in the tents. A few years ago there were said to monarchs, as they were obliged by the laws of Catalonia be 4,458,380 kucha begas of land in cultivation, assessed to appear here in person to be crowned and take the with a land-tax of 2,266,280 rupees, or a little more than oaths as sovereigns of this principality and of Aragon; 8 annas per bega; most of which is realised, though the which ceremony was observed down to the time of gov. not resorting to sales of land for arrears of taxation, Philip V. (Miñano, Diccionario Geografico, ii. 390-396., as in the lower provinces it has always been difficult and Suppl., art. Barcelona; Inglis, Spain in 1820, ii. to collect, and much depends upon the decision and 364-391.; Townsend, i. 114-138.; Dict. of Com. p. 119.) judgment of the collector 3,362,022 begas are fit for culBARCELONA (NEW), a town of Colombia, cap. ture, but not in actual tillage; and 3,558,899 begas are prov., on the left bank of the Neveri, about 3 m. from reported as waste. To the N. there is much jungle, and, the sea, and 40 m. S. W. Cumana; lat. 10° 6' 52" N., between Bareily city and Anopsher extensive wastes long. 64° 47′ W. Its pop., in 1807, was 15,000, half of prevail, consisting of lands which were formerly cultiwhom were whites; and at the beginning of the present vated, but are now covered with long grass, which century, it had a considerable trade with the W. India parches and inflames in summer, and swarms with foxes, islands. It is still a place of some commerce, being well jackals, hogs, and game. Bishop Heber says, that the situated for the exportation of the cattle and other pro- soil and climate generally are very fine; in most parts duce of the lianos to the W. India islands. Speaking date-palms and plantains are common, as well as walnut, generally, it is badly built; the houses being of mud, apple, and pear-trees, vines, &c. This distr. is noted for and ill furnished. The streets are unpaved, which a fine species of rice, called basmati (pregnant with permakes them filthy during the rains, while in dry weather fume), superior to the best of Patna. Husbandry, in gethe dust is intolerable. It is said to be one of the most neral, is superior to that of Oude, and the articles prounhealthy places in S. America. It was founded in duced of a better quality: the sugar, rice, and cotton, are diocesan seminary, which admits 120 scholars from 4 the highest priced in India. The roads and bridges are better than in most parts of the British provinces; and the cart commonly in use is a larger and more convenient vehicle than that of Bengal. Formerly a great deal of salt, called kurrah salt, was made collaterally with nitre, in this distr., and exported in large quantities. The imports from the lower prov. are chiefly chintzes, gudjoes, salt, coarse sugar, and cutlery, cottons, cheap trinkets, coral, beads, and slave-girls: articles from the hill region, and even from Tibet, were formerly imported thither on the backs of goats. The inhab. are pretty equally divided into Hindoos and Mohammedans: the tribe of Banjareesport, which is encumbered with sand, only admits small (carriers and bullock drivers), estimated at 14,000, have been all converted from the former to the latter faith. Not long since Bareily distr. was overrun by clans of Mohammedan warriors, or rather banditti, ready to join any leader who chose to hire them, and many thousands of whom served under Holcar, Jeswunt Row, &c.; they were disaffected to the British gov., and for many years disturbed the country by robberies and other crimes they have at length mostly either dispersed or settled down into more quiet lives; but Bareily is still a distr. from which judicial appeals to the supreme courts are very frequent. In 1827 there were 108 Persian and 105 Hindoo schools in this distr., entirely supported by the pupils. Hindoos and Mussulmans have no scruples as to mixing together in these establishments: reading, writing, arithmetic, and Persian, constitute the principal branches of tuition. The original Sanscrit name of this territory was Kuttair, till incorporated with Rohilcund; with which it was ceded, in 1774, to the nabob of Oude: since 1801 it has been under the British presid. of Bengal. (Hamilton's E. I. Gazetteer, pp. 137, 138.; Reports on the Affairs of the E. I. Comp., 1830-32.) BAREILY, a city of Hindostan, cap. of the above distr., seat of a court of circuit and appeal, head of a judicial division, and one of the 6 chief provincial cities in the Bengal presidency; on the banks of the united Jooah and Sunkrah, lat. 28° 23′ N., long. 79° 16′ E., 42 m. N. W. of the Ganges, and 700 m. N.W. Calcutta. Pop. (1822) 66,000. The principal street is nearly 2 m. long, and tolerably well built, but the houses are only one story high. There are several mosques, and an old fort, crumbling to ruin: the British civil station and cantonments, consisting of a quadrangular citadel, surrounded by a ditch, stand S. of the town. The chief manufactures are brazen water-pots, decorated with varnish and a remarkable imitation of gilding; other house hold articles; with saddlery, cutlery, carpets, embroidery, hookahs, &c. There are 131 Persian and Hindoo schools in Bareily, 300 seminaries, attended by about 3,000 pupils, and an established English college with 60 students; 11 persons teach Arabic, and 2 others medicine, and in the vicinity there are 9 Hindoo, and 13 Persian schools. In 1816 an alarming insurrection broke out in this city, occasioned by an attempt to impose a police tax, which was not quelled without much difficulty and bloodshed. The lands in the vicinity are but 8 feet above the waters of the Ramgunga, and are annually inundated. BARENTON, a town of France, dép. La Manche, cap. cant., 7 m. S. E. Morlaix. Pop. 3,047. BARFLEUR, a sea-port town of France, dép. La Manche, 16 m. E. Cherbourg. Pop. 1,158. Its harbour, which was once considerable, is now choked up with sand. BARGA, a town of Tuscany, cap. vicariat, near the Serchio, 16 m. N. Lucca. Pop. 1,800. There are fine jasper quarries in its environs. merce. BARGA, a town of the Sardinian States, div. Coni, 28 m. S.S.W. Turin. Pop. 3,700. It is situated at the foot of the Alps, near the left bank of the Grandon. It has a manufactory of arms, and a pretty active comThere are slate quarries in its vicinity. BARGEMONT, a town of France, dep. Var, 7 m. N.N.E. Draguignan. Pop. 1,944. It stands on a hill covered with vines and olives, and sheltered by mountains. Moreri, the original author of the famous historical and biographical dictionary (Le Grand Dictionnaire Historique), was born here in 1643. At his death the dictionary was comprised in 1 vol.; whereas, in consequence of successive enlargements, the last and best edition, in 1759, is in 10 vols. folio. Moreri can, therefore, be looked upon merely as the projector of the existing work. BARI (an. Barium), a sea-port and city of Naples, cap. prov. Terra di Bari, on the Adriatic, 50 m. N.N.W. Tarentum; lat. 41° 7′52′′ N., long. 16° 53′ 2" E. Pop. 19,000. It occupies a tongue of land of a triangular form, and is defended by double walls and a citadel. The views from the rampart above the harbour are extremely fine. Streets narrow, crooked, and filthy; houses mostly mean; water brackish and bad. Principal public buildings, cathedral, with a steeple 263 feet high; the old priory of St. Nicholas, founded in 1087, resorted to by thousands of pilgrims; the college, founded in 1817 for the education of nobles; the lyceum, the new theatre, and the vast building of the BARJOLS, a town of France, dep. Var, cap. cant., 12 m. N.N.W. Brignolles. Pop. 3,470. It has a filature of silk, with fabrics of paper and earthenware, distilleries, and tanneries. The subterranean chapel of the cidevant convent of the barefooted Carmelites has some very curious stalactites. BARKING, a town and par. of England, co. Essex, hund. Beacontra, on the Roding, 8 m. E. London. Pop. of the town, in 1821, 2,580; in 1831, 3,404: houses at the latter date, 652. Pop, of the entire par. in 1831, 8,036; houses, 1,587. The town is situated at the head of Barking Creek (as the the Roding, below the town, is usually called), where it widens and receives the tide of the Thames, 2 m. above its influx into that river. The Roding contracts much immediately above the town, but has been made navigable for small craft to Ilford. The church was formerly attached to the celebrated abbey, and has many curious monuments. The living is a vicarage, with two chapels (one at Ilford, the other at Epping Forest) annexed: it is in the patronage of All Souls' Coll., Oxford. There is a free school and market-house: a court is held by the lord of the manor every third week, where causes of trespass, and of debts under 40s., are tried. The inhabitants are chiefly fishermen, or engaged as bargemen, and market carriers to London, &c. The parish contains 10,170 acres, about 1,500 of which are occupied by the forest of Hainault, where is the famous Fairlop Oak, round which an annual fair is held on the first Friday in July. Another portion, called the Level, is so low that high tides are only kept out by an embankment; and it has been subject, in former times, to frequent inundations. The last serious one occurred in 1707, when 1,000 acres of rich land were lost, and a sandbank formed at the breach, 1 m. long, stretching half across the river. After an unsuccessful attempt by the proprietors, parliament took it up, as a national concern, and a fresh embankment was made, which cost 40,000. This has been since kept in repair under commissioners appointed for the purpose. The bank is from 8 to 14 ft. high, and has a pathway on its summit. Great quantities of vegetables are supplied, from this parish, to the London markets. Under the Poor Law Amendment Act, the whole parish is placed in the Romford union, and has eight guardians; its average rates are 4,8172. The abbey was one of the richest and most ancient in the kingdom; it was founded about 677, for nuns of the Benedictine order, and several of its abbesses were canonised. In 870 it was destroyed by the Danes, and in the 10th century rebuilt and restored to its former splendour by Edgar. Subsequent to the Conquest, its government was frequently assumed by the English queens. Its abbess was one of the four who held baronial rank, and lived in great state. At the general suppression, its annual rev. was, according to Speed, 1,0847. 6s. 21d. ; acccording to Dugdale, 8621. 12s. 34d. The abbess and 30 nuns were pensioned off. There is scarcely a trace left of the building. BAR-LE-DUC, or BAR-SUR-ORNAIN, a town of France, cap. dép. Meuse, on the Ornain, 128 m. E. Paris. Pop. 12,383. It stands partly on the summit and declivity, and partly at the foot, of a hill. Its castle, of which only the ruins now remain, was burnt down in 1649, and its fortifications were dismantled in 1670. The lower town, traversed by the Ornain, over which there are three stone bridges, is the best built, and is the seat of manufactures and trade. Among the public buildings are the hotel of the prefect, the town-house, college, and theatre. In one of the churches is the celebrated monument of René de Chalons, Prince of Orange, by Richier, |