are salt, coal, and iron. Salt is a royal monopoly, and produces a considerable revenue. According to Rau, the consumption is about 38,745 tons a year, the retail price being 6 fl. 9 ks., or 10s. per cwt. in the country; whereas about 4,200 tons are annually sold to Switzerland, at 2 fl. 29 ks., or about 4s. 6d. per cwt. There are a considerable number of iron-works and coal-mines in operation; but the quantities produced are comparatively inconsiderable, not being a tenth part of what they might easily amount to: they belong partly to the crown, and partly to private individuals. Black lead is obtained in some places; and small quantities of copper and quicksilver are also produced. There are an immense variety of marbles. The porcelain clay of Bavaria is probably the finest in Europe. Cattle, &c. The pastures of Bavaria are extensive, and generally good. According to Hoeck, the stock of cattle, horses, and sheep, in the different circles, in 1828, was as follows: This, however, would seem to be a most inadequate stock compared with the extent and capacities of the country. Generally speaking, too, the quality of the stock used to be very inferior. A good deal of improvement has, however, been effected in this respect within the last ten years by the establishment of veterinary schools, the institution of prizes, &c., and more than all, in so far at least as sheep are concerned, by the high price of wool of late years, and the advantages seen to accrue from the improvement of the breed, to the woolgrowers of Saxony, Silesia, and other German countries. Although, therefore, neither the stock of cattle, horses, nor sheep, be at present so extensive or good as in some of the contiguous countries, it is satisfactory to know that it is in a progressive state of improvement; and the extensive market that the accession of Bavaria to the German Customs' Union has opened to her products will most probably lead to new efforts for the improvement of this amongst other branches of industry. The stock of hogs is estimated at 870,000. Poultry and wild fowl are plentiful; and in the circles of Rezat and Upper Danube the peasantry carry on a profitable trade in honey. The wolves, that formerly infested the Bavarian forests, are now nearly extinct. 27 7 20 11 21 3 17 4 10 8 6 9 11 Whole kingdom • The hop-plant is cultivated to a considerable extent, particularly in the circles of Rezat and the Upper Danube: the quantity raised varies from 30,000 to 40,000 cwt. a year, of which about a half is exported. The culture of the vine is well understood in.Bavaria. The best vineyards are in the circles of the Lower Maine and the Rhine. The former produces the wines of Franconia, known by the names of the Maine, Were, Saale, and Tauber wines. The famous Steinwein and Liestenwein are produced on the banks of the Leiste, not far from Steinberg, in the mark of Würzburg. The best wines in the circle of the Rhine are those produced near Deidesheim, and Wachenheim. The average yearly produce is estimated at about 800.000 eimers. Hemp and flax are grown in some districts, but the supply is not sufficient for home consumption. Madder and liquorice are very extensively produced, and form considerable articles of export.. The culture of the potato has rapidly increased during late years, particularly in the N. provinces, and its produce is now estimated at above 11,280,000 scheffels. Beetroot is raised in considerable quantities, and there are several factories for its conversion into sugar. Tobacco is grown in considerable quantities in the circles of Rezat and Rhine. Silk has been raised of late years, but not to any great extent. Considerable portions of ground have been laid out in nurseries and flower-gardens, and large quantities of fruit are exported from the territories of Maine and the Rhine. According to Berghaus the average annual amount of the principal articles of agricultural produce in Bavaria, is 11,282,149 Madder Fodder Timber Potatoes 74,992 47,365 cetnr. 35,811,131 2,460,046 fathoms It has been estimated that 53 per cent, of the entire lands, 29 per cent. by forests, and that 18 per cent. is surface of the kingdom is occupied by tillage and pasture waste. But it is needless to say that these estimates are but little to be depended on; and that at best they are never more than rude approximations. Bavaria is mostly divided into very small properties. Rezat, and Upper Maine, there are 2,254,603 estates, In the circles of Isar, Regen, Lower and Upper Danube, possessed by 606,989 proprietors; but in the first three circles the land is not so much subdivided as in the others. The property possessed by the state amounts to about a sixth part of the entire value of the landed property of the kingdom. In consequence of this great subdivision of the land, there are but few hired farms and few hired labourers; where, however, the latter are hired, their wages may amount, at an average, to about 8d. a day, with provisions in harvest. In towns and the skill of the workman. Throughout Bavaria all wages vary from 8d. to 16d. a day, according to the trade sorts of field labour are performed indiscriminately by men and women. Agriculture.-The soil of Bavaria, where it is not covered by morasses or mountains, is generally good; and, in the plains and valleys it is deep, fertile, and capable of producing all kinds of crops. Owing to the ignorance and prejudices of the peasantry, agriculture is still, in most parts, in a very backward state, and large tracts of arable land continue uncultivated. It was recently, and probably still continues to be customary, in cases of sickness or disease among cattle, for the husbandman, instead of applying to a veterinary surgeon, or administering remedies, to drive them to the shrine of some saint! But, thanks to the spread of education, the confiscation and sale of the greater part of the church lands, and the introduction of a more liberal system of government, the prejudices of the people are rapidly relaxing; a great deal of waste land has been reclaimed; and an improved system of cultivation has been introduced into various districts, and is diffusing itself over the whole country. Government has zealously exerted itself to promote improvement, not merely by the reforms it has effected in the systems of administration and education, but by the drainage of extensive marshes, and by its efforts to improve the breed of sheep, &c. Agriculture is most improved in the valley of the Danube, the circles of Rezat, and of the Upper and Lower Maine. The plain lying to the S. of Munich has, on Manufactures are generally in a backward state, and manufacturing establishments mostly on a small scale. account of its productiveness, been styled the granary of The beer manufacture, and breweries, must, however, be Germany. Principal crops-rye, wheat, oats, and barley; Bavaria would certainly but rice, maize, and buckwheat, are also partially culti excepted from this remark. vated. No accurate estimate can be formed of the providual in the world," says Mr. Strang, "not excepting a "No indiappear to be the paradise of beer-drinkers. ductiveness of the crops, varying, as they must necessaLondon coal-heaver, drinks so much beer as a Bavarian. rily do, not only according to the quality of the soil, but I am credibly informed that the majority of the mechanics also according to the skill with which it is cultivated, and of Munich are rarely satisfied with less than 10 or 12 tankthe nature of the seasons.* But Englishmen who have been in Bavaria state, that under proper culture, the ards daily. There are two kinds of beer, the brown and produce of corn and turnips is equal to what it is in the the white: it is neither so strong nor so sweet as our Scotch ale, but its hop flavour is more delicate. It is not *It is stated in a very good article on Bavaria, in the Penny Cy: only a pleasant, but a very wholesome beverage; and clopedia, that the average produce of the Bavarian crops is about 5 from its universal use, you may easily believe that, with bushels an English acre! But a crop of this sort would do little more city where so much beer is brewed as in Munich. The the exception of the English metropolis, there is no establishment of Herr Pschorr, built like a citadel, almost rivals the works of our Meux's, and Barclay and Perkins'. In every corner of the city you find beerhouses; and when you see a Bavarian peasant not working, you are sure to find him with a can of beer in his hand.". (Germany in 1831, ii. 377.) According to Mr. Murray, the amount and quality of the annual brewing' is a subject of as earnest discussion among the Bavarians as the vintage or harvest in other countries ! We therefore need not be surprised to hear that it is estimated that there are in all about 5,500 breweries in the kingdom; that they consume annually from 750,000 to 800,000 quarters of malt; and that their produce amounts to about 90,000,000 gallons! If this estimate be at all accurate, it gives, supposing 20,000,000 gallons to be exported, an average supply of 17 gallons a year to every individual, young and old, male and female, in the kingdom; and as there is comparatively little beer drunk in the Rhine province, the consumption of Bavaria Proper will be really greater than it appears to be, even on the face of this statement! It may be supposed, perhaps, that this enormous consumption of beer must be injurious to the labouring population; but this does not seem to be the case. The desire to possess this luxury stimulates their industry; and notwithstanding their indulgence in it, they are well clothed and well fed; there is no appearance of abject poverty amongst them, and beggars are never seen. The other colonial products; spices and dye stuffs; cotton The Bavarian florin is equivalent to 21d. sterling; the eimer, or measure of wine, to 94 gallons; and the scheffel, or measure of corn, to 761 imp. quart. Next to beer, the staple products of manufacturing industry are coarse linens, woollens, cottons, leather, paper, glass, earthenware, jewellery, iron-ware, basket-permitted to reside in towns, the number and distri ware, and wooden articles. Coarse linens are manufactured to a considerable extent; but the supply of woollen stuffs, worsted hose, and cotton goods, is inadequate to the consumption. The leather manufacture is extensive and important, and leather is largely exported. There are above 130 paper-mills, about 50 glass-houses, 2,000 saw-mills, many establishments for the manufacture of wooden clocks, toys, &c., and of porcelain and earthenware. Ironware, especially nails and needles, is extensively manufactured, and the exports are considerable. The optical, mathematical, surgical, and musical instruments, made at Munich, are highly prized on the Continent, especially the telescopes of Frauenhofer, which are superior to those made anywhere else. There are also foundries for cannon, and manufactories of muskets and other small arms, &c.; and considerable quantities of jewellery are exported to most European markets. The principal manufacturing towns are Augsburg, Nuremberg, Furth, Schwabach, Hof, Bayreuth, &c. Commerce. The central situation of Bavaria renders her well suited for the transit and carrying trade, and to this Augsburg, Nuremberg, Ratisbon, and Spires, owed the greater part of their wealth and celebrity during the middle ages. But in modern times the means of profiting by the natural advantages of the country in this way have been comparatively neglected. Within these few years, however, they have begun to attract the attention they so justly deserve. Besides the great canal already alluded to, for uniting the Danube with the Rhine, a joint stock company established in 1838 a regular steam communication between Ratisbon and Linz, in Austria, which was extended in the present year (1839)|ple without capital shall be allowed without the previous to Donauwerth and Ulm. The first railroad with steam carriages introduced upon the Continent was that between Nuremberg and Furth, opened in 1835; but notwithstanding that the decided success of this undertaking called forth many similar projects in many parts of the kingdom, this line continues to be the only one of the kind. Bavaria has a great resource for commercial undertakings, in the credit enjoyed by the bankers of Augsburg, which is still one of the principal places of the Continent for the negotiation of bills. A banking company for the issue of notes, the discounting of bills of exchange, and the advance of loans on mortgage, has been established at Munich. Though sanctioned by government, the latter is not responsible for its engagements. The exports consist chiefly of corn, timber, wine, cattle, sheep, and hogs, butter, salt, iron, leather, glass, hops, fruit, beer, wool, optical and mathematical instruments, wooden toys, jewellery, maps, &c. Their value is estimated by Hohn at about 14,000,000 fl. (1,225,0007.) a year. According to the same authority, the quantities of the principal articles exported are at an average: Horned cattle 190,000 to 200,000 head Horses 12,000 13,000 Sheep Hogs Cheese and butter Wool Hops Dried Fruit Wheat Wine (value) Timber (value) 225,000 565,000 100,000 cwts. 22,000 33,000 200,000 grs. 1,250,000 . 2,500,000 Law as to Marriage, &c.-Considering the lengthened period of tranquillity that Bavaria has enjoyed, and the stimulus given to industry by the secularisation of the property of the monasteries, and the abolition of guilds and corporations, the progress of population has been slower than might have been expected. This slow progress would seem to be, in part at least, accounted for by the law which enacts, that "no marriage between peopermission of the poor institutions;" that is, of the principal persons in each provincial district elected to superintend the management of the poor, who are bound to refuse such permission, unless they see a reasonable prospect of the parties being able to provide for the children that may be expected to spring from the proposed union. To insure their vigilance, it is enacted, that the members of poor institutions neglecting to enforce this law "are to answer for the maintenance of the said families, should they not be able to maintain themselves." Undoubtedly, a law of this sort must tend powerfully to prevent improvident unions; and we are assured that it has retarded the increase of population, and had a most salutary effect in averting extreme poverty and consequent misery. (See Appendix F. to Poor Inquiry Returns, p. 22.) In Bavaria all destitute persons have a legal claim to relief; and no doubt it was the wish to prevent the abuse of this right that led to the institution of the above law. That it has been effectual to this end, is universally admitted; but different opinions are entertained as to its influence on public morals. We are not sure, however, that it can be successfully impeached on this ground. At Munich, indeed, half the births are illegitimate; but the residence of the court, and of a numerous garrison, and the great influx of strangers, seem sufficiently to account for this. In the country, we believe, the morals of the Bavarians are, in this respect, quite on a level with those of the other German states. The proportion of illegitimate to legitimate births is, however, very high, being as 1 to 4:4. Notwithstanding their immoderate consumption of beer, and in some degree also of spirits, the Bavarians The imports consist principally of sugar, coffee and are really sober and industrious; and though ignorance, superstition, and vice still prevail in some districts, they are fast disappearing, and the Bavarian character is most respectable. Character, &c.- The Bavarians, though all Germans, differ essentially in character, according to their descent from the different tribes of that people, and the different circumstances under which they have been placed. The inhab. of the Rhenish prov. are the most lively, active, gay, and enterprising. The Swabians are remarkable for a certain good-natured indolence, which has exposed them to much undeserved ridicule. The Franconians are diligent, intelligent, and steady, but vary in their social habits according to the influence which Protestantism has exercised upon the inhab. of the Upper Maine, or the dominion which the Catholic prelates of the empire have had upon their brethren in the fertile valley of the lower portion of that river. The population of the provs. S. of the Danube retain more characteristic peculiarities; and the Bavarians, though equally brave and well disposed with the rest, are heavier, more superstitious, and less active, though not less industrious. In the valleys of the Alps, the dress and manuers of the Bavarians and Swabians bear a great resemblance to those of the Tyrolese; and the climate inclines them to prefer pasture to arable husbandry. The women are here more in the fields, and partake more of the out-door labour of the men than is the case in the N. provs. They drive the cattle up to the hills in summer; and their robust health manifests itself in the zeal with which they join in the waltz, and in their peculiar manner of singing, called "Iodeln." The character of their songs is not unfrequently rather free; but the indispensable requisites of a favoured lover, according to the "Schnaderküpfel," are superior agility and skill as a sportsman and wrestler, which must be proved by the possession of sundry trophies of the chase, such as chamois beards or feathers of the rarer birds, which, when worn on his pointed hat, form a challenge to rival heroes, who not unfrequently attempt to wrest them from their owner by force, according to the laws of village chivalry. The wealth of the large towns on the navigable rivers in the middle ages, and the expensive habits which it produced, may yet be traced in the costumes of the wives and daughters of the burghers. The hood of rich gold lace, and the boddice ornamented with gold or silver chains, from which a number of medals hang, form the common dress of the richer portion of this class, and are ambitiously displayed by servants and the poorer tradespeople on Sundays and holidays. According to Hassel, the taxed houses in the kingdom amount to 652,000; but Rudhart computed them, in 1836, at 619,482. Of these, 484,000, and 447,000 buildings connected with them, were insured against fire in 1834, for 38,573,235 florins, The number of buildings of all descriptions amounted, in 1833, to 1,271,567; and the number insured against fire was 1,136,977; the estimated value of which was 551,026,798 florins. Constitution and Government.-According to the constitutional act promulgated in 1818, Bavaria is declared an integral part of the Germanic confederation; the domains of the state inalienable, and the crown hereditary. The executive power is in the hands of the king, whose person is inviolable. The legislature consists of two chambers; one of senators, and one of deputies. The former is composed of princes of the royal family, the great officers of state, the two archbishops, the barons, or heads of certain noble families, a bishop nominated by the king, the president of the Protestant consistory, and any other members whom the king may create hereditary peers or members for life; but the latter cannot exceed one third part of the hereditary senators. The lower house consists of a variable number of members, there being 1 deputy to every 7,000 families, or 35,000 persons. At its iast meeting it had 123 members, distributed in 5 classes: the first consisted of 14 representatives of knights, or proprietors possessed of territorial jurisdiction, and of all the rights of nobility: the second class consisted of 3 representatives of the universities; 1 for each: the third class consisted of 11 representatives of the Catholic, and 5 of the Protestant clergy: the fourth class comprised the representatives of cities and burghs; Munich sending 2, Augsburg 1, Nuremberg 1, and the others 26 in all and the fifth class consisted of 60 representatives of landed proprietors, without jurisdiction. The elections are very complicated, and far from popular. All candidates must be free and independent citizens; have completed their thirtieth year; be members of the Romish or Reformed church; and pay taxes on a property of 8,000 fl. (7007.) a year at least. Owing to the extreme sub-division of property in most districts, this last condition narrows the number of candidates extremely. The members are chosen every six years, unless the king choose to dissolve the chambers in the interim. They are generally convened once a year, and must be assembled at least once in three years. The session usually lasts two months, but it may be extended or ad. journed. In case of a dissolution, a new election must take place within three months. No taxes can be levied or augmented, and no law be passed or repealed, without the sanction of the legislature. But the accession of Bavaria to the Prussian customs' league is understood to have exempted the regulation of the customs, duties, and other indirect taxes from the control of the chambers. The king has also (in 1837) denied their right to inquire into the appropriation of grants; and the authority to be given to ordinances issued by the king is not well defined. The cabinet is composed of five members - the presidents of the departments of foreign affairs, justice, home affairs, finance, and the army. The ministers are not necessarily members of the chambers, but they have a right to be present at their deliberations. At the commencement of each session, they must lay before parliament an account of the appropriation of the public revenue; and the national debt cannot be increased without its consent. The privy council which is at the head of public affairs, consists of the king, certain princes of the royal family, the ministers of state, the field marshal, and six counsellors appointed by the king. The king has power to grant pardons and miti gate punishments, but in no case to stop the progress of a civil suit or criminal inquiry. The code Napoleon is in force in Rhenish Bavaria; but in other parts of the kingdom there is an extreme difference in the procedure as to civil matters; and a new, improved, and uniform code, is much wanted. The penal code, introduced in 1813, might be much improved both in its regulations and in the form of its procedure. There is a high court of appeal and cassation at Munich; and in each of the provs. an inferior tribunal, to which an appeal lies from the courts of primary jurisdiction in the towns, and the seignorial and cantonal courts of the country districts. A law has been passed providing for the purchase of the seignorial jurisdictions on paying an equivalent to their proprietors. Each of the eight circles into which Bavaria is divided is under the superintendence of two provincial boards; one for the management of the police, schools, &c. ; the other takes charge of all financial matters. Each circle is subdivided into districts, which have assemblies, whose duties are to decide all local questions respecting public burdens and district rates. According to the fundamental principles of the constitution, all citizens are eligible to the different offices of the state, without any regard to birth or rank in society; all are liable to personal service in the national defence; religious liberty and freedom of opinion are practically granted to all; and no one can be imprisoned or condemned but by the sentence of a judge. Personal slavery is also abolished, and all religious and charitable endowments are placed under the superintendence of the state. It may also be mentioned that every considerable provincial town has one or more journals; and the Augsburg Gazette has the most extensive circulation of all the German newspapers. But unhappily the real palladium of a free government-an unfettered press-is unknown in Bavaria; a rigid and jealous censorship is established; and political discussion, literature, and education feel its emasculating and destructive influence. The Religion. The classification of the inhabitants, in 1838, according to their religions gives, for the number, of the different sects-Roman Catholics very near 3,000,000, Lutherans about 1,250,000, the remainder being Calvinists, Jews, Moravians, Anabaptists, &c. small number of Calvinists is explained by the fact of the Calvinists of the Palatinate, where they were most numerous, having united with the Lutherans in 1818, so that they now form one religious community under the designation of "The Protestant, Evangelical, Christian Church." The Catholic is the religion of the court and the state; but the constitution guarantees the perfect equality of the three Christian confessions of Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists. According to the last concordat, Bavaria is divided into the two archbishoprics of Munich and Bamberg. and into six dioceses: Augsburg, Ratisbon, Passau, Würzburg, Eichstädt, and Spires. There are also 111 deaneries, and 2,756 cures of souls, belonging to the Romish church. The incomes of the clergy arise princi pally from estates and endowments. The Archbishop of Munich receives 20,000 florins (1,7007.), and the Archbishop of Bamberg, 15,000 florins (1,3547.). The bishops of Augsburgh, Ratisbon, and Würzburg, 10,000 florins (8751.) each; and those of Passau, Eichstadt, and Spires, 8,000 florins (7007.) each. The dean of Munich has 4,000; of Bamberg, 3,500; in the first set of bishoprics, 3,000; and in the second, 2,500 florins a year. The incomes of the canons vary from 1,400 to 2,000 florins. An annual grant of about 1,000,000 florins is made by the state, for the support of the inferior clergy. It is to be regretted that the present sovereign has allowed a very consider able numoer of convents and monasteries, which had given to him, deducting a quota for the expenses of the been wholly suppressed, to be re-established: luckily, establishment. The surplus thus preserved for the benefit however, they are deprived of the greater portion of the of the prisoners themselves, after the expenses of the wealth they once possessed. By the concordat above-establishment have been defrayed, usually amounts to mentioned, the right of nominating all the higher orders nearly 50,000 florins (4,3704.) per annum. Instances have of the clergy is ceded to the king. been known of persons at the expiry of their term of The highest ecclesiastical court among the Lutherans punishment receiving no less than 800 florins (70%.) upon is the general consistory at Munich; the president of leaving the prison. The number of persons confined in which has a seat in the chamber of senators; and they the prison is generally between 600 and 700. It is gratifyhave also consistories at Anspach, Bayreuth, and Spires. ing to learn that the system has produced the most satisThe Protestant church has 86 deaconships and 990 par. factory results. In but few cases are offenders committed In the Palatinate, which was left in possession of many a second time, and those who have been dismissed with the valuable privileges at the peace, the Protestant church largest sums have in no instance returned. Many of the is a completely organised hody with Presbyteries and young, who have been taught trades in the prison, have Synods as in Scotland. It will be seen from the sub-afterwards become respectable handicraftsmen and tradesjoined accounts that the support of the Protestant clergymen ; and crime is yearly on the decrease. The proporcosts the state above 295,000 florins (25,8127.) a year. tion of capital punishments in Bavaria is as 1 to 20,000 persons. Education. Of late years the Bavarian government has made the most praiseworthy efforts to diffuse know- Revenue and Expenditure. At the conclusion of the ledge among the mass of the people. The system pur- war in 1815 the financial affairs of Bavaria were in a very sued is similar to that of Prussia. A school has been embarrassed state; but through the judicious economy established in every parish, under the superintendence and measures of the sovereign and the legislature, they of the ministers and elders. Over these are the inspec- are now greatly improved. In 1819, the excess of the tors of district schools, who are subordinate to the cham-expenditure over the income was 2,007,800 florins; but bers of the interior, in the several provincial govern- in 1831-32, the revenue amounted to 29,217,009 florins, ments. The superintendence of all the educational while the expenditure was only 27,095,883 florins. The institutions in the kingdom is committed to a board gross annual revenue for the period, from 1831 to 1837, attached to the ministry of the interior, entitled, "The was fixed at 28,185,139 florins. The national debt Superior Board of Education and Ecclesiastical Affairs." amounts to about 130,000,000 florins. Attendance at school is imperative on all children who have not received permission to be instructed by private tutors. Bavaria has 1 lyceum, 25 gymnasiums, 34 grammar schools, 7 seminaries for the education of teachers, 31 local school commissions, and about 5,000 primary schools. There are 9 seminaries for educating Catholics for the ministry. Taxation. The direct taxes are levied as follows;For the land tax, estates are selected for valuation in every district by royal commissioners and tax assessors, named by the district itself. The estates thus chosen are supposed to represent the mean of the surrounding lands, and according to their produce the tax is levied. Land of all kinds is divided into classes, differing from each other, in their ascertained production, by about I bushel per acre, and one third being deducted for fallow, a rate called a simplum, of 1 kreutzer in the florin, or 13 per cent, is calculated on the remainder. Rents, rent charges, services, and tithes, are considered as part of the produce of the land, and the rate is apportioned between the holders of these charges and the cultivator of the land, who pays a smaller share, in proportion to the heaviness of his burdens. The value of houses is estimated according to existing contracts of rent: where no such contracts exist, the value of a house is found by rate at present levied on land and houses is 5 simpla, or 8 1-5th per cent, on the produce. The family, or rather capitation tax, is paid by the whole pop. in 12 classes. The first class embraces the widows of labourers living on their labour, who are rated at 10 kr., or about 4d., annually; labourers paying 8d.; the highest class pays 17. per annum. The industry tax is paid by every individual or company carrying on trade or manufactures, according to 5 classes, each with five subdivisions. The classes are fixed according to the number of inhab. in the place where the trade is carried on. The lowest rate is 1s. per ann. for common labour in villages; the highest is 15. per ann., paid by bankers, merchants, wholesale dealers, and innkeepers, in towns containing more than 2,000 families. The direct taxes are less heavy in Bavaria than in most of the other German states. For the indirect taxes we refer to the article GERMANY, in which the various customs' duties are treated of. Bavaria has three universities-those of Munich, Würzburg, and Erlangen: the two former are Roman Catholic, the latter Protestant. The university of Munich is attended by above 1,300 students, the others, respectively, by about 400 and 300 each. In 1828 a new and improved system of study was adopted in the Bavarian universities, and a number of injurious regulations were suppressed. Besides these seminaries, there are in Munich numerous literary associations: such as the Royal Institute; an academy of arts and sciences; another of the fine arts; an agricultural society; a military and veterinary school, &c.: and there are a number of lite-appraisement, in the same way as the land. The total rary and scientific institutions in Würzburg, Erlangen, Nuremberg, Ratisbon, Augsburg, &c. The National Library in Munich, formed chiefly of those belonging to the suppressed monastic establishments, contains 540,000 volumes, including an extensive collection of curious manuscripts, pamphlets, &c.; and the university library contains 160,000 volumes. In this city there is also an extensive Sunday school, in which there are upwards of 1,600 scholars, with 16 masters, who teach their pupils morals, the principles of physics, geography, natural history, chemistry, and geometry. The whole sum voted annually by the Bavarian legislature for the support of education is 767,811 florins (about 73,6007.). Munich, as is well known, has recently become a principal seat of the fine arts. Prison System. The system pursued in the prison of Munich is peculiarly worthy of attention. The principle of the establishment is that every one in prison shall support himself. Every prisoner, therefore, is obliged to work at his own trade; and those who have not learnt a trade are permitted to make choice of one, which is taught to them. Whatever the criminal earns by his labour more than is sufficient for his maintenance, is kept until the term of his imprisonment expires, and is then Receipts. The expenses of collection are heavy, amounting to about 26 per cent. on the gross revenue. The expenditure nearly corresponds with the income. Subjoined is an account, from the official returns, of the yearly revenue and expenditure of Bavaria, as fixed by the budget for 1837-43. Disbursements. Family and personal taxes 343,481 Foreign affairs 72,000 46,500 480,000 Justice Contribution for widows, &c. 53,418 1,158,944 756,460 Provincial administration 1,269,966 Indirect Taxes. Finances Customs 3,091,772 770,000 1,355,217 Lottery 1,380,569 Post and government undertakings 456,724 Domains, &c. 4,021,519 Sundry expenses 470,733 Accidental sums 145,628 Levied on the circles for special purposes Army and military pensions 4,538,030 6,794,976 689.435 Agriculture 531,440 Arrears from the former period 300,000 30.012,473 In addition to this, the county rates or special provincial disbursements amount to upwards of 4,500,000 fl. Army. The army consists of 16 regiments of infantry, in 2 battalions each, and 4 battalions of sharp-shooters, 29,983,827 making in all a force of about 43,000 men. The cavalry consists of 2 regiments of cuirassiers, and 6 of light cavalry, in 6 squadrons each; making a total of 8,750. The artillery corps consists of 2 regiments, in 2 battalions each, and 2 companies of sappers, 1 of miners, 1 of pontoon men, and l'of artificers; in all about 4,500. The full war complement of the Bavarian army is, therefore, about 57,000; but of these a large proportion is generally absent on furlough. The contingent which Bavaria furnishes to the Germanic confederation, has been fixed at 35,800 men. The army is raised by conscription; every male (the clergy and nobility only excepted) being liable to bear arms in defence of his country. The period of military service is limited to 6 years. Permission is given to serve by substitute, and certain exceptions are usually granted to students and persons indispensable to the maintenance of their families: a curious regulation, which, however, squares well with the law as to marriage already alluded to, provides that all individuals drawn for the military service shall neither marry nor obtain a settlement for a certain number of years. Besides the permanent army, there is a reserve destined to reinforce It. There is also the landwehr, or militia, composed of all Bavarians (excepting noblemen and clergymen), between the ages of 19 and 60, who have not been drafted into the army or into the reserve. In cases of emergency, they may be called upon to reinforce the army, but only in the interior. There is a corps of gens d'armes, composed of 9 companies, making in all about 1,700 men. The military establishment would seem to be disproportioned to the number of inhabitants and the means of the country; but we have not heard that it is complained of. In fact, not more than a third part of the troops are permanently embodied, the rest being disbanded after the drills in spring, return home to their families. The pay of a cavalry soldier is 10 kr., about 4d. a day, with rations; that of an infantry soldier is 9 kr., also with rations. The total cost of the war department amounts to about 7,000,000 fl. a year. Principal fortresses: Landau, circle of the Rhine; Passau, on the Danube; Würzburg, with the citadel of Marienberg; and Ingolstadt, at the confluence of the Schütter and the Danube. (Communication from Munich.) History. The earliest inhabitants of Bavaria of whom tradition has preserved any account were the Boii, a tribe of Celtic origin: from them its old Latin name Boiaria, and the German name Baiern, are derived. About the reign of Augustus it was subdued by the Romans, and formed part of what they termed Rhotia, Vindelicia, and Noricum. After the downfall of the Roman empire, the Bavarians fell under the dominion of the Ostrogoths and Franks, and after a protracted resistance, it acknowledged the sovereignty of Charlemagne. After the death of that monarch, the kings of the Franks and Germans governed Bavaria by their lieutenants, who bore the title of margrave, till 920, when the ruling margrave was raised to the title of duke. His successors continued to bear this title till 1623, when they were raised to the electoral dignity. In 1070 Bavaria passed into the possession of the family of the Guelphs, and in 1180 it was transferred by imperial grant to Otho, Count of Wittelsbach, whose descendants branched out into two families, the Palatine or Rodolphine, and the Bava. rian or Ludovician; the former inheriting the palatine of the Rhine, the latter the duchy of Bavaria. During the war of the Spanish succession, Bavaria suffered severely from following the adverse fortunes of France; but it received a great accession in 1777, when, upon the extinction of the younger line of Wittelsbach, the palatinate, after a short contest with Austria, was added to the Bavarian territory. During the late war with France, Bavaria, being long the firm ally of Napoleon, was rewarded with large accessions of territory from the spoils of Austria and Prussia; and the Bavarian monarch having contrived to change sides at a critical moment, when the fortunes of Napoleon were still doubtful, was confirmed in his extensive acquisitions by the treaties of 1814 and 1815; for though Austria recovered her ancient possessions in the Tyrol and the districts of the Inn and Hansruck, Bavaria received equivalents in Franconia and the vicinity of the Rhine. BAVAY (an. Bagacum), a town of France, dép. du Nord, cap. cant., 13 m. E. S. E. Valenciennes. Pop. 1,650. The streets are neat and clean; and it has fabrics of iron plates, agricultural implements, with tanneries, &c. This is a very ancient town, having been made the cap. of a prov. by Augustus, and destroyed by the Huns in 385. It was formerly surrounded by walls; and in the middle of the market-place is an obelisk with seven faces, indicating the direction of the Roman roads that terminated at this point. This obelisk is modern, but it replaces a Roman column, which is said to have existed in the 17th century. The remains of a circus and an aqueduct are still discoverable. (Hugo, art. Nord.) BAUD, a town of France, dép. Morbihan, cap. cant., 14 m. S. by W. Pontivy. Pop. 5,310. BAUGE', a town of France, dép. Maine et Loire, cap. arrond., on the Couanon, or Couernon, 23 m. E.N.E. Angers. Pop. 3,400. It is agreeably situated in a fine valley, and has some good houses, but it is built with the greatest irregularity. The bridge over the Couanon is new and handsome. It has a tribunal of original jurisdiction, a college, or high school, and manufactures of cloth and coarse linen. The English forces, under the Duke of Clarence, were totally defeated in the neighbourhood of this town in 1421, and the duke killed. Not far from Baugé is the village of Baugé-le-Vieil, with the ruins of an old castle that formerly belonged to the dukes of Anjou. BAULEAH, an inland town of Hindostan, prov. Bengal; on the N. side of the main trunk of the Ganges, 20 m. N.E. Moorshedabad. It is large, populous, has considerable trade, and is the seat of a commercial resident on the part of the E. 1. Company. BAUMANSHOHLE, a celebrated cavern in the duchy of Brunswick, near Blankenburg. It abounds with stalactites, and is interesting to the geologist from the variety of fossil bones found in it; among which are those of the great cave bear, now extinct. BAUMEEAN, or BAUMIAN, a town of Caubul, the Thebes of the E., country of the Hazanrehs, on the face of the Koh-i-Baba range of mountains; lat. 34° 34′ N., long. 68° 8' E., 56 m. W.N.W. Caubul. The valley, on one declivity of which it stands, contains many caves, dug in a soil of indurated clay and pebbles, and in which rings and relics, coins, &c., bearing Cufic inscriptions, are found; but Baumecan is chiefly celebrated for two gigantic male and female figures, cut in alto relievo, on the face of the mountain. The male figure is the largest, and about 120 ft. high; it is without much symmetry or elegance, and is considerably mutilated, the Mohammedans that pass that way always firing a shot or two at it. The lips are large, the ears long and pendant, and there appears to have been the resemblance of a tiara on the head; the body is covered by the remains of a mantle, which has been formed of a kind of plaster, and fixed on with wooden pins. The female figure is more perfect than the other, and has been dressed in the same manner; it is about half the size, and cut in the same hill, 200 yards from the former. The niches in which both are situated have been at one time plastered and ornamented with paintings of human figures, but these have nearly disappeared. These images are supposed to be Buddhic. Sir A. Burnes says the head of the large one is not unlike that of the great trifaced idol of Elephanta, and near the celebrated tope of Manikyala (Punjab) he found an antique exactly resembling this head. Another antiquary, from an inscription above the head of one of them, has believed them to have been cut about the 3d century of our æra, while the Sassanides filled the throne of Persia. They are not mentioned by any of the historians of Alexander the Great; but both the idols and excavations of Baumeean are referred to by those of Timour or Tamerlane. (Elphinstone's Caubul, Introd.; Burnes's Trav., ii. 157-162.; Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.) BAUME-LES-DAMES, a town of France, dép. Doubs, cap. arrond on the Doubs, 18 m. N.E. Besançon. Pop. 2,519. It is a handsome little town, finely situated in a basin formed by hills planted with vines; has a court of original jurisdiction, a college, and a small public library, with paper-mills and tanneries. It derives its name from a rich and celebrated convent for nuns, founded in it during the 5th century, and destroyed at the Revolution. BAUTZEN, a town of Saxony, cap. Upper Lusatia, on a height at the foot of which is the Spree, 33 m. E.N.E. Dresden; lat. 51° 10' N., long. 14° 30' E. Pop. 12,000. It is surrounded by walls, except one of its suburbs on the left of the Spree, and is well built, with straight, broad, and well-paved streets. Its cathedral, founded in 1213, is appropriated partly to Catholics and partly to Protestants: there are four other churches. The Ortenburg, formerly a royal palace, is now used for public offices; it has also a fine town-hall, a landhäuser or house of assembly for the states, an orphan asylum, and four other hospitals, a house of correction, theatre, &c., with a gymnasium, a catholic chapter-house, a normal school, a mechanics' school, and other establishments for the purpose of education, and two public libraries. There are considerable manufactures of woollen, linen, and cotton stuffs, tobacco, wax, paper, &c.; a brass work, with breweries and distilleries, tanneries, &c. The town is the centre of a considerable commerce, particularly in woollen and linen articles. Near Bautzen, on the 21st and 22d May, 1813, was fought the battle which bears its name, between the French army under Napoleon, and the army of the allies. The French were victorious; the carnage on both sides was great, and the allies effected their retreat in good order. Duroc, the intimate friend of Napoleon, was killed by his side in this engagement. About 7 m. E. by S. from Bautzen, is Hochkirch, the scene of one of the great battles of the seven-years' war. BAUX, a small town of France, dép. Bouches du |