here on the 17th December, 1770. (Cellarii, Notit. Orbis Antiqui, i. p. 330.; Schreiber, &c.) BONNAT, a town of France, dép. Creuse, cap. cant., on a hill not far from the little Creuse. Pop. 2,738. It is distinguished by the old castle of Beauvais. BONNET-LE-CHATEAU (ST.), a town of France, dép. Loire, cap. cant., 17 m. S. Montbrison. Pop. 2,156. This is a place of great antiquity; it is situated on a Roman road, constructed by Agrippa, and occupies a picturesque position on the summit of a hill, surmounted by a fortress, said to be of the age of the Romans. Part of the ancient walls and towers, by which the town was formerly surrounded, still exist. It has a handsome Gothic church. Locks of various sorts are made here, and some lace; and the place has a considerable trade in timber, forwarded to the building-yards at St. Rambert. (Hugo, art. Loire.) BONNETABLE, a town of France, dép. Sarthe, cap. cant., on the Dive, 16 m. N.E.Mans. Pop. 5,746. It has a castle, constructed in the 15th century. The inhabitants are principally engaged in the cotton manufacture. BONNEVAL, a town of France, dép. Eure et Loir, cap. cant., on the Loire, in a fertile valley, 19 m. S.S. W. Chartres. Pop. 2,560. Streets broad and well laid out. It was formerly fortified, and had an abbey. The church is surmounted by a very high steeple. It has a cotton mill, with manufactures of calicoes, carpets, coverlets, &c., and some considerable tanneries. BONNORVA, a town of Sardinia, dioc. Sassari, 18 m. E.N.E. Bosa, in a healthy situation, on the declivity of a mountain. Pop. 4,000. It has two convents, one of them for Jesuits. A haras, or dépôt d'étalons, was established here in 1803. (Smyth's Sardinia, p. 330., and Dict. Geog.) BOODROOM, or BODRUN, a sea-port town of Asiatic Turkey, in Natolia, coast of the Archipelago, opposite the island of Cos, 100 m. S. Smyrna; lat. 37° 1' 21" N., long. 27° 25′ 18′′ E. Pop. 11,000. ? It is beautifully and conveniently situated on a rising ground, at the bottom of a deep bay, commanding a view of the island of Cos, and the southern shore of the Ceraunic gulph, as far as Cape Krio. It has a small but wellsheltered harbour, with from two to three fathoms water, resorted to by Turkish cruisers, and having generally a ship of war on the stocks. In the bay outside the harbour there are from 10 to 20 fathoms. Houses of stone, and irregularly scattered along the shore of the bay, being interspersed with gardens, tombs, and cultivated fields. Streets narrow and dirty, and the bazars wretched. The castle or fortress, situated on a projecting rock on the E. side the harbour, was built by the Knights of Rhodes in 1402: it is still in tolerably good repair, and mounts 50 pieces of cannon. The serai, or palace of the moosellim or governor, and some small mosques, stand along the western margin of the harbour. It is supposed that Boodroom occupies the site of the ancient Halicarnassus, the country of Herodotus, and of Dionysius the historian. Above the town are the remains of a theatre, 280 ft. in diameter, and which seems to have had 36 rows of marble seats. Old walls, exquisite sculptures, fragments of columns, and other relics, evincing its ancient splendour and importance, abound in the town and its vicinity. (Beaufort's Karamania, p. 95.; Turner's Tour in the Levant.) BOONDEE (BUNDI), a rajahship of Hindostan, prov. Rajpootana, distr. Haraotee, under protection of the British; area (Sutherland), 2,291 sq. m. It was formerly much more extensive, but Kotah and its territory have been separated from it: in 1817 more than half the revenues were usurped by Scindia and Holkar, and the peasantry, impoverished by endless exactions; but in 1818 the rajah received a considerable accession of dominion, and the town of Patun, from the hands of the British. Although small, this state is important, as it contains the principal passes from the S. into Upper Hindostan. The natives are of the Hara tribe, which has produced many celebrated men, and amongst others one of Aurungzebe's best generals. BOONDEE, a town of Hindostan, prov. Rajpootana, cap. of the above rajahship, and residence of its sov., on the S. declivity of a long range of hills, 90 m. S.E. Ajmeer, 200 m. S.W. Agra; lat. 25° 28′ N., long. 75° 30 E. It is divided into New and Old Boondee: the former is surrounded by a high stone wall, which extends up the acclivity to some fortifications which crown the hill; the houses are mostly of stone, and two stories high. The palace is half way up the hill, and is a very striking stone edifice, supported partly by a perpendicular rock 400 feet high, but principally by solid piers of masonry. This city is also rendered picturesque by its numerous temples, magnificent fountains, and spacious main street opening to the palace, at the lower extremity of which stands a great temple, dedicated to Krishna, with many groups in bas-relief, and other sculptures. Old Boondee is W. of the former, covers a considerable surface, and contains some fine fountains and pagodas, but is in a state of general decay. The passes N. of Boondee are strongly defended, and abound in natural beauties, in royal and religious edifices, and other works. (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz. i. 268, 269.; Mod. Trav. x. 82.) BOORHANPOOR (Barhanpura), a town of the Deccan India, prov. Candeish, of which it was the ancient cap., in the dom. of Scindia; built in a plain, on the N.W. bank of the Tuptee, 135 m. S.S.E. Oojein, and 215 m. E. Surat; lat. 21° 19′ N., long, 76° 18' E. This is one of the largest and best built cities in the Deccan, though, as a whole, devoid of architectural beauty. Most of the houses are of brick, many 3 stories high, with neat façades, framed in wood, as at Oojein, and universally roofed with tiles; but the fort and palace of its ancient sovereigns, and many Mohammedan mosques, chapels, and tombs, are heaps of ruins. Some of the streets are wide, regular, and paved with stone; and there is a square of considerable extent: the finest building is a mosque, called Jumma Musjud, a pile of grey-stone, with a handsome façade, and octagonal minarets, but destitute of a cupola, the usual appendage to Mohammedan structures. The Tuptee is a clear and beautiful stream, but here of no great breadth, and easily fordable in the dry season. Boorhanpoor is supplied with water by aqueducts, which bring it a distance of 4 m., and distribute it through every street below the pavement, whence it is drawn up by leathern buckets. 500 of the best houses, are occupied by Bokrahs, a Mohammedan sect, who are the great merchants in this part of Hindostan, wear the Arabian costume, and call themselves Arabs by descent. This city was conquered by the Mahrattas in 1760, since which it has progressively decayed. It was captured by the British in 1803, but afterwards restored to Scindia. The grapes grown in its vicinity are said to be the best in India. (Hamilton, i. 269, 270.) BOORO, an isl. of the E. Archipelago, 4th divis. (Crawfurd), between lat. 3° and 4° S., and long. 126° and 127° E., 50 m. W. Ceram; length, E. to W., 75 m., breadth 38 m. Rice, sago, a profusion of aromatic and other woods, tropical fruits, and the best cajeput oil, are found here; the interior is peopled by Horafooras, who subsist on sago and the chase. Some of the other inhabitants are Mohammedans. Chinese junks and S. Sea whalers visit it, and the Dutch have a settlement on the island. BOOROOGIRD, a town of Persia, prov. Irak-Kermanshaw, cap. governt. in a fine and fruitful valley, 190 m. N.W. Ispahan. Pop. 12,000 (Kinneir). It has a fine castle and several mosques. The town and dist. attached to it belong to the tribe of Lack, who do not wander far from the spots to which they are partial, but settle in villages, and employ themselves in the improve ment of their estates. BOOTAN, or BHOTAN, an indep. state of N. Hindostan, between lat. 26° 30′ and 280 30′ N., and long. 88° 30′ and 94° E., having N. the Himalaya, which divides it from Tibet; E. and S. Assam and Bengal; and W. the river Teesta, which separates it from Sikkim : length, E. to W., about 350 m., by from 90 to 100 in width; but its limits would greatly exceed this estimate were it described as comprising all the country immediately adjoining the Himalaya, on both sides, from Cashmere to China, which is termed by the Hindoos Bhote, and its inhabitants Bhotyas. Assuming it to nclude the districts now referred to, its area has been estimated at about 64,500 sq. m., and its pop. at 1,500,000. The external appearance of Bootan is the very reverse of that of Tibet, which is a level table-land, whereas it is almost entirely mountainous or hilly. Mountains. Its N. portion, which is the S. declivity of the Himalaya, constitutes an almost impassable frontier, consisting of lofty mountains, either covered with snow, or black and destitute of all verdure excepting towards their base, where short and scanty herbage, a few bushes of holly, and occasionally a stunted pine, are all the signs of vegetation existing in this region. About 10 m. from this boundary the aspect of the country changes, becoming, although still bold and lofty, more picturesque and smiling: the hills are cultivated to a considerable height, or covered with verdure often to their summits, having on their slopes luxuriant forests. The valleys are mere wedge-shaped intervals, or watercourses, between the hills, and their vegetation is similar to that of the temperate parts of Europe. The country continues of this character for about 50 m. from N. to S., gradually becoming less striking in its features as it approaches the terriano, which divides it from Benga!. This is a tract of marsh-land, 25 m. in width, and covered with jungle, being the only plain belonging to Bootan : its climate is most pestilential. The principal river is the Tchinchien, which intersects the country N. to S., passing through the valley of Tassisudon, receiving the waters of the Patchien and Hatchien, and after a turbulent course of about 150 m., during which it forms several cataracts, and rushes over vast masses of rock, falls into the Brahmaputra, a few miles below Rangamatty, where it is called the Gadawhar, There are several rivers of less consideration, supposed tributaries of the Brahmaputra; but the violence of their course prevents the simplest form of navigation being practicable. The primary rocks in the mountains are chiefly granito and an imperfect quartz, having the appearance of marble, but employed in the manufacture of a species of porcelain; good limestone is abundant, but not used either for agricultural or other purposes. It is conjectured that the mountain ranges contain much mineral wealth, but they remain almost wholly unexplored. Iron and copper are the only metals hitherto discovered, and the former alone is applied to any purpose by the natives. The climate exhibits every variety, according to elevation, and summer heats and winter cold are severally felt in places within sight of each other. In the mountainous regions it is not unhealthy, and resembles the climate of the S. of Europe, not being subjected either to the burning suns or periodical rains of Bengal. Snow prevails during a great part of the winter, except in some few districts; showers are frequent in summer, and in consequence of the exhalations arising from the numerous springs and cataracts, a certain humidity pervades the atmosphere, even at this season. Panukka, although but a few miles distant from Tassisudon, has a climate so much milder than the latter, that it has been chosen as the winter residence of the sovereign. The mountain forests abound with beech, ash, maple, birch, yew, pine, fir, cypress, &c., but contain no oaks. Numerous fruits common to Europe flourish; as apples (though of an inferior quality), pears, apricots, peaches, walnuts, melons, mulberries, strawberries, raspberries (the two latter fruits growing wild), oranges, and pomegranates, which are excellent. In the colder districts, the cinnamon-tree, and a species of rhubarb, are found. display industry and care. Rice, wheat, barley, and a species of triangular seed bearing an affinity to the polygonum of Linnæus, are the chief agricultural pro. ducts. The valley of Tassisudon, and some of the lands skirting the river, yield two crops annually; the ground on the slopes of the hills is levelled by cutting it into shelves, to enable it to be irrigated by the mountain streams. The most laborious offices of husbandry fall to the lot of the females. Notwithstanding the climate affords great advantages for the production of culinary vegetables, the turnip is the only one cultivated with much success; cucumbers, shallots, melons, &c., are grown; but potatoes have failed, and are now totally neglected. The trade with the surrounding countries is a monopoly in the hands of the government. Coarse woollen cloths, horses, wax, ivory, gold-dust, silver ingots, musk, the various fruits of Bootan, and Chinese manufactures, form the chief articles of export to Bengal; and the same articles, with the addition of rock salt, leather, tobacco, paper, rice, &c., to Tibet. An annual caravan is sent by the deb-rajah into the Bengal presid., which returns laden with indigo (composing half the cargo), English woollens, linen cloths, cottons, sandal-wood, spices, assafoetida, sheet-copper, tin, gunpowder, otterskins, horns, hides, &c., the whole usually amounting in value to about 30,000 rupees. A small traffic with the E. division of the Rungpoor district is also maintained. A base silver coin, worth about 10d., struck in Cooch Bahar, is current throughout Bootan, where there is no mint. Manufactures. The principal is paper, made from the bark of a tree, from which material a kind of silk and satin is also made. Paro is the only market in Bootan, and here are manufactured idols, swords, daggers, and the barbs of arrows; the latter are dipped in a poison procured from a tree unknown to Europeans, which, however, seldom proves mortal. Religion. Buddhism, of the Lama sect, is the prevalent religion; but a difference of opinion exists on certain points, one sect permitting the use of food conever, of a diplomatic or other character, is allowed to interfere during the period of the celebration of sacred rites: there are many similarities in religious customs here with those of Tibet. The marshes of the S. abound with elephants, rhinoceroses, tigers, buffaloes, and other formidable wild animals; but, excepting in these parts, they are not abun-sidered impure by the Brahmins. No interruption whatdant. Captain Turner speaks only of a kind of monkey, which inhabits its vicinity, and the yaik, or grunting ox, which is found among the mountains of the N. boundary, but descends into the lower country for pasture during the winter months. The Tangun horse, a species peculiar to Bootan, about 13 hands high, well-formed, shortbodied, clean-limbed, deep in the chest, extremely active, and well-suited to mountainous countries, is an object of considerable traffic with Bengal. These have a tendency to become piebald; those of one colour amongst them, although rare, and less valued by the natives, are much more esteemed by the British merchants. Government.The sovereign power, though vested in the hands of the dharma-rajah, who is regarded as possessing divine attributes, is exercised only by the debrajah, who resides at Tassisudon. The several passes into the country are under the jurisdiction of officers called subahs, who usually inhabit the fortresses of their peculiar districts, except in winter, when they visit the lower country, to escape from the rigour of the season, and for the purpose of establishing their authority, which is uncertain in its extent. The interior and S. parts of the country are divided into different domains, each controlled by a resident functionary, whose duty consists in the exaction of the gov. dues, and general administration of his distr. The most subordinate of the public officers are called mookees, which situation, however, affords an opportunity for considerable preferment. The revenues of the rajah are paid mostly in articles of produce and merchandise. Tassisudon, Wandipoor, Tamnukka, Ghassa, and Murichom, are the chief towns; but, with the exception of the first two, they are no better than small villages. History. Of this country, called by the ancient Brahmins Madra, no early record has been transmitted, nor was public attention much directed towards it until the deb-rajah's invasion of the neighbouring territory of Cooch Bahar, in 1772, which the British government opposed; but, through the intervention of the lama of Tibet, a peace was effected; the disputed district being awarded to the Bootanese. People.The Booteas have been already noticed (see p. 192.) In physical formation they differ greatly from the Bengalese, being hardy, robust, strong, and occasionally, in the mountain districts, attaining a height of more than 6 ft. Their skins are smooth, and often not darker than those of the inhab. of the S. of Europe; faces broad, and cheek-bones high, from which point the face rapidly narrows downwards; the eye is small and black, with long pointed corners, looking as if extended in width by artificial means; they have scarcely any eye-lashes, beard, or whiskers. They are often greatly afflicted with goitre, especially those who live near rivers subject to inundation. Though not deficient in courage, they are peaceably inclined and inexpert in the arts of war: the bow and arrow (in the use of which they are skilful), sword, and falchion, are their chief weapons. No military discipline whatever is maintained, and ambush is more frequently resorted to than open conflict. They dress in woollen cloth; use animal food and spirits. Tea is the usual beverage, but so prepared as to suit few palates but their own. Their dwellings seldom exceed one story in height; the palace of the rajah, at Tas- It is extremely difficult, and in some parts impossible, sisudon, consists of several, and is magnificent, as com- to determine the exact boundary of the country; a regupared with the other edifices. Much ingenuity is dis- lar system of encroachment on the surrounding states played in the construction of their bridges, which are having been long practised by the Bootanese, who have composed either of timber or chains of iron: there is one at different periods appropriated to themselves considerof the latter kind across the Tchinchien, at Chuka, de-able possessions belonging to Bengal and Assam. Great serving of admiration; the founder of which is unknown. alarm was created in 1816 by a supposed threatened inTheir aqueducts are formed of the trunks of trees hollowed vasion of the Chinese, who had entered Nepaul; and the for the purpose. Both polygamy and polyandry are in deb-rajah was excited by his fears to declare himself practice; marriage is not ratified by any religious form, amicably towards the British, in the hope of gaining and it frequently happens that one female becomes the assistance, if required. A treaty was concluded in 1775, joint property of several members of a family; the dead for carrying on the traffic of the E. I. Company with are burnt, and their ashes plunged into a river, on which Tibet, through Bootan, by means of the native meroccasion certain ceremonies are performed by the Gylongs, chants, no other mode of communication being allowed. a numerous sect of recluses, who apply themselves ex- (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz. i. 270-276.; Turner's Emclusively to administering the duties of religion. There bassy to Tibet, passim.) are two annual festivals; one in the spring, called the hooli, consisting of different sports, in which those of all ranks, sex, and age, mix with unrestrained freedom; and an autumnal festival, called mullaum, embracing a multitude of Hindoo allegories. Agriculture. In the culture of the land the natives BOOTON, an isl. of the E. Archipelago, 2d division; lying off the S.E. extremity of Celebes; length, N. to S., 85 m.; average breadth about 20 m.; between lat. 4° and 60 S., long. 1230 E. It is high and woody, but well cultivated, yielding rice, maize, an abundance of tropical fruits, poultry, &c. The Dutch had formerly a settle tempest in 1768. On its summit is now a telegraph, ment here, and sent an officer annually to destroy all the BORDEAUX, or BOURDEAUX (an. Burdigala), an important commercial city and sea-port of France; cap. dep. Gironde, in the centre of an extensive plain, on the left or W. bank of the Garonne, 55 m. S.E. from its embouchure, 102 m. N.N.E. Bayonne, and 307 m. S. W. Paris; lat. 44° 50′ 25′′ N., long. 0° 33′ 35′ W. Pop. (ex com.) 95,114. The Garonne here describes a semicircle, along the outer side of which the city extends for about 2 m., with a breadth of about 1 m. in its greatest diameter. The city is divided into the old and new quarters: the former, or southern portion, which includes the ancient Roman town, contains only narrow, crooked, and dirty streets, with ill-built stone houses; while the latter, comprising the N. part of the city, has mostly risen up since 1743, when the Intendant M. de Tourny commenced his enlightened administration. It is extremely handsome, and deservedly celebrated. The Rue du Chapeau Rouge, which, with its continuations, divides the city into two nearly equal parts, is, in breadth, length, and appearance, not dissimilar to Portland Place, and has many elegant shops, and some noble edifices, as the Bourse, and Grand Theatre. The Allées and Cours de Tourny, the Cours du Jardin Public, the Cours d'Albret, and several other streets; and the Places, or squares, entitled Louis Philippe ler, Royale, Dauphine, &c., may be particularised for their beauty or size. The Faubourg des Chartrions, which contains the Jardin Public, was spoken of as perhaps the finest suburb in Europe, till the extension of building made it part of the city. The approach to Bordeaux by water is very striking. The river, in its narrowest part, opposite the Place Royale, is 720 yards across, with a depth of 16 ft. at low, and nearly 5 fathoms at high water; the length of the port, from one end to the other of the city, is reckoned at upwards of a league; it is capable of accommodating 1,200 ships; and such as do not exceed 500 or 600 tons may enter it at all times of the tide. The Garonne is skirted along the city by a succession of superb quays, which descend, by a gentle inclination, to the water's edge, and, besides their utility, are amongst the principal ornaments of the town, being lined with handsome buildings, whose façades have an imposing effect. "On viewing," says Mr. Inglis, "this magnificent crescent from any opposite point from which the eye may embrace its whole extent, one cannot hesitate in ascribing to it a decided superiority over any coupd'ail presented to us either in the French or the English metropolis." (Switzerland, &c. p. 315.) On the opposite side of the river there is only the small suburb of La Bastide. The communication between the city and its suburb is maintained by the famous bridge of Bordeaux, one of the noblest structures of the kind that is any where to be met with. It is 5324 yards in length (ortioned by Ausonius (Claræ Urbes, xiv. B.), 1204 yards longer than Waterloo Bridge), by 48 ft. broad; has 17 arches, the piers being of stone, and the upper parts partly of stone and partly of brick. It was commenced in 1810, and completed in 1821, at a cost of 260,000. Owing to the depth and strength of the current, it was a most laborious undertaking. The road to Paris passes over this bridge. The public buildings most worthy of notice are the cathedral, the churches of St. Michel, St. Croix, St. Seurin, Paul, Bruno, and others; the Bourse (Exchange), Custom Ho., Grand Theatre, Hall of Justice, Palais Royal, Fort de Ha, synagogue, public baths, &c. The cathedral is a fine, but unfinished, Gothic edifice, commenced, according to Hugo, in the 11th, and continued, by several different architects, in that and the succeeding centuries, from which circumstance, although beautiful in parts, it wants harmony and regularity. It is 413 ft. in length; the height of its nave is 85 ft.; that arm of the cross in which its grand entrance is placed is adorned with two spires, each nearly 160 ft. in height. At a short distance from it stands the ancient belfry, formerly nearly 320 ft. high; but having been much dilapidated during the Revolution, it is now reduced to little more than 100 ft. high, and serves as a shot tower. The church of St. Michel, built in the 12th century, is in a more perfect architectural style than the cathedral; but, like other churches in Bordeaux, it is dark and gloomy. It also has an isolated belfry, which was 320 ft. high until mutilated, and in part destroyed, by a Bordeaux was for a long period fortified; but the new streets planned by M. de Tourny for the most part occupy the sites of the former works: the Fort de Ha, constructed by Charles VII., is now converted into the prison: the Château Trompette, built by the same sovereign in 1453, was demolished in 1817; and its site, which now forms the Place Louis Philippe, laid out as a promenade, and planted with trees. There are some remains of antiquity in Bordeaux: the principal is what is called the " Palace of Gallienus," a vast amphitheatre of brick and stone, believed to have been erected about A.D. 260, but now much dilapidated. It stands in the N. half of the city, about m. from the ancient Roman town. It appears to have been of an elliptic form, 144 yds. long, by nearly 115 yds. wide, and capable of accommodating 15,000 spectators; it suffered greatly during the revolutionary phrenzy in 1792 (when the Palais d'Ombrière, or Castrum Umbrariæ, another Roman edifice, was also, for the most part, destroyed); but its two principal entrances, 284 ft. high, by 19 1-6th ft. wide, and a part of its circumference, are still nearly perfect. Most other relics of the Roman dominion have disappeared. The Temple of Tutelle, supposed to have been dedicated to the tutelary divinity of the place, and to have been erected early in the first century, was 88 ft. in length on each side, and contained 24 enormous columns, 17 of which were standing towards the end of the 17th century. It was much mutilated in 1649, and totally demolished under Louis XIV., in 1677, to make room for the glacis, constructed by Vauban, round the Château Trompette. No trace is found of the Temple of Diana and Fountain of Divona; and the stream Divitia, now La Devise, men Per mediumque urbis fontani fluminis alveum: instead of supporting fleets, is now arched over, and no Bordeaux has many structures, &c. devoted to trade, arts, and manufactures. There are several buildingdocks, in which brigs, frigates, &c., and even ships of the line are constructed, though not so many of either as formerly. The Abattoir Général (slaughterhouse), commenced in 1827, is, like the Entrepôt for Colonial Produce near it, a large building well adapted for its purpose. There is a very extensive snuff manufactory near the Fort de Ha, employing from 400 to 500 hands, and containing a warehouse capable of holding 30,130 cwt. of tobacco. There are numerous brandy distilleries, sugar re. fineries, vinegar, glass-bottle, shot, and cordage factories, iron and steel forges, potteries, and tanneries, with manufactures of cottons, woollens, kid gloves, bonnets, corks, playing-cards, liqueurs, musical instruments, barrels, turpentine and other drugs, soda, alum, vitriol, mineral waters and other chemical preparations; and in the neighbourhood of Bordeaux some gunpowder fabrics. The trade of the port is considerable in the produce of these manufactures, and in grain, cattle, and timber; but the chief articles of export are the famous red wines of the Gironde and brandy. A large portion of the inhab, of the Quartier de Chartrons are wine merchants, and a great part also of that quarter is occupied with cellars, some of which are capable of containing 1,000 tuns of wine. The exports of wine from Bordeaux amount at present to from 50,000 to 60,000 tuns a year, and would doubtless be much greater were it not for the heavy duties imposed on most foreign articles. The trade of the port has also suffered severely from the depressed state of the French colonies, owing to the preference given to the growers of beet-root sugar. Besides wines and brandies, which are furnished to every country with which Bordeaux has any trade, the chief exports are liqueurs, walnuts, chestnuts, dried fruits, vinegar, tartar, skins, flour, cork, and various drugs to England. Spirit of wine, tartar, molasses, and colonial produce to the N. of Europe; fruits, verdigris, and a few manufactured articles to the U. States; to Spanish America and the W. India colonies of France, French manufactures, furniture, cattle, and flour; to the S. Seas, the E. Indies, and China, all sorts of manufactures, furniture, silver, &c. Bordeaux is the chief port of Southern France for colonial produce; it receives from America, India, and Africa, coffee, sugar, pepper, cigars, canella bark, indigo, quinquina, tea, rice, cocoa, skins, dye-woods, &c.; iron, lead, and other metals are imported, especially from England; fish, glue, and tallow from Russia; timber from the Baltic; metals, oil, liquorice, saffron, &c. from Spain; zine and steel from Germany; cheese and stock-fish from Holland; linens from England, and the two last-named countries, &c. In 1836, 3535 vessels, including their repeated voyages, arrived at Bordeaux; of which 688 were from foreign ports, and 2,867 from French ports. Of the foreign vesseis entering the port, 94 were English. There belonged to the city, on the 1st of January, 1837, 357 vessels, of the burden of 66,355 tons: of these 230 vessels, of the burden of 57,500 tons, were employed in foreign trade, and the others in coasting trade and river navigation. The trade with the interior, is greatly facilitated by the Canal du Midi (See FRANCE.) The custom duties at Bordeaux, in 1831, amounted to 550,4781. Bordeaux possesses several charitable institutions. "The New Hospital, erected to replace that of St. André (built in 1390), is," says Mr. Inglis, " upon a scale of magnificence and comfort beyond what is to be found in any other town in Europe. I dedicated the second of my days at Bordeaux to a visit to this hospital, and was equally surprised at its extent, and delighted with the admirable arrangements that pervade every part of it. There is nothing that this hospital does not contain. It includes 710 beds for sick persons, and 18 chambers for the accommodation of persons who pay for the attentions they receive. It contains baths, bakehouses, courts, an apothecary's shop, water-reservoirs, gardens, and accommodation for medical men. There are also in the hospital 34 reservoirs for water, as a provision against fire, containing 1,410 hhds. I need scarcely add, that, in the cleanliness of every department, the hospital is perfect; and that in the smallest minutiæ, every thing is found that can contribute either to health or to comfort. The Bordelais are justly proud of this noble institution." (Switzerland, &c., p. 318.) There are, also, hospitals for aliens, foundlings, the aged, insane, &c., bureaux de charité, a depó: de mendicité, and other similar establishments. There are two buildings near the river, each 36 yards square, devoted to public baths; their exterior is crowned with an agreeable terrace, and the interior of both is fitted up with all the various kinds of baths, medicinal and otherwise. The vineyard of the former monastery of the Carthusians is now converted into a public cemetery: there are three others in Bordeaux, two belonging to the Protestants, and one to the Jews. a mont-de-piété, in Bordeaux. Since 1825, this city has been lighted with gas. The inhabitants are generally opulent, and live in a style superior to that common in any other French city, Paris excepted. The jurisdiction or the royal court of Bordeaux extends over the déps. Gironde, Charente, and Dordogne; its archbishopric, which originated in the third century, has for suffragans the bishops of Agen, Angouleme, Poictiers, Perigueux, La Rochelle, and Luçon. Bordeaux sends 4 deputies to the chamber, 3 for the city, and 1 for the arrondissement. History, &c.-The epocn of the foundation of Bordeaux is unknown. It was the capital of the Bituriges Vivisci, a Celtic nation of Gaul, and a celebrated commercial city in the time of Strabo. It was taken by the Romans in the reign of Augustus; and Hadrian made it the metropo is of the second Aquitaine. In the reign of Gallienus, Tetricus, the governor of this prov., one of the so-called thirty tyrants, assumed the purple here, and it is most probable (Hugo) that it was he who built the celebrated amphitheatre. In 417 the Visigoths, in 509 Clovis, and in 729 the Saracens, possessed themselves of it; under Charlemagne, it was governed by a count of its own; in the ninth century it was ruined by the Normans It subsequently became the cap. of Guienne, and fell with the rest of that duchy under the kings of England, to whom it almost uninterruptedly belonged till the English were finally expelled from France in the reign of Henry VI. Generally speaking, this city has in later times been attached to the interests of the Bourbon family; but in 1830, on the publication of the ordonnances of Charles X., the standard of revolt was hoisted here before news arrived of the same occurrence in Paris. Bordeaux and its vicinity have, in all ages, produced celebrated men: amongst others, Montesquieu and Montaigne; the Latin poet Ausonius, in the fourth century; Chaptal de Buch, Edward the Black Prince, Jay, Deseze, &c.; Pope Clement V., and Richard II. of England, were also natives of this city. (Hugo, France Pittoresque, ii. 63–72.; Guide du l'oyageur, &c., 1837, p. 158-162.) BORGIA, a town of Naples, prov. Calabria Ultra, cap cant., in a plain 6 m. W. Catanzaro. Pop. 3,000. Hav. ing been almost totally destroyed by an earthquake ir 1783, it was rebuilt by Ferdinand IV. Its environs produce highly-esteemed wines, and large quantities of silk-worms. BORGO, a sea-port town of Russia in Europe, princip. Finland, gov. Nyland, at the bottom of a bay of the Gulph of Finland, 35 m. E.N.E. Helsingfors; lat. 60° 22′ N., long. 25° 45′ E. It is the seat of a bishopric, and has a gymnasium. The harbour is indifferent, and it has but little trade. It was here that the emperor Alexander received the oath of fidelity tendered by the states of th principality. BORGOMANERO, a town of the Sardinian states, prov. Novara, cap. arrond., on the Gogna, 18 m. N.N.W. Novara. Pop. 6,000. It is surrounded by walls, and is well built; has a fine square, several convents, an hospital, and a mont-de-piété. BORGO-SAN-DONINO, a town of the duchy of Parma, cap. distr., on the Stirone, 22 m. S. E. Placentia. Pop. 4,000. It is surrounded by walls, has a ducal palace, a cathedral, 4 parish churches, a college, a seminary, a workhouse, and some fabrics of silk and linen. It owes its name to St. Donino, who was beheaded here in 304. Borgo is prefixed to the name of various small towns in different parts of Italy. BORISSOF, a town of Russia in Europe, gov. Minsk, on the left bank of the Bérézina, 45 m. N.E. Minsk. Pop. 1,000. Borissof would be unworthy of notice in a work of this sort, but for the celebrity it has acquired from the disastrous passage of the Bérézina, effected near it, by the remains of the French army under Napoleon, on its retreat from Moscow, in 1812. Bordeaux is the seat of an archbishopric, of a royal court and court of assize, and tribunals of primary jurisdiction and of commerce. It has numerous scientific and scholastic institutions. The Museum occupies a large extent of ground, and comprises the public library, cabinet of natural history and antiques, a picture gallery, schools of design and painting, observatory, &c. The public library contains 110,000 vols., amongst which are Some rare works, and several valuable MSS.: the other departments are not very rich; the picture-gallery, however, boasts of some good paintings of the French, Ita- BORKHUM, a small isl. in the North Sea, belonging to lian, and Flemish schools. There is a botanic garden, Hanover, off the mouth of the Ems, about 9 m. from at which a course of lectures, recognised by the Univer- the nearest point of the mainland. It is included in the sity of France, is annually delivered; a university aca- bailiwick of Pewsum, is about 13 m. in circ., and has demy, royal academy of arts, sciences, and belles-lettres, about 500 inhab. It is so low that at high water it is a royal college, a faculty of theology, with schools of na- divided by the sea into two pretty equal parts. The vigation and medicine, a normal school, a school for inhabitants are mostly seainen, several of them being emdeaf and dumb, &c.; an Athenæum; Linnæan, philoma- ployed as harpooners in the ships engaged in the northern thic, and medico-chirurgical societies, a royal society of whale-fishery. They also raise corn, fruits, and cattle. medicine, a society of commercial emulation, &c. In the It is an established custom, that a third part of all articles vicinity of the city is an experimental farm, and a race-saved from shipwreck goes to the individual on whose course or hippodrome: the country round is chiefly land the disaster took place. Borkhum is a par., with a appropriated to the culture of the vines; but, from its church and a school. The spire of the church serves fitness, is devoid of much picturesque beauty. There is also as a lighthouse. The lantern, which is furnished with a joint-stock bank with a capital of 3,000,000 francs, and reflecting lamps, is 150 it. above the level of the sea, and BORISSOGLEBSK, a town of European Russia, gov. Jaroslavl, on the right bank of the Wolga, opposite to Romanof. Pop. 4,000. It is picturesquely situated on a hill declining towards the Wolga, and surrounded with dense forests. It is also the name of another small Russian town, gov. Tambof, on the left bank of the Vorona. is in lat. 53° 35′ 20′′ N., long. 6° 40′ 20′′ E. (Dict. Geographique, &c.; Coulier, sur les Phares, 2d edit. p. 61.) BORMIO, a town of Austrian Italy, prov. Valteline, at the confluence of the Fredosso with the Adda, 30 m. N.E. Sondrio. Pop. 5,500. A large cattle fair is annually held here, from the 22d to the 25th of October; and in its vicinity, on the declivity of Mount Braglio, are celebrated mineral springs, much frequented by patients from the Valteline and the Grisons. This town was formerly much more considerable; but being sacked, burnt, and its inhab. put to the sword, in 1621, it has never recovered from the disaster. (Rampoldi.) BORNEO (called by the natives Tauna Klemantan), the largest island in the world, Australia being reckoned a continent, occupying nearly the centre of the E. Archipelago; between lat. 4° 10' S., and 7° N., and long. 1090 and 119° 20′ E.; having N. and W. the China Sea; E. the Celebes Sea and Straits of Macassar; and S. the Sea of Java: form compact; length, N.E. to S. W., 750 m., breadth 350 m.; area, 260,000 sq. m. Pop. probably from 3 to 4 millions. The coasts are less indented by deep bays, or creeks, than those of most islands of the Archip.; notwithstanding which, it has several fine and spacious harbours. The shores consist usually of mud banks, with numbers of minute and rocky islets around them; the land for several miles towards the interior continuing marshy and alluvial, interspersed with gentle acclivities, covered with underwood. In the maps a chain of mountains, running N.E. to S.W., have been represented as passing through the centre of the island; but Mr. Earl, who visited the interior in 1834, saw no traces of these, nor does he believe in their existence. Excepting the volcanic chain of mountains passing through Java, and the S. parts of the archipelago, to the E., all the hill ranges of those islands run N.W. and S. E., and seem to be continuations of the great ranges which run in that direction through the ultra-Gangetic peninsula, and of which the rocky island Pulo Condor and the Natunas seem to be connecting links. They are all of the same geological character-granitic; and in Borneo probably terminate in a range which lines the S.E. shore for 90 m., called the Hundred Mountains. There are many isolated hills in Borneo, and a range stretching along the N.W. coast, of about 3,000 ft. in height. (See Earl's Map, &c.) There are numerous and extensive plains, especially in the N.; but the most important yet known to Europeans is that of Montradok, near the W. coast. There are said to be upwards of 100 rivers, many being navigable, and some of considerable size. The principal is the Banjarmassin, which has a S. course nearly throughout the whole island, and falls into the sea not far from the town of the same name on the S. coast. The Passir, Coti, and many others, are met with on the E. coast; on the W. the Sambas, Pontiana, Landak, Succadan, &c., are the principal; the first is I m. wide at its mouth, and much more a little farther inland. It has been ascended in small vessels by the Dutch for 80 m., and beyond that is said to be available for canoes to within two days' walk of Borneo Proper. The larger rivers, which come from the centre of the island, appear not to have their origin in any mountainous region, as they rise no higher during the rainy season: they seldom contain any sandbanks or rapids. Borneo is generally very fertile; but, except in Borneo Proper, the grain produced is not sufficient for home consumption. Timber is often very large; but not generally of the kinds suited for ship-building. No teak has been yet discovered: mangrove and rattans are plentiful on the banks of the rivers: iron-wood, ebony, camphor, dammer, and tankamem trees (from the latter of which wood-oil is obtained), cocoa-palm, betel, cinnamon, sago, &c., are amongst the principal trees. The camphor-tree grows to 15 or 16 ft. in circ., and proportionally high: it is cut down, split into pieces, and the produce (which is probably the best) found in the fissures: none of either the Borneo or Sumatra camphor is imported into England, which is supplied with that article from China only. Rice is excellent; but the Dutch are very jealous of its exportation, except through themselves Maize and the sugar-cane are cultivated, as well as the plantain and many other tropical fruits. Animals. The elephant, rhinoceros, and leopard, are confined to the N.E. corner of the isl.; the ox and wild hog are natives of the forests; and the jungles furnish an endless variety of the ape and monkey tribes; amongst which are the orang-outang, and a species of baboon, thought by Mr. Earl to be hitherto undescribed, 3 ft. in height, tailless, with short, glossy, .brown hair, and an aquiline nose projecting 14 in. from the face. The tapir, numbers of deer, and small bears, no larger than badgers, but with shaggy hair, inhabit Borneo. Mr. Earl saw a small amphibious animal from 2 to 8 in. in length, with large pectoral extremities, leaping about in vast numbers on the mud of the W. coast, which very rapidly buried itself on the approach of an enemy: these are thought great delicacies, and caught in a singular manner by the Malays, who obtain a thiu plank several ft. long by about 1 ft. broad, with spikes projecting from the end, and then, with the right knee resting on the plank, they push it rapidly forward, by means of the left foot, against the mud, and transax the little animals before they have time to escape. The Sooloo Sea is much frequented by English whalers for the spermaccti whale. The seas abound with turtle, and plenty of fish, oysters, and other testacea, kolothuria, &c. People.The interior and part of the N.W. coast are peopled by Dyaks, and, it is said, by a race with woolly hair, like the Papuan negroes; the W. coast by Malays, Chinese, and Dutch colonists; the N.W. by half-caste descendants of the Moors of W. Hindostan; the N. by Anamese (Cochin China); N.E. by Suluks; E. and S. coasts by Bugis, of Celebes. Besides these, three tribes live in small craft, in a wandering manner, about the shores; viz. the Lanuns, from Magindanoa; the OrangBadju, and Orang-Tidong; source unknown. Dyaks.The Dyaks (Orang Benua), a savage race, believed to be the aborigines, are scattered all over the island in different small tribes. They are of a middle size, and, except when cramped up by being constantly in a canoe, are invariably straight-limbed and well-formed, muscular, though inferior to the Chinese in ability to carry burdens; feet short and broad; toes, turned rather inwards; cheek-bones high; forehead broad and flat; eyes rather long, and the outer higher than the inner angle; faces prominent, with a pleasant expression, and more like that of the Anamese than other Asiatic nations; hair straight and black; no beard. The women are interesting, often good-looking, and sometimes even fair: many are married to Chinese, and make unexceptionable wives and mothers. Their manners are mild and prepossessing, but as they dread the Malays, from whom they have suffered formerly, they commonly avoid strangers; yet it is said that there is no Eastern people more apt to make progress in arts. (Earl.) Nothing satisfactory has been communicated respecting the geology of Borneo, except the granitic character of its primary mountains; its soil, in the neighbourhood of the European settlements vies in richness with that of any other island of the Archip. In the N.E. it is said to be superior to all other parts. Borneo is rich in valuable minerals: it is the only island of the Archip. where diamonds are found; the chief of which are from Landak, in the Chinese territory: one, in the rough state weighing 367 carats, and worth, according to the common but absurd method of estimating such articles, 269,378., has been found there, and was, in 1815, the property of a petty chief. Diamonds are most numerous in the alluvial soils, in which gold is also found; and are of good water, though usually small. The plain of Montradok is said to have formerly yielded 88,362 oz. annually of pure metal (Hamilton); the soil in which it is found is stiff, and the veins lie from 8 to 15 ft. below the surface. It is met with chiefly in small particles, nearly as fine as sand, although sometimes in irregular pieces of the size of a sixpence. There are inexhaustible mines of ore of anti-tered by a ladder, which is always drawn up at night: mony of very superior quality at Serawak; 1,400 tons of which, at 16s. to 20s. per ton, are annually exported to Singapore tin is plentiful in some parts, and a little iron is procured from the interior. Climate. The climate of the N. is similar to that of Ceylon, and not subject to the hot land winds that prevail on the coast of Coromandel: the W. coast has no rainy season in particular, but is refreshed by showers all the year round. Europeans have had but little intercourse with the eastern parts, and little respecting them is known. In the N.E., and near Banjarmassim, their condition is the most ameliorated. At the latter place, and on the S. coast, they are said to possess a written character, and they are there ashamed to avow certain of their usages; such as that of seeking for and preserving human heads, &c. Rice is their chief food, with pork, fish, deer, and other wild animals, which they shoot by means of arrows blown through a tube. This is their general weapon, but they sometimes use crooked bows and arrows, the latter of which are dipped in poison. They spend much time in ill-built, shallow canoes, about 10 ft. long, and made by hollowing out a single tree; but on shore inhabit thatched bamboo houses, elevated on posts, and enthese habitations are often collected in small villages, and defended by stockades. The men wear but little clothing; the women much more, and are bashful and modest : both sexes love finery, especially beads and feathers. Tatooing is in use among some of the tribes. Upon the banks of the larger rivers many tribes often unite together, under the rule of one stronger than the rest; but in the forests they keep separate, and speak dialects so different as to be often unintelligible to each other. The more civilised have adopted Mohammedanism; others less civilised believe in a Supreme Being and |