of dark and dense forest, hounded by the Kopili, Jumona,, and Dhunseree rivers; extending for about 70 m., and broken only by a few specks of cultivation, and the scattered huts of a few Cacharees and Kookies, who earn a livelihood principally by the cultivation of cotton, which they barter for other produce to the inhabitants of Assam and Dhurrumpoor. About 6,000 of the pop., in Central Cachar, are probably aborigines; the remainder are Kookies and Loloongs, most likely from the S. and S.E. Emigration from Sylhet into Cachar has been greatly encouraged by the assignment of lands at the low rate of 3 annas per bega, to be held rent free for 1,000 days, at the end of which time the quantity of land cleared was to be assessed. Capt. Pemberton thinks that for some years neither N. nor Central Cachar will yield much revenue; but the tranquillity insured to their W. neighbourhood by the possession of these districts, renders them important. The revenue derived from the whole prov. by a former rajah is said to have been a lac of rupees a year. The people of the central hills bring cotton, ivory, wax, iron-ore, and bamboos, into Central Cachar: about 2,000 jarool timbers (half the number formerly exported) are sent down the Barak into Sylhet, for building large chunam boats. The other exports are salt, coarse silk, and limestone. Routes. Three routes through Cachar into Cassay part from Banskandee near the E. extremity of the cleared plains: viz., those of Aquee, Kala Naga, and Khonginee. By the former, or most N., the distance from Banskandee to Jaeenagur, in the Cassay central valley, is 86 m.; the first 30 m. of which pass through a dense forest abounding in swamps, and intersected with small streams, which rapidly become impassable after Jains. The Kala Naga route is in all these respects preferable, and also crosses the Juree river 8 m. from its confluence with the Barak, up to which point the latter is navigable for boats of 500 maunds. The third route passes over the billy country of the Kookies, and is useless for military purposes. (See CASSAY.) Several roads toward the central hills traverse S. Cachar, which all unite in one valley, and thence run through the central and N. divisions toward Assam, into which there are three separate routes through Cachar from Sylhet. The military protection of this prov. is entrusted to two companies of the Sylhet light infantry. Cospoor is the anc. capital, but Silchar, S. the Barak, is the present residence of the chief authorities. The Cacharees are strong, robust, fairer than the Bengalese, and like the Chinese in features. The original Hairumbian dialect is said to have been monosyllabic, but is now nearly extinct; the language and written character of Bengal having usurped its place. The Kookies, who have been for years gradually advancing it, are supposed by Capt. Pemberton to be of Malay origin; they are seldom much more than 5 ft. in height; their complexions nearly as dark as those of the Bengalese; voices soft, and language harmonious. Small parties, of from 10 to 30 of them, formerly made frequent secret incursions within our frontiers, in search of human heads, which would seem to be necessary articles at the performance of certain of their religious ceremonies, if we may so abuse the phrase. Although checked, these incursions are still far from being prevented. Cachar was unknown to the British until 1763; when Mr. Verelst led a small force into it. In 1774 it was invaded by the Birmese, and some time after rendered tributary by them. In 1810 they placed the rajah of Munnipoor on the throne of Cachar; and, from 1818 to 1823, a civil war for supremacy between that chief and his two brothers devastated the prov. By the treaty of Zandaboo, in 1826, Cachar was placed under British protection, and the rightful rajah re-established; but on his death, in 1830, without any heir, it became, in 1832, an integral part of the British territory. (Pemberton's Rep. on the E. Frontier, pp. 188-210.) CADEROUSSE, a town of France, dép. Vaucluse, on the left bank of the Rhone, which at this point encloses a considerable island, 3 m. S. W. Orange. Pop. 3,262. It has some silk filatures, and its territory is productive of corn, silk, and madder. CADIZ, a famous city and sea port of Spain, in Andalusia, on the Atlantic, 63 m. S. Seville, and 60 m. N.W. Gibraltar; lat. 36° 31′ 7′′ N., long. 6° 18′ 52" W. Pop. (1838) 58,525. The city occupies the rocky and elevated extremity of a long, low, narrow tongue of land, projecting about 5 m. N.N.W. from the Isle of Leon, and enclosing between it and the main-land a spacious bay, which has every where good anchorage, and some excellent harbours. The port of Cadiz is formed by a mole projecting from the city into the bay; but it is accessible only to small vessels, ships of large burden anchoring m. off shore. The bay is divided into the inner and outer bays by the promontory, having at its extremity the fort of Matagorda. The isthmus joining the city to the main-land is in parts not more than from 200 to 300 yards across, and is very strongly fortified: the access to the city from the sea is in some places rendered im practicable by the steepness of the rocks, the occurrence of sandbanks and of sunken ledges; and being every where defended by ramparts, bastions, and detached forts, it would, were these kept in proper repair and well garrisoned, be all but impregnable; so that, as respects convenience and security, Cadiz, with its bay and dependencies, is probably unmatched, and certainly not surpassed, as a naval dépôt. Streets straight, and though rather narrow, are remarkably well paved, clean, and lighted with lamps. The houses, in general lofty, have a court in the centre; they are mostly built of white freestone, and some of them are ornamented with painted balconies. There are several squares; but, with the exception of that of San Antonio, in the centre of the city, they are all of very limited dimensions. The ramparts afford, perhaps, the finest marine promenade that is any where to be met with the view on the E. side extends across the bay to St. Mary's and the other towns by which it is lined, and to the mountains in the distance: on the W. the eye ranges over the boundless expanse of the Atlantic. With the exception of the fortifications, Cadiz has no public buildings of any importance. The most conspicuous is the lighthouse of San Sebastian, on the bastion of that name, having the lantern elevated 172 ft. above the level of the sea. There are two cathedralsan old and a new; but the latter is unfinished, and, when the city was visited by Mr. Inglis, its interior was converted into a rope-walk, and other parts into a mahogany warehouse. There is a custom-house, several hospitals, churches, convents, &c.; but none of them require any particular notice. The town labours under a great deficiency of water, having none that is potable but what is brought in vessels across the bay from St. Mary's, or what is collected in cisterns. Being almost surrounded by the sea, the climate is comparatively temperate; the summer heats are, in fact, less violent than in Madrid, though it be so much farther south, while the cold of winter is not nearly so severe. It is not unhealthy; but, like most other towns on the S. coast of Spain, is occasionally visited by epidemics. The great drawback upon it as a place of residence is its want of trees and shade, and the impossibility of getting into the fields or the country, except by crossing the bay, or travelling the whole length of the isthmus. There is a tolerable theatre, where Italian operas are sometimes performed; but those who wish to enjoy the national diversion of bull-fights must cross the bay to St. Mary's. Morals here are said to be, if possible, even at a lower ebb than in other Spanish cities. Lord Byron's statements (Childe Harolde, i. §65.) may, perhaps, be suspected of poetical exaggeration; but, according to Mr. Inglis," female virtue is a thing almost unknown, and scarcely appreciated." The Caracca, or royal dockyard, is situated at the bottom of the inner bay, about 6 m. from the city, on the channel separating the isle of Leon from the mainland. This used formerly to be a very complete establishment; and as many as 5,000 men were kept constantly at work in it. Now, however, it is all but deserted, and is said not to possess the means of fitting out a single ship. (Scott's Ronda and Granada, ii. 74.) The commerce of Cadiz was formerly very extensive. For a lengthened period, indeed, she possessed a monopoly of the trade with the vast possessions belonging to Spain in the New World; and notwithstanding the abolition of the monopoly in 1778, she continued to engross by far the larger portion of the trade with the countries in question down to their emancipation. This event gave a blow to the commercial importance of Cadiz, from which it has not recovered. Its influence might, no doubt, have been in a great measure obviated, had the Spanish government adopted a more liberal policy in relation to its intercourse with other countries. But oppressive duties and restrictions have gone far entirely to destroy the foreign trade of Spain; and have thrown what little remains almost wholly into the hands of the smuggler; and Cadiz not being very suitable for the operations of the latter, has suffered accordingly To raise its commerce from the depressed situation into which it had fallen, government made it, in 1829, a free port, that is, a port into which goods might be imported, and from which they might be exported, free of duty. In consequence of this privilege, it immediately became a principal dépôt for the foreign products destined for the Spanish market; and the smuggling carried on from the town was so great, that, in 1832, government not choosing to reduce the duties which occasioned it, and being unable otherwise to repress the abuse, withdrew the privilege, so that the trade again relapsed into its state previously to 1829. It has still, however, a larger share than any other Spanish town of the trade with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Manilla, the only remaining colonies of Spain; and it, or rather its dependency, St. Mary's, is the centre of the sherry trade, all the wines of Xeres being shipped either from the one or the other. The principal articles of import are fabrics of linen, wool, silk, and cotton, of which, however, a large pro- | The pop. and wealth of the city have declined with its trade. The number of inhab. has fallen off from about 70,000 to under 60,000; and many of the houses are unoccupied, and even rapidly falling to decay. The sea-wall erected on the S. side of the city, to defend it against the encroachments of the sea, and which is justly regarded as one of the greatest works of the kind ever undertaken and completed, has been allowed, for want of timely repair, to fall into a state of dilapidation. The fortifications are also getting into a bad state; and the appearance of the city is characteristic of the paralysed and abased state of the monarchy. Cadiz is very ancient, having been founded by the Phoenicians. In 1596 it was taken and sacked by the English, by whom it was again ineffectually attacked in 1623 and 1702. In 1809 it became the asylum of the Cortes, and was blockaded by the French till 1812. In 1823 it surrendered to the French under the Duc D'Angoulême. (Scott's Ronda and Granada, ii. 64–75.; Inglis's Spain in 1830, ii. cap. 15.; Penny Magazine, May, 1839; Dictionnaire du Commerce, art. Cadiz; Miñano; Townsend, &c.) In its There are here, also, a royal college, or high school, Several large fairs are held for the sale of the products of the town, and of the horses, cattle, butter, fowls, &c., of the surrounding country. In consequence of its excellent establishments for education, and other advantages, Caen is a favourite resort of English families. It has produced several distinguished men; among whom are Malherbe, the father of French poetry; the learned Huet, bishop of Avranches, Tannegui, Lefèvre, &c. Caen is not very ancient. It became of importance under the dukes of Normandy, by whom it was fortified. It has undergone several sieges, and fell finally into the possession of the French in 1448, when it was taken from the English by Dunois. It was taken by the Protestants in 1562, when it suffered severely. (Hugo, art. Calvados.) CAERLEON, a decayed town of England, co. Monmouth, hund. Usk, par. Llangattock, on the Usk, 18 m. S.W. Monmouth. Pop. in 1831 only 1,071. This was the Isca Silurum of the Anglo-Romans, and was then of great importance, being the cap. of the prov. of Britannia Secunda. At a later period, it was celebrated as a seat of learning, and, in the 12th century, Giraldus Cambrensis gave a lively, though perhaps exaggerated, picture of its wealth and magnificence. Several Roman antiquities have been dug up in the town and its vicinity, and in several parts the Roman walls are still visible. An elliptical concavity, the longest diameter measuring 74 yards, and the shortest 64, and 6 yards in depth, is situated in a field close by the Usk, near the S.W. side of the town. The country people call it Arthur's Round Table; but no doubt it is the remains of an amphitheatre. Within the course of last century stone seats were discovered on opening the sides of the concavity; and, in 1706, an alabaster statue of Diana was found in it. It has a well endowed charity school for maintaining and educating 30 boys and 20 girls, till they attain the age of 14, when they are apprenticed, the former having 77. and the latter 41. each. Beauties of England and Wales. Coxe's Monmouthshire, &c.) CAEN, a town of France, dép. Calvados, of which it is the capital, in an extensive valley between two large meadows, at the confluence of the Odon with the Orne, about 8 m. from the embouchure of the latter, 30 m. S.W. Havre; lat. 49° 11′ 12′′ N., long, 0° 21′ 38" W. Pop., ex com., 39,886. This is a well-built, improving town. The streets are generally broad, straight, and clean; and the houses of freestone have a good appearance. It was formerly a place of considerable strength, being defended by a castle, and surrounded by massive walls, flanked with towers. The latter and the walls have almost disappeared: the castle, which was of great size and strength, was partly demolished at the Revolution; the portion of it that still remains is now used as a prison. There are 4 squares, of which the Place Roy-great coal-field of S. Wales: at Llanelly there is also ale, ornamented with a statue of Louis XIV., is the finest. A cours, or public walk, shaded by magnificent elm trees, extends for nearly a mile along the banks of the rivers. There are some fine old churches, of which the most interesting is the Abbaye aux Hommes, built by William the Conqueror; it is a large, plain building, with two very high spires; and contains, among other interesting monuments, the tomb of the Conqueror; but the latter was violated by the Huguenots, in 1562, and the bones dispersed. The Abbaye aux Femmes, also very ancient, is now the Trinity Hospital, one of the best managed establishments of the kind any where to be met with. The church of St. Peter has the finest spire in Normandy; and several of the other churches deserve notice. Among the other public buildings are the hotel of the prefecture, the Hôtel de Ville, the Palace of Justice, the Hôtel Dieu, &c. Caen has been long celebrated for its university, founded in 1431, by Henry VI., king of England. It was remodelled after the Revolution, and now exists under the title of an académie universitaire. CAERMARTHEN, a marit. co. of S. Wales, having S. Caermarthen Bay, which unites with the Bristol Channel, E. the cos. of Glamorgan and Brecon, N. Cardigan, and W. Pembroke. Area, 623.360 acres, being the largest co. in the principality. Surface very various, in part mountainous, and in part consisting of low fine vales: the largest and most celebrated of the latter is the vale of Towy, stretching for about 30 m. along the river of that name, by which the co. is intersected, with an average breadth of about 2 m. Exclusive of the Towy, Caermarthen is separated from Cardigan by the Taafe, and in part from Glamorgan and Pembroke by the Longhor and the Tafe. The portion of this co., S. and E. of the Towy, adjoining Glamorgan, is included in the an abundant supply of iron-stone, and considerable iron-works. Soil of the arable land mostly a sandy loam, easily wrought, admirably adapted to the turnip husbandry, and in general very productive. But agriculture here, and indeed in the greater part of Wales, is in an extremely backward state. The occupiers are, for the most part, uninstructed, and strongly attached to ancient practices. Drainage, though the first and most essential of improvements, is almost wholly neglected; tenants are not usually under any restrictions as to management, and the common practice is to take corn crops in uninterrupted succession from the land till it be completely exhausted. The farm implements and stock are also bad; and the whole system evinces the want of intelligence, capital, and industry. (Kennedy and Grainger on Tenancy, p. 169.) Average rent of land in 1810, 7s. 2d. an acre. Manufactures unimportant. Principal towns, Caermarthen, Llanelly, and Kidwelly. It contains 8 hunds. and 78 pars., and had, in 1831, 18,920 inhab. houses, 20,719 families, and 100,740 Inhab., of whom 48,683 were males and 52,057 females. It returns 2 mems. to the H. of C. for the co., and I for the bor. of Caermarthen. Registered electors for the co. in 1837-38, 5,125. Sum paid for the relief of the poor only in 1837-38, 27,5647. Annual value of real property in 1815, 282,030Z. CAERMARTHEN, the cap. of the above co., and a co. by itself, finely situated on an irregular acclivity on the N.W. bank of the navigable river Towy, 7 m. N. from its embouchure in Caermarthen Bay, Bristol Channel; lat. 51° 51′ 10′′ N., long. 4° 19′ W.; 180 m. W. by N. London. Pop. (1821) 8,906; (1831) 9,995. A few of the streets are tolerably wide, well paved, lighted with gas, and contain many respectable houses; but the rest are narrow and crooked, and those leading to the river steep, and the pop. much crowded: the best houses are on the Milford line of road. The supply of water is bad and inadequate. There is a large plain church, several dissenting chapels, and a grammar school, from which scholars were admitted to take orders previously to the estab. of Lampeter college; a Presbyterian college for young men intended for that ministry (of which the corporation nominate the master and 6 scholars); a Lancastrian and a national school. The guildhall, a handsome edifice raised on pillars, has under it the market-place for corn. It has also a theatre, and bor. and co. gaols; the latter is on part of the site of the old castle (of which some remains are still left), on the brow of the hill rising abruptly from the river; along which the quay extends. The river is crossed by a fine bridge of 7 arches. Markets, Wednesday and Saturday; and cattle fairs, April 15., June 3. and 4., July 10., Aug. 12., Sept. 9., Oct. 9., Nov. 14. and 15. There are no manufactures of any importance in the town; but, as it furnishes the populous district in the vicinity with articles of general consumption, its trade is considerable. Principal exports (all coastwise), bark, marble, slate, lead ore, leather, corn, butter and eggs; imports, general cargoes of British and colonial produce, and manufactures, and timber and deals. At an average, 10 cargoes a year are imported from abroad, the vessels sailing outward in ballast. Custom duties between 2,000l. and 3,000l. a year. About 40 vessels belong to the port, and vessels of 50 to 150 tons are built here. It is a creek, comprised in the port of Llanelly. Vessels of 200 tons may ascend to the bridge at spring tides; but many obstructions are suffered to accumulate in the river, so that they are frequently obliged to discharge 2 m. below. The salmon fishery, which was once very extensive, has much decreased. Races are annually held in Sept., 4 m. up the vale of the Towy. It is the central town of a poor law union of 16 pars.; its own average rates amount to 4,0267. Caermarthen has returned 1 mem. to the H. of C. since the reign of Henry VIII. The limits of the present parl. bor. coincide with those of the ancient bor., but Llanelly is now joined with it, as a contributary bor. Previously to the Reform Act, the elective franchise in Caermarthen was exercised by persons admitted de jure burgesses, under qualifications of a freehold estate within the bor., er gratiá, and servitude of apprenticeship for 7 years. Registered electors in both bors., in 1837-38,868. The election of a mem. for the co. takes place here. The limits of the municipal bor, are now restricted to the town and a small space round it. It is divided into 2 wards, and governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 18 counsellors; a sheriff and recorder. Courts of petty sessions are held weekly; fortnight courts, for the recovery of debts, and courts of general sessions twice a year, for the bor.: the assizes and 3 of the general quarter sessions of the co. are also held in the town. Its ancient castle, in the last civil war, was at first garrisoned for Charles I., taken subsequently by the parliamentary forces, and dismantled by order of Cromwell, in 1648. Caermarthen must, on the whole, be considered a flourishing and increasing town. A column has been erected at its W. end by public subscription in memory of the public services of Sir T. Picton, who fell at Waterloo, and had previously represented this bor. CAERNARVON, a marit. co. of N. Wales, separated from Anglesea by the Menai Strait, extending from Conway, on the N., in a S. W. direction along the shore to the extremity of the peninsula of Lleyn opposite Bardsey Island, having E. part of Cardigan Bay, and the cos. of Merioneth and Denbigh. Area 348,160 acres. This is the most mountainous co. in the principality, being traversed in its whole extent by the Snowdon range (see SNOWDON): it has, however, some limited tracts of comparatively low fertile land. The Conway, which has its sources in the co., and forms for a considerable distance the line of demarcation between it and Denbigh, is the principal river; but there are several streams of inferior dimensions, and some small lakes. Lead and copper ores have been found within the co., and have been wrought to some extent, but not with much success. The slate quarries belonging to Lord Penryhn, near Bangor, employ about 1,600 men and boys, and are the most extensive and valuable in the empire; and other slate quarries in this co. employ about 1,700 men and boys. Soil of the greater part of the arable land hazelly loam. Agriculture, though a good deal improved, is still in a comparatively backward state: leases are either not granted, or they contain no proper regulations as to management; a proper rotation of crops is not generally observed; the land is not generally clean and in good heart; and the implements are still, in many instances, defective. Oats is the principal corn crop. Breed of cattle small and hardy. Average rent of land in 1810, 5s. 24d. an acre. The older class of farm buildings and cottages, especially the latter, are as bad as possible; but luckily they have been in many parts replaced by others of a new and improved character. Manufactures unimportant. Principal towns, Bangor (a city), Caernarvon, and Conway. Caernarvon is divided into 10 hunds. and 69 pars.; and had in 1831, 13,221 inhab. houses, 14,553 families, and 66,448 inhab., of whom, 32.168 were males and 34,280 females. It sends 1 mem. to the H. of C. for the co., and 1 for the town of Caernarvon and its contributary bors. Registered electors for the co., 183738, 2,050. Sum expended for the relief of the poor only in 1838, 18,803. Annual value of real property in 1815, 131,213/. CAERNARVON, a sea-port and parl. bor. of N. Wales, cap. of the above co., on the S.E. side of the Menai Strait, at the mouth of the Seiont, 7 m. S. W. from the Menai Bridge, and 205 m. N. W. London. Pop. in 1821, 5,210; in 1831, 6.877. This town, with its magnificent castle, was built by Edward 1., between 1282 and 1284, as a place of strength to secure his newly achieved conquest of Wales. The walls, constructed by the Conqueror, round the town, are still pretty entire. They are flanked with round towers, and had originally two principal gates, but others have been since added. Within the walls, the streets, though narrow, are regular; but of late years, new streets and buildings have been erected without the walls, and the whole town has been much improved: it is well supplied with water, and lighted with gas. Pennant says of it, that it "is justly the boast of N. Wales, for the beauty of its situation, the goodness of its buildings, the regularity of the plan, and, above all, the grandeur of the castle, the most magnificent badge of our subjection." (Tour in Wales, ii. 404. 8vo. ed.) The par. church is m. from the town; but the latter has a handsome chapel of ease, and 4 dissenting chapels, and a British and a national school. The town-hall is over one of the ancient gateways, and one of the old towers is fitted up as a prison: there is also a co. hall, a small theatre, and a modern markethouse for provisions, the old one being now used for corn. Many opulent families reside in the neighbourhood, and the town is much resorted to in the proper season by sea-bathers. To accommodate them and other visiters, an excellent hotel has been built by the Marquis of Anglesea, and there are also hot and cold baths, assembly and billiard-rooms, &c. Outside the walls is a fine terrace walk along the Menai, resorted to in the summer evenings by all descriptions of people. There are no manufactures of any importance. The harbour, which has of late been a good deal improved, admits vessels of 400 tons, but the trade of the port, which is mostly with Liverpool, Bristol, and Dublin, is principally by small coasting vessels and steamers. The principal export is slate, brought from the quarries by a railway. The removal of the coast duties on slate has occasioned a great increase of demand here and in other ports whence it is exported. (Boundary Report.) Previously to the Reform Act, Caernarvon returned 1 mem. to the H. of C., conjointly with the contributary bors. of Conway, Criceieth, Nevin, and Pwlheli, the right of voting being in the resident and non-resident burgesses. To these contributary bors. the Reform Act added Bangor. The limits of the ancient bor., with which the parl. bor. coincides, are about 8 m. in circ. Registered electors in all the bors. in 1837-38, 1,099. The limits of the municipal bor. extend about 14 m. round the town. Corporation revenue about 7007. a year. The assizes and general quarter sessions for the co. are held here. Market-day Saturday; fairs, March 12., May 16., Aug. 12., Sept. 20. Caernarvon Castle is one of the noblest and most magnificent ruins of its kind in the empire. The walls, which enclose an area of about 3 acres, are 7 ft. 9 in. thick, have within them a gallery with slips for the discharge of missiles, and are flanked by 13 strong pentagonal, hexagonal, &c. towers. A narrow chamber in the Eagle Tower was the birthplace of Edward II., the first Saxon prince of Wales. Near the steep bank of the river Seiont, at a small distance from the castle, is an ancient Roman fort, the walls of which are still pretty entire. At a small distance from this, and 14 m. from the Menai, is the site of the ancient Roman station of Segontium, whence, it is most probable, Edward I. derived part of the materials for building the castle and town of Caernarvon. (Pennant's Wales; Bingley's ditto, &c.) CAERPHILLY, a town and chapelry of S. Wales, co. Glamorgan, hund. Caerphilly, par. Eglwys-islan, between the Taaf and the Rumney, 7 m. N. Cardiff. Pop, of the par. in 1831, 2,818. The town is an irregular collection of ancient and modern houses; but it has a good appearance, and being surrounded by mountain ranges that open on the E. and W., the scenery is grand and picturesque. It has a neat episcopal chapel, and 3 dissenting places of worship. Market, Thursday, and fairs for cattle, corn, and cheese, April 5,, Trinity Thursday, July 19., Aug. 25., Oct. 9., and Nov. 16. Manufactures of cheques, and linsey-woolsy shirting for miners, employ about 100 persons; the rest are engaged in the mines and quarries of the neighbourhood or in agriculture. It was anciently a bor., but lost its privileges in the reign of Henry VIII. Its castle, whose magnificent ruins show that it must have been one of the finest in the kingdom, was of Norman origin, and enlarged at successive periods, but chiefly by the favourite of Edward II., Hugh le De Spencer, for whom it was wrested from the Mortimers, its ancient possessors. CESAREA, a ruined and deserted coast town of Palestine; lat. 32° 23′ 37′′ N., long. 34° 44′ 45′′ E. Under the Romans, it was the cap. of the district in which it stands, and the residence of a proconsul. An artificial harbour, a castle, the walls of the city, and two aqueducts, are among the most perfect remains, but a great extent of ground is covered with the ruins of public and private buildings. It owed its existence, or importance, to Herod the Great, who named it Cæsarea, in compliment to Augustus, B. C. 22. It figures in the early history of Christianity as the place where Peter converted Cornelius and his house (Acts x. 1.), and as the scene of Paul's memorable speeches to Felix and Agrippa (Acts xxiv., xxv. and xxvi.). Vespasian made Cæsarea a Roman colony, under the name of Flavia Colonia, and it continued to flourish till A. D. 635, when it fell into the hands of the Saracens. In 1101 it was taken by the Crusaders, and in the wars of this period it sank never to rise again. (Robinson, i. 189-192.; Hogg, ii. 185.; Ptolemy, v. 16.; Josephus, Bel. Jud. xxi. 5. CAFFA. See KAFFA. CAGLI (an. CALLIS), a town of the Papal States, deleg. Urbino and Pesaro, at the foot of Mount Petraro, at the confluence of the Cantiano and Busso, 14 m. S. Urbino. Pop. 4,000. It has a cathedral, and 4 convents for monks, and 4 for nuns. CAGLIARI (an. Calaris), a marit. city of Sardinia, of which it is the cap., on a bay of the same name on the S. shore of the island, lat.39° 12′ 13′′ N., long. 9° 6' 44" E. Pop. about 26,000. (Smyth.) In the middle ages, it appears to have been restricted to a triangular space, on the summit of a hill about 400 ft. above the beach, now called the "Castle," which is walled round, and has a citadel on its N. side. To this were successively added the Marina, a portion extending down the W. face of the hill from the Castle to the sea, which is surrounded by a slight wall, flanked by some bastions, and farther defended by a wide but shallow ditch; the quarter of Stampace, to the W. of the Castle; and that of Villanova to the E. The modern city consists of these four portions; there is besides a suburb nearly a mile in length, called St. Avandrés. Cagliari has an imposing appearance from the sea. The Marina is tolerably well built, but Villanova quite otherwise; and the streets generally are narrow, irregular, dirty, steep, and paved with round pointed stones. There are, however, some excellent and even splendid public buildings, and many spacious private houses. The Castle is the part in which the nobility and state officers reside. It contains, the viceregal palace, a fine edifice; the cathedral, built by the Pisans, with a front in great part of marble; a handsome mausoleum of Martin, king of Sicily; a celebrated cryptic sanctuary; the citadel, and three large square towers, good specimens of Pisan art; the university, with its four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy, and between 200 and 300 students; and other public seminaries. The Marina is inhabited chiefly by merchants, and by the foreign consuls; it contains a good bonded warehouse, an arsenal, lazaretto, and mole. Stampace are the corn-market and storehouses. Cagliari contains besides about 30 churches, 21 convents, to one of which, belonging to the Jesuits, there is a very handsome and richly ornamented church attached; 2 hospitals, a female orphan asylum, a public library, with 15,000 volumes, museums of antiquities and natural history, a college of nobles, a seminario, a small theatre, mint, 3 prisons for galley-slaves, &c. At the S. angle of the Marina wall there is a very commodious darsena, or pier-harbour, capable of containing 14 or 16 vessels of a tolerable size, besides small craft. The port is one of the best and safest in the Mediterranean. Ships usually lie about a mile S.W. by S. from the mole, in 6 or 8 fathoms water, In on an excellent bottom of mud. The Gulph of Cagliari, which extends from Pula on the W. to Cape Carbonara on the E., 24 m. across by 12 m. deep, has good anchorage every where, after getting into soundings. The city being placed on a hill, is healthy, notwithstanding the immediate proximity on its W. side of the stagnant lagune of Cagliari, 6 or 7 m. long by 3 or 4 m. broad. This lake abounds with fish and aquatic birds. To the E. of the city, there are some good salt-works. Cagliari possesses a royal manufactory of tobacco, and has manufac tories of cotton fabrics, cake saffron, soap, chairs, and other furniture, tanneries, &c. Its trade is chiefly in corn, legumes, salt, oil, and wine. From the portion of commerce it enjoys, Cagliari has, on the whole, a busy appearance. Provisions of all kinds are cheap and plentí ful, except water. The Castle is supplied from cisterns and extremely deep wells. Extensive remains exist of a fine ancient aqueduct, which might be restored at a comparatively small expense. There are several other Roman antiquities, including a tomb in tolerably good preservation, and an amphitheatre excavated in the rock near the city walls. Vestiges of the ancient Greek city may be still traced beyond Stampace. A good carriage-road of recent construction connects Cagliari with Sassari. Cagliari is the seat of a royal audiencia, or head tri bunal, and of the cortes, or states-general of the island; of a tribunal of commerce, an intendent-general, a general-commandant, and an archbishop with the title of primate of Sardinia. This city is very ancient, its foundation being carried back to the fabulous ages. It was the residence of the king of Sardinia from 1798 to 1814, during the occupation of his continental dominion by the French. The latter bombarded it unsuccessfully in 1733. (Smyth's State of Sardinia, p. 205–222., &c.; Marmora, Voyage en Sardaigne.) CAHER, an inl. town of Ireland, co. Tipperary, prov. Munster, on the Suir, 96 m. S. W. by S. Dublin. Pop. in 1821, 3,288; in 1831, 3,408. Pop. of par. in 1834, 6,026; of whom 113 are of the established church, and 5,913 R. Catholics. The town is well built; the parish church and Roman Catholic chapel are large fine buildings; the Society of Friends have also a meeting-house. There is a market-house, bridewell, fever hospital, dispensary, schools on the foundation of Erasmus Smith, and large cavalry barracks. The staff of the Tipperary militia, and a party of the constabulary, are stationed here. The Earl of Glengall's mansion is in the town. Races take place annually in the neighbourhood. A manorial court is held every six weeks; petty sessions weekly. The linen and straw-plat manufacture are carried on upon a small scale; much is done in the corn trade. Markets are held on Fridays; fairs on 8th February, 12th April, 26th and 27th May, 20th July, 18th and 19th September, 20th October, and 7th December. The post-office revenue in 1830 was 3887., and in 1836, 5117. The contemplated railroad from Tipperary to Killaloe will pass through the town, as does one of the mail-coach roads from Dublin to Cork, and that from Waterford to Limerick. The mail car from Clonmel to Limerick also passes through Caher. (Railr. Rep.) CAHORS, a town of France, dép. Lot, of which it is the cap., on the Lot, 60 m. N. Toulouse; lat. 44° 25′ 59′′ N., long. 1° 27′ 17′′ E. Pop., ex com., 10,944. It stands principally on an eminence, almost surrounded by the Lot, and is for the most part ill built, with narrow, crooked streets. It was formerly defended on the land side by towers and ramparts, that stretched across the isthmus; but of these only the ruins now remain. It is traversed by the great road from Paris to Toulouse, and has 3 bridges over the river, one of which, built in the 12th century, is surmounted by 3 enormous towers. The cathedral has been supposed to be partly of Roman construction; but it is pretty certain that the most ancient part of the building is not older than the 6th century. With the exception of the hotel of the prefecture, the ancient episcopal palace, few of the other public buildings deserve notice. It is the seat of a bishopric, and has tribunals of primary jurisdiction and of commerce. Cahors had a university, founded in 1332: the famous jurist Cujas was, for a while, one of its professors, and Fenelon was of the number of its pupils. The university was united to that of Toulouse in 1751. At present it has an academic universitaire; a royal college or high school, with about 250 pupils; a diocesan seminary, with 150 pupils; a primary normal school; a public library with 12,000 volumes; a theatre; a society of agriculture, &c. The manufactures, which are not very considerable, consist principally of some descriptions of woollen goods and paper. There is contiguous to the town a departmental nursery. The excellent red wine, called the vin de grave, is raised in its territory; and it has a good deal of trade in that and other wines, and in oil, hemp, flax, &c. Cahors is supposed to be the ancient Divona, the capital of the Cadurci. The Romans embellished it with several fine edifices, of some of which there still remain a few vestiges. The principal of these are a portico, sup- towers at about 100 yards apart. They are, however, of little strength, and have been suffered, in many parts, to fall to decay. There are four gates, praised for their grandeur and magnificence. The streets still continue to be unpaved, and are mostly so very crooked, narrow, and irregular, that they might more properly be called lanes. There is but one as wide as Cranbourne Alley. Though deprived of a great deal of light, they are rendered cool, by the upper stories of the houses projecting over them, so as not unfrequently to meet each other. "By a stranger who merely passed through the streets, Cairo would be regarded as a very close and crowded city; but that this is not the case is evident to a person who overlooks the town from the top of a lofty house, or from the minaret of a mosque. The great thoroughfare streets have generally a row of shops along each side. Above the shops are apartments, which do not communicate with them, and which are seldom occupied by the persons who rent the shops. To the right and left of the great thoroughfares are by-streets and quarters. Most of the by-streets are thoroughfares, and have a large wooden gate at each end, closed at night, and kept by a porter within, who opens to any persons requiring to be admitted. The quarters mostly consist of several narrow lanes, having but one general entrance, with a gate, which is also closed at night; but several have a bystreet passing through them." (Lane's Mod. Egyptians, i. 7, 8.) The Jewish quarter is, as in all other cities, the filthiest ; the Copts, Franks, and other nations, generally speaking, inhabit distinct quarters, though there is no restriction in this respect, the whole city being free to all. In the Frank quarter, where also many of the Armenian and Syrian Christians reside, the streets are rather wider than elsewhere. The houses are solidly constructed and lofty, being mostly two stories high, and frequently more; their lower parts are built or cased with the soft calcareous stone of the Mokattem mountains, the layers of which in front are often painted alternately red and white; their upper parts are commonly of brick; their roofs, which are flat, serve for many domestic purposes, and are the resort of the family in the cool of the evening. Most considerable houses enclose an open unpaved court, into which the doors and the windows of the principal apartments open. The windows of the upper apartments generally project 14 ft. or more, and are commonly formed of wooden lattice-work close enough to shut out much of the light and sun, and to screen the inmates from observation, while they admit the air; occasionally, glass windows, which sometimes are finely stained, are made use of. The front doors of the larger houses are handsomely carved, painted, decorated with Arabic inscriptions, and furnished with iron knockers and wooden locks. The court-yard and ground floors commonly contain wells, fountains, pools, stables, and other domestic offices, and a hall sometimes very handsomely fitted up, in which the master of the house receives his visiters; the upper apartments are those of the women and children. Lodging-houses or caravanseras, called by Mr. Lane wekalchs, and designed for the reception of merchants and their goods, are somewhat differently laid out; and such persons as have neither a wife nor a female slave are usually obliged to take up their abode in one of these buildings. (Lane, 1. 30.) There are several open spaces or squares: Esbekiah, the principal, is surrounded by many of the finest palaces and other structures in Cairo; its centre is laid out as a garden, and is, like some of the other squares, annually overflowed by the inundation of the Nile. The waters of that river are conducted into On entering Cairo, the European visiter is gratified the city by a canal, believed by Pococke, Shaw, and and interested with the entire contrast this city presents others, to be the Amnis Trajanus (TРAIANOΣ Íотto all he has left behind him in Europe. In the words of AMOX) of Ptolemy's Geog. (lib. iv. c. 5.), and which, a British resident, "here every thing is oriental; the commencing at Old Cairo, runs through the whole style of the buildings, the shaded streets, the aspect and length of the modern town, filling a number of public costumes of the people, the quiet and repose universally and private basins, and irrigating numerous gardens prevailing; no rattling of carriages and carts; no rush-planted along its banks. The citadel is, in many reing, busy crowds, intent on their different pursuits; but spects, one of the most interesting monuments in Cairo. in their stead, the solemn camel and his patient little at- Clarke (Trav. v. 127-129.) adduces several authoritendant, the donkey, making their noiseless way un- ties to prove that it stands upon the spot once occupied der their burdens; the people gathered in groups around by the Acropolis of the Egyptian Babylon, erected by the doors of the cafés, chatting or smoking; - the shop- Cambyses upon the site of the still more ancient Latopokeeper listlessly reclining in his stall ;-the sentinel, half lis, a city almost as old as Memphis. This much, howasleep at his post, while the guard within lie stretched ever, seems certain, that a similar structure existed here in profound repose ;-all yielding to the influence of a previously to the time of Saladin, to whom, according to climate as delightful as it is salutary; and which fortu- Shaw (Trav. 295.), the restoration, rather than the nately acts as an opiate, to some extent, against the many construction, of the citadel should be ascribed. The physical ills the people are exposed to from a bad and ra- rocky hill on which it is built is separated by a chasm pacious government." Cairo at present contains 240 about 400 yards wide from the Mokattem hills. Its walls principal streets, 46 public places (squares), 11 bazars, are massive, rest on a foundation of scarped rock, and 140 schools for the instruction of children, 300 public have recently been put into a respectable state of repair: cisterns, 1,166 coffee-houses, 65 public baths, 400 mosques, but, being commanded by the Mokattem hill, on which a and several considerable hospitals. The whole city is enclosed by a stone wall, terminated on the S. E. by a detached and scarped rock rising more than 200 ft. above the level of the Nile, on which stands the citadel. This fortress, with the city walls, was built or restored by Saladin, about 1176. The walls have battlements, and lofty Previously to the annual inundation, the mouth of this canal is closed by a mound or pillar of mud, which, Dr. Clarke says, is called Anes, or "the Bride." The rushing in of the water carries away this mound; and this circumstance is believed by several authors to have given rise to the fabulous story of the annual sacrifice of a virgin to The Nile. (See Clarke, v. 108, 109.; Niebuhr's Trav. i. 69., &c.) The opening of the canal is celebrated with great rejoicings. K k |