CHAPEL-EN-LE-FRITH. Petit Château, the Château D'Enghien, and the stables: the latter, constructed between 1719 and 1735, are unequalled in Europe. The remains of the Admiral de Coligni, butchered at the massacre of St. Bartholomew, are interred in the parish church of Chantilly. The forest of Chantilly occupies a space of about 3,800 hectares. (Hugo, art. Oise, &c.) CHAPEL-EN-LE-FRITH, a market town and par., England, co. Derby, hund. High Peak, on the declivity of a hill rising from an extensive and fertile vale, surrounded by lofty eminences, 11 m. N.W. by W. Derby, 167 m. N.W. by N. London. Pop.(1831) 3,220. The town is not lighted, and only partially paved. There is one cotton mill, employing about 120 hands, and many of the lower classes are employed in weaving for the Manchester houses. At White Hall Mill is a considerable manufactory of paper. There is a brewery in the town, and Here is an establishment for warenails are also made. housing goods, the place being a medium of communication between Manchester and Sheffield, and having in consequence a large carrying trade. The town is one of the polling places for the election of mems. for the N. div. of the co. Besides the par. church, a neat edifice with a square tower, there is a chapel for Wesleyan Methodists. There is also an endowed school at Chapel-en-le-Frith, A library has been and another at Bowden's Edge. recently established. Lead and coal mines and quarries are worked in the vicinity. The Peak Forest lime-works lie 3 m. E. of this town, and communicate by railway with the Peak Forest canal. The par. includes the townships of Bowden's Edge, Bradshaw's Edge, and Combe's Edge. Market-day, Thurs. Fairs, Feb. 7., Mar. 24. and 29., April 19. and 30., May 31., July 7., Aug. 19., Oct. 13., Nov. 9. CHARD, a town and bor. of England, co. Somerset, hund. Kingsbury East, in an elevated situation, near the S. border of the co., 11 m. N. Lyme Regis. The old municipal bor., which is a parish of itself, comprised an area of 52 acres, and had in 1831 a pop. of 2,511; but the area of the new municipal bor. has been increased so as to raise its pop. in 1831, to about 8,000, mostly dependent on the manufacture of lace; to the extension of which the increase of the pop. between 1821 and 1831 is ascribed. It has an old town-hall, an extensive market-place, a church with a tower and bells, a well-endowed hospital for the maintenance of old and infirm persons belonging to the parish, and is well supplied with water. Fairs, 1st Wednesday in May, August, and November. Market-day, Monday. Chard was made a bor. by Edward I., and elected mems. to 9 parliaments, when it lost the privilege. CHARENTE, an inland dep. of France, distr. of the CHARENTE INFE'RIEURE, a maritime dep. of 654,685 hectares. Pop. 449,649. Surface flat, and in part CHARENTON-LE-PONT, a town of France, dép. CHARITE' (LA), a town of France, dép. Nièvre, cap. right bank of the Loire, over which it has a fine bridge. cant., at the foot of a hill planted with vines, on the Pop. 4.947. It was formerly fortified, and much more built, but is celebrated for its manufactures of coarse considerable than at present; it is very indifferently CHARKOFF. See KHARKOFF. jewellery, buttons, glass, earthenware, woollen stuffs, &c. CHARLEROY, or CHARLEROI, a fortified and important manufacturing town of the prov. of Hainault, in Belgium, on the navigable river Sambre, 33 m. S. of the side of a steep hill, and contains a pop. of nearly Brussels, lat. 50° 23′ N., long. 4° 25′ E. It is built on coal mines of the district, and in numerous fron foun7,000, who are occupied chiefly in working the extensive dries and glass works. The town is in the centre of the great coal-basin of Charleroy, and in 1836 it had 72 mines in active operation, producing annually about 900,000 tons of coal, the half being of good quality, a third middling, and the remaining sixth part inferior, called houille maigre. At the same period there were 12 furnaces for smelting iron, and 29 new ones in the course of that 100,000 tons of iron would be annually produced, construction; from the whole of which it was estimated and employment be given to 3,000 workmen. During the winter about 4,000 men are employed in manufac In summer the greater portion remove to turing nails; but these artisans are not all settled inhab. of the town. ries of slate and marble are also important sources of Brussels and elsewhere to make bricks. Adjacent quarindustry and wealth; and the neighbourhood contains numerous mills for sawing marbles. The manufactures various qualities; and the iron works include the manuof glass comprise all kinds of vessels and sheet glass, of facture of fire-arms, cutlery, tools, and utensils. There Pp 3 are, besides these principal establishments, several fac tories for spinning wool and weaving woollen cloths; | dye-houses, tanneries, snuff mills, rope walks, soaphouses, salt and sugar reuneries, breweries, distilleries, brickyards, &c. The communication with Brussels by means of the Charleroy canal, affords great facilities for commerce. Between 200 and 300 capacious barges are constantly employed in exporting from Charleroy to Brussels coal, iron, slates, glass, soap, &c., and importing various native and foreign productions. This canal is further described in the article on BRUSSELS. The railroad from Charleroy to Brussels is not yet completed. A large fair for cattle and merchandise is held during 10 days, commencing on the 5th of Aug. The fortress of Charleroy was built in 1666, by Rodrigo, Spanish gov. of the Netherlands, and named after Charles II. king of Spain. The lower and middle town were added by Louis XIV. in 1676. Charleroy has sustained several memorable sieges; and by various treaties has been transferred from Spain to France, from France to Spain, from Spain to Austria, and from Austria to France. The fortifications were materially improved under the direction of the Duke of Wellington, after the campaign of 1815. The traveller, when at Charleroy, should visit the ruins of the magnificent abbey of Alne, in a beautifully romantic solitude, about 9 m. from the town. The cloisters of this superb establishment were supported by 300 columns, of coloured marble, and its revenue amounted to 250,000. (Vander Maelen's Geog. de Hainault; Guide Books to Belgium, &c.) supposed to be owing, in a considerable degree, to the marshy nature of the soil on which a part of the town has been built; but the swampy ravines by which it was formerly intersected have been gradually filled up and drained, and the city has, in consequence, become much more healthy. The town is badly supplied with water, having mostly to depend on the rain-water collected in cisterns. Charleston was founded in 1680, and was the seat of government till the building of Columbia, in 1787. (Mill's S. Carolina; American Encycl. and Official Returns.) CHARLESTON, a town of the isl. of Nevis, which see. CHARLEVILLE, an inl. town of Ireland, prov. Munster, N. extremity co. Cork, 22 m. S. Limerick. Pop., in 1831, 4,766. Pop. of par. in 1834, 6,022, of whom 325 were of the estab. church, and 5,697 R. Cath. The town consists of four main streets crossing each other at right angles. In it are the par. church, a large R. Cath. chapel, a building for public meetings, a national school, and an endowed grammar school. The corporation, under a charter of Charles II., in 1671, consists of a sovereign, two bailiffs, twelve burgesses, and an indefinite commonalty. It returned 2 mems. to the Irish H. of C. till the Union, when it was disfranchised. A manor court has jurisdiction in pleas to the amount of 2007., and as a civil bill court. Petty sessions are held on alternate Mondays. The court and market-house are in the same building. Tanning and blanket making are carried on to some extent, and there are two large flour mills. Markets on Saturdays; fairs on 10th Jan., 16th March, 12th May, 15th Aug., 10th Oct., and 12th Nov. The town is a constabulary station. A branch of the National Bank was opened here in 1835. Post office revenue in 1830, 3287., and in 1836 4497, The mail coach from Cork to Limerick, and a car from Cork to Rathkeale, pass through the town, and a coach from Cork to it, conveying, at an average 12 passengers each trip, plies 6 days a week. (Stat. Surv. Railway Rep.) CHARLESTON, a city and sea-port of the U. States, one of the principal in the S. part of the Union, and the largest town of S. Carolina, on a low point of land at the confluence of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, 6 m. W. by N. the nearest point of the Atlantic, 118 m. N.E. Savannah, and 590 m. S.S.W. Baltimore: lat. 32° 46′ N., long. 79° 49′ W. Pop. in 1830, including the suburbs, 40,300. Charleston was, till 1787, the seat of the state government. This city was visited, on the 27th of April, 1838, by a most destructive fire, which raged with CHARLEVILLE, a town of France, dép. Ardennes, on great fury in its most populous part, destroying several the Meuse, at a short distance from Meziers. Pop. streets and an immense amount of property. Previ- 8,878. It is extremely well built; streets straight and ously to this disaster, the streets, which were rather broad, intersecting each other at right angles; houses narrow, crossed each other at right angles, and were nearly all of the same height, and slated, having a comoften planted with pride-of-India trees (Melia azede-fortable, gay appearance. In the centre of the town is a racha): the houses, were mostly of brick, and gene- fine square, surrounded by arcades, and ornamented with rally furnished with verandahs. It is now, however, a superb fountain. The river is crossed by a suspension being rebuilt on a new and much improved plan. It has, bridge. It is the seat of a court of primary jurisdiction, or had, a college, town-hall, exchange, custom-house, and of a commercial tribunal; and has a departmental guard-house, theatre, circus, orphan asylum, hospital, college, a primary normal school, a secondary ecclesias 2 markets, 2 arsenals, and numerous churches. The tical school, a course of geometry and mechanics applied college, established in 1785, was reorganised in 1824: it to the arts, a public library, with 24,000 vols., a cabinet possesses a commodious edifice, with a library and philo- of natural history and antiquities, and a theatre. The sophical apparatus. There are two medical schools and royal manufactory of arms, formerly established here, various learned and charitable societies. The harbour has been transferred to Tulle and Chatellerault; but is large and convenient, but rather difficult of access, in arms are still largely manufactured on account of indiviconsequence of its entrance being obstructed by a range duals. The nail-works produce about 3,500,000 kilog. of of sand-banks. Through these there are but two nails a year; and there are, besides, copper foundries, channels suitable for ships of large burden. In the where large quantities of copper-wire, plates, &c., are principal or S. channel the depth of water in the shal- produced, with soap-works, tanneries, &c. It has a lowest part, 8 m. S E. from the town, at ebb tide, is only commodious port on the Meuse, and a considerable trade about 12 ft., and at flood tide from 17 to 18 ft. A light-in wine, spirits, coal, iron, slates, marble, and manufachouse, 80 ft. high, with a revolving light, has been tured goods. When the canal of Ardennes is finished, it erected on a small island bearing 24 m. N.W. from the will have an easy communication with Paris. bar, at the entrance to the S. channel. After crossing the bar, there is deep water up to the city, where vessels lie moored alongside wharfs or quays. Charleston is a place of very extensive trade; it being the port whence more than 3-4ths of the whole foreign trade of S. Carolina is carried on. Its exports consist chiefly of cotton CHARLOTTENBURG, a small town of the Prusand rice; the exports of the former in 1836-37 amounted sian States, prov. Brandenburg, on the left bank of the to very near 200,000 bales, or 1-7th part of the entire Spree, 5 m. W. Berlin. It is chiefly made up of villas crop of cotton raised in the Union that year, of which and taverns, the summer residence of the rich, and the 166,000 bales were for foreign parts, principally Great resort of the humbler classes from Berlin; is well built, Britain, and the rest coastwise. Naval stores, hams, and has handsome straight streets, ornamented with bacon, &c, are also exported. Most of the imports are rows of trees. There is here a magnificent palace, built from the N. and middle states, and consist of wheat and by Frederick the Great, and furnished with a collection of flour, fish, shoes, all kinds of coarse manufactured goods, antiquities. The gardens, which are finely laid out, are for the use of the slaves, &c. The foreign imports are always open to the public, and are much visited by Sun. mostly brought at second hand from New York, and con- day parties and strollers from the capital. Within sist of cottons, woollens, linens, hardware, iron, and steel, these gardens is the mausoleum, erected by his present coffee, sugar, tea, wine, spices, &c. A railway has been majesty, Frederick William III., over the remains of his already opened, connecting Charleston with Hamburg, late beautiful and unfortunate queen, Louisa of Meckopposite Augusta, on the Savannah; and one is in pro- lenburg. It contains the celebrated recumbent marble gress intended to form a communication with Cincinnati, statue of Louisa, by Rauch, admitted to be not only the which, if completed, will be above 500 m. in length. Se-masterpiece of that eminent sculptor, but one of the veral newspapers are published in the city; and it has finest modern works of art. (Russell's Germany; Murnumerous banks and insurance offices. On the 30th of ray's Handbook.) September, 1838, there belonged to Charleston 24.522 tons of shipping, of which 13,817 tons were employed in the coasting trade. Like most other cities in the S. part of the U. States, Charleston has a large slave pop., and the slaves have been, and continue to be, treated with a severity revolting to those who live in countries free from this moral contamination. The yellow fever Occasionally commits great ravages here; but it is more fatal to foreigners than to the native pop. The fever is The foundations of Charleville were laid in 1605, by Charles of Gonzaga, duke of Mantua Nevers, who gave it his name. Having passed from his heirs to the house of Bourbon, the fortifications were rased, in 1686, by order of Louis XIV. (Hugo, art. Ardennes.) CHAROLLES, a town of France, dép. Saône-et-Loire, cap. arrond., at the confluence of the Semence, and the Reconce, 28 m. W.N.W. Mâcon. Pop. 3,226. It is agree. ably situated, neat, and well built; has a communal college, tribunals of primary jurisdiction and commerce, an agricultural society, iron forges, and fabrics of earthenware, and crucibles. A hill above the town is crowned with the picturesque ruins of the old castle of the counts of Charolais. One of these, a prince of the blood royal, CHARTRES. who lived during the reign of Louis XV., achieved an This is a very ancient city, being reckoned before the CHARTREUSE (LA GRANDE), a famous monastery of France, dép. Isère, 14 m. N. Grenoble, among rugged mountains, at an elevation of 3,281 ft. (1,000 metres) above the level of the sea. The access to it is very difficult. This monastery was founded in 1084; but having been several times pillaged and burnt down, the present building has been erected since 1676. It is of vast extent, and has cost an immense sum. During the Revolution, the monks were driven out, and their property, including their valuable library, confiscated and sold. But in 1826, the building, which had escaped the revolutionary tempest, was restored to its original destination. Some of the old monks, accompanied by several neophytes, returned to the building; and the Chartreuse existed once more, but shorn of its old lustre, importance, and wealth. (Hugo, art. Isère.) CHARYBDIS. See SCYLLA and CHARYBDIS. CHATEAUBRIANT, a town of France, dép. Loire Inférieure, cap. cant., on the Chere, near the pond or lake of Grand Lieu, 26 m. W.N.W. Ancenis. Pop. 3,634. It is old, and ineanly built, round the ruins of the old casFrantle, founded in 1015, whence it derives its name. çoise de Foix, so celebrated for her beauty and gallantries with Francis I., died here in 1537, and was buried in the church of the Trinity, with an epitaph on her tomb, written by Clement Marot. It has a court of primary jurisdiction, an agricultural society, and manufactures of coarse woollen stuffs, and its pastry and confitures are held in high estimation. It has some trade in iron, coal, and wood, and a considerable corn-market. (Hugo, art. Loire Inférieure.) the entrepôt of a great proportion of the wines, slate, coal, and tufa of the dep.; and the centre of the trade in It fine thread. The town was formerly surrounded by walls, and had a castle, whence it took its name. suffered a good deal during the wars of Vendée. CHATEAULIN, a town of France, dep. Finistère, cap. arrond., in an agreeable valley, on the Aulne, which there takes the name of Châteaulin, 22 m. S.E. Brest. Pop. 2,968. It is ill built; has a court of primary jurisdiction, and an agricultural society. Vessels of from 60 to 80 tons come up to the town, which has a good deal of trade in slates, procured from quarries in the neighbourhood, cattle, and butter. CHATEAUNEUF-DE-RANDON, an inconsiderable town of France, dép. Lozère, cap. cant., on a mountain, 12 m. N.E. Mende. It was formerly fortified; and an English garrison was besieged in it, in 1380, by a French force under the famous constable Duguesclin; the constable having died during the course of the siege, the English governor laid on his coffin the keys of the town, which he had engaged to deliver up to him if not relieved within 15 days. A monument was erected here in 1820 to the memory of Duguesclin. (Hugo. art. Lozère.) CHATEAUNEUF-SUR-CHARENTE, a town of France, dép. Charente, cap. cant., on the Charente, m. W. S. W. Angoulême. Pop. 2,166. It has a considerable trade in wine, brandy, and salt. It was anciently called Berdeville, and was defended by a castle burnt down in 1081. A new castle having been built to replace the former, the town took from it the name of Châteauneuf. CHATEAUROUX, a town of France, dép. Indre, of which it is the cap., in an extensive plain on the left bank of the Indre; lat. 46° 48′ 45′′ N., long. 1° 41′ 25′′′ E. Pop., ex com., 12,342. Though materially improved, Châteauroux continues to be one of the worst built, dirtiest towns in France. Streets narrow, crooked, and illpaved; houses small, irregularly built, and gloomy. It has, however, some finely shaded agreeable promenades, and some good buildings. It is the seat of a court of assizes, of tribunals of primary jurisdiction and commerce; and has a theatre, a public library, a public garden, a society of agriculture, science, and arts, and an annual exhibition of the products of the industry of the dep. The cloth manufacture is very extensively carried on; cotton hosiery and hats are also produced, and there are establishments for the spinning of wool, with tanworks, tile-works, &c. Châteauroux was founded in 950; was burned down in 1088, and rebuilt shortly after. Louis XIII. erected it into a duchy; and it was given by Louis XV. to one of his mistresses, Madame de Mailly, better known by the name of the Duchess de Châteauroux. Its manufactures have been much extended, and itself much improved, of late years. (Hugo, art. Indre.) CHATEAU-THIERRY, a town of France, dep. Aisne, cap. arrond. on the Marne, 25 m. S. Soissons. It is built on the declivity of a hill, the Pop. 4,761. It has a summit of which is surmounted by its ancient castle, a vast mass of thick walls, towers, and turrets. considerable suburb on the left bank of the Marne, the CHATEAU-CHINON, a town of France, dép. communication between them being kept up by a handNièvre, cap. arrond., near the Yonne, in the middle of some stone bridge of 3 arches. It has a court of primary mountains, at an elevation of 1,968 ft. (600 métres) jurisdiction, a communal college, an establishment for above the level of the sea, 20 m.W.N.W. Autun. Pop. the spinning of cotton, and tanneries. The famous poet 2,775. It was formerly surrounded by fortifications, and La Fontaine, not less original by his character and conduct than by his talent and genius, was born here on the was defended by a vast castle, of which there exist considerable ruins. It has a court of primary jurisdiction, 8th of July, 1661. The house which he inhabited is still an agricultural society, and some fabrics of coarse wool-preserved; and a marble statue was erected to his melens and linens. Having been taken by the royalists mory on the end of the bridge in 1824. Château Thierry in 1591, after an obstinate resistance, the garrison and suffered considerably during the campaign of 1814. the greater part of the inhabitants were put to the (Hugo, art. Aisne; Biographie Universelle.) sword. (Hugo, art. Niêvre.) CHATEAUDUN, a town of France, dép. Eure-etLoir, cap. arrond., near the left bank of the Loire, 25 m. S.S.W. Chartres. Pop., ex com., 5,985. Having been almost wholly burnt down in 1723, it has been rebuilt on a regular plan, with broad straight streets, and uniform houses. The principal square, the Hôtel de Ville, and the buildings of the communal college, are worthy of notice. Besides the college, it has a court of primary jurisdiction, a public library, with 6,000 vols., and some manufactures of woollens, and tanneries. On a rock, commanding the town, are the remains of the old castle of the counts of Dunois, the chapel attached to which has the tomb of the famous general of Charles VII., and some other tombs of less distinguished members of the family. CHATEAU-GONTIER, a town of France, dép. Mayenne, cap. arrond., on the Mayenne, 18 m. S. Laval. Pop. 6,226. It is badly laid out, but is pretty well built; has a stone bridge over the river, by which it is united to its principal suburb, a fine Gothic church, a communal college, 3 hospitals, public baths, an agricultural society, &c.; and is the seat of a court of original jurisdiction. It has considerable manufactures of fine linen and linen thread, serges, &c., with extensive bleachfields; CHATELLERAULT, a town of France, dép. Vienne, cap. arrond., on the the Vienne, 20 m. N.N.B. Poitiers. Pop., ex com., 8,390. It is situated in a fertile, agreeable country, but is ill built and dirty. It is joined to its suburb on the opposite side of the river by a stone bridge, Besides several churches, it built by the Duc de Sully. has a communal college, a theatre, an exchange, an hospital, and a royal manufacture of arms, the buildings of which are among the finest in the town; and some fine promenades. This town has been long famous for its cutlery; and has fabrics of clocks and watches, lace, It serves as a kind of entrepôt for the towns of the &c. S. and the N. of France; particularly for wines, spirits, salt, slates, iron, corn, hemp, timber, &c. The Scotch Earl of Arran, ancestor of the dukes of Hamilton, was created Duc de Châtellerault in 1548. (Hugo, art. Vienne; Sharpe's Peerage.) CHATHAM, a par., town, parl. bor., naval arsenal, and sea-port of England, co. Kent, lathe Aylesford, hund. Chatham and Gillingham, on the Medway, 28 m. E. by S. London. Pop. 1821, 15,268; 1831, 16,485. It is separated from the city of Rochester by a merely artificial line; and the latter being connected with Stroud by a bridge, the three towns form a continuous street, upwards of 2 is m. long (of which Chatham occupies 1 m.), along the Pp4 Dover road from London. For about m. below Ro-1 chester, the town extends along the bank of the river, which there bends N.N.E. and E. by N. till it falls into the estuary of the Thames at Sheerness. Notwithstanding the shortness of its course, the Medway has very deep water. At Chatham, the tide rises 18 ft. at springs, and 12 ft. at neaps; and from Sheerness to Chatham there is water to float the largest ships; and the ground being soft, and the reaches short, it forms an admirable harbour for men-of-war; and it is to its facilities in this respect that Chatham and the contiguous towns are mainly indebted for their rise. The principal church, a plain brick structure, was rebuilt in 1788; and a more modern one was erected in 1821, by the parliamentary commissioners. It has also four dissenting chapels, a national school, a proprietary classical school, a philosophical and literary institution, to which a museum is attached, and two public subscription libraries. Here is also a chapel, on the site of one attached to a monastery, founded in 1078, the endowment of which supports four brothers, two of them in orders. Sir J. Hawkins' hospital for decayed seamen and shipwrights, chartered in 1594, supports 10 individuals. There are three or four minor charities. Chatham chest, which originated with Sir F. Drake and Sir J. Hawkins, after the Spanish Armada, and at first consisted of voluntary contributions from seamen, soon became compulsory, and was ultimately removed, in 1803, to Greenwich. Down to the 4th Wm. IV. it was supported by deductions from the monthly wages of seamen, but an act of that session made it chargeable on the consolidated fund. The town was considerably improved under an act passed in 1772, but many parts of it still remain inconveniently narrow and irregular. It is in the jurisdiction of the co. magistrates, with the exception of a small part, comprised within the municipal limits of Rochester: the whole parish is in the jurisdiction of a court of requests, in that city, for debts under 51. The Reform Act conferred on it, for the first time, the privilege of returning one member to the H. of C. The limits of the parliamentary bor. include a considerable area S. and E. of the town; and were estimated, in 1831, to contain a pop. of about 19,000. Number of registered electors in 183738, 777. Market-day, Saturday; annual fairs, May 15, September 19, each lasting three days: annual races in August. The town is almost wholly dependent on the great naval and military establishments at Brompton, in its immediate neighbourhood, but separated from it by a line of fortifications. The dockyard, which lies along the E. side of the river, is, including the arsenal, above 1 m. in length; and is defended by Gillingham Fort, Upnor Castle, and several bastions. Fort Pitt, on the S. or land side of the town, was erected in 1803. The dockyard contains between 400 and 500 houses for the artificers employed in the different works, and is abundantly supplied with every means and accommodation required for the building and fitting out of the largest ships. It has five large tide docks, capable of receiving first rate menof-war, and six building-slips for vessels of the largest dimensions; a mast-house, attached to which are sawmills worked by steam, and two large floating basins, for the reception of the timber for the masts; a smithery, where anchors of the largest size (some upwards of five tons weight) are forged; a rope-house, where cables above 100 fathoms in length, and 25 inches diameter, are twisted by powerful machinery; a sail-house, and numerous warehouses, containing every article required for the building and equipment of ships of war. Here also is a spare set of Brunel's block machinery, in the event of that at Portsmouth getting out of order; dwellings for the civil officers of the establishment, and a handsome chapel. Near the entrance (which is a spacious gateway, flanked by two towers) is a general marine hospital, built in 1828, and capable of receiving 340 patients. Four hulks moored off the dock-yard, one for juvenile, two for adult offenders, and one as an hospital, form the convict establishment, usually containing from 900 to 1,000 individuals, employed in the common drudgery of the arsenal. The ordnance wharf, to the W. of the dock-yard (on the slip of land between the church and river, m. from the high street of Chatham), contains the guns belonging to each vessel respectively, in separate tiers, piles of shot and shells, a well-arranged armoury, &c.; and a large building in which lead is rolled, paint ground, &c., by steam machinery. The military establishments, comprised within the lines, consist of large infantry, marine, engineer, and artillery barracks, with a park of artillery. There is also a school, established in 1812, where young engineering officers, and recruits, are trained to a practical acquaintance with their duties. The naval arsenal was first formed a short time previously to the Spanish Armada, on the site of the present ordnauce wharf: Upnor Castle was also built about the same time. The dockyard was removed to its present site by James I., and was subsequently enlarged and improved, by the formation of floating docks, by Charles I., at which period Gillingham Fort was built a but the present establishments were principally formed subsequently to 1758, when an act was passed for their construction. Previously to this, the security of the arsenal depended mainly on the river forts, especially that of Sheerness; and on the guard ships stationed in the river. These, however, were not adequate for its protection. A memorable instance of their insufficiency occurred in 1667, when a powerful Dutch fleet, under De Ruyter, having suddenly appeared in the Thames, took Sheerness; broke a strong chain that had been drawn across the Medway; and, sailing up the river as far as Chatham, destroyed several sail of the line and a great quantity of stores. The Dutch accomplished this brilliant and daring achievement without incurring any material loss; but the fortifications were soon after very materially strengthened, and are now such as to render any coup de main of this sort quite out of the question. To shorten the distance by water, and facilitate the communication between London and Chatham, an open canal and tunnel has been cut from the Thames, opposite Tilbury Fort, to Chatham, a distance of about 9 m., of which about 2 m. are tunnelled. But notwithstanding the obvious importance of this channel of communication as a means of saving distance, the too great height of the rates, or some other circumstance, has prevented it from being much used, and it has proved a very unprofitable undertaking. Cetcham, or the Village of Cottages, is the name of the town in Domesday, and many British and Roman remains have been found in its vicinity; but the greater part of the modern town has been built since the reign of Elizabeth. Chatham gives the title of earl to the Pitt family. (Hasted's Kent; Boundary Report, &c.) CHATILLON-SUR-LOING, a town of France, dép. Loiret, cap. cant., on the Loing, 14 m. S.S.E. Montargis. Pop. 2,160. This town belonged to the family of Coligny; and in its old castle, on the 16th of February, 1517, was born the famous Admiral de Coligni, the most illustrious victim of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The mangled remains of the admiral having been deposited, by the care of some of his servants, in the chapel of the castle of Chatillon, were transferred, in 1786, to Maupertuis, where a monument was erected to his memory. (Hugo, art. Loiret; Biographie Universelle.) CHATILLON-SUR-SEINE, a town of France, dép. Côte d'Or, cap. arrond, on the Seine, 28 m. N.N.E. Semur-en-Auxois. Pop. 4,430. It is neat, well built, and well laid out; it has a fine castle, a communal college, a small public library, an hospital, a school of design, a society of agriculture, and a haras royal. It has also fabrics of coarse cloth, hats, jewellery, ironplates, glass, beet-root sugar, casks, &c. There was formerly, within the park belonging to Marshal Marmont, a very perfect agricultural establishment, and an establishment for the preparation of iron and hardware articles; but since the disgrace of the marshal, the establishments in question have been dismantled, and the articles sold. Chatillon was, in 1814, the seat of he unsuccessful negociations between Napoleon and the allies. (Hugo, art. Côte d'Or.) CHATRE (LA), a town of France, dép. Indre, cap. arrond., on the left bank of the Indre, 22 m. S.E. Chateauroux. Pop. 4,471. It is agreeably situated on the side of a hill, and was formerly defended by an immense castle, now in ruins, and of which one of the towers serves for a prison. It has a handsome church, and a fine promenade; with a court of primary jurisdiction, a communal college, very extensive tanneries and leather manufactures, and fabrics of serge and other coarse woollen stuffs. Chesnuts are very plentiful in its vicinity; and it has a considerable trade in them, and in cattle, wool, and hides. (Hugo, art. Indre.) CHATSK, a town of Russia in Europe, gov. Tambof, cap. distr., on the Chatcha, 95 m. N. Tambof. Pop. 6,000. It was founded in 1553, and peopled with Strelitz, Pouchgars, Cossacs, &c.; and was formerly fortified; and has a good deal of trade in corn, cattle, tallow, honey, hemp, iron, &c. (Schnitzler, La Russie, &c., p. 368.) CHATSWORTH, a famous seat belonging to the Duke of Devonshire. See Bakewell. CHATTERPOOR, a town of Hindostan, prov. Allahabad, about 140 m. W.S.W. that city, formerly a flourishing place, and still possessing extensive manufactures of coarse cotton wrapper, &c. CHAUDES-AIGUES, a town of France, dép. Cantal, cap. cant., in a narrow, deep gorge, on one of the affluents of the Truyère, 14 m. S. S. W. St. Flour. Pop. 2,557. This town is indebted for whatever importance it may possess to its hot springs, which were known to the Romans, by whom they were called Aqua Calentes, of which its modern name is a translation. Their temperature varies from 30° to 80° Reaumur. In winter, the houses are warmed with the hot water conveyed through the streets and into the houses in wooden pipes! It is also successfully employed in the incubation of various species of eggs. It has some trade in isinglass, and carries on some branches of the woollen manufacture. (Hugo, art. Cantal.) CHAUMONT (formerly Chaumont-en-Bassigny), a town of France, dép. Haute Marne, of which it is the cap., on a height between the Marne and the Suize, about 1 m. from the confluence of these rivers, 18 m. N.N.W. Langres. Pop., ex com., 6,113. It is indifferently well built; streets straight and clean, but some of them are steep and of difficult access. It formerly laboured under a deficiency of water; but now it possesses several fine fountains, supplied by means of a hydraulic machine. It has several good public buildings; and in the upper part of the town are some fine promenades. Louis XII., Francis I., and Henry II., surrounded it with walls and ditches; but these are in a state of disrepair, and in most places, indeed, are thrown down and filled up. It has tribunals of primary jurisdiction and of commerce; a departmental college, a society of agriculture, commerce, and arts; a public library, with 35,000 volumes; a theatre, an hospital, and a house of correction; manufactures of coarse woollens and druggets, with important fabrics of hosiery and gloves; breweries, tanneries, &c.; and a considerable trade in iron and cutlery. The emperors of Austria and Russia, and the king of Prussia, signed here, in 1814, a treaty against Napoleon. (Hugo, art. Haute Marne.) CHAUNY, a town of France, dép. Aisne, cap. cant., at the point where the Oise is joined by the canal of St. Quentin, half the town being built on an island in the river, 18 m. W. Laon. Pop. 4,483. A good deal | of cider is made in the town, which has also a good deal of trade, being favourably situated for commerce. CHAVES, a fortified frontier town of Portugal, prov. Tras os Montes, on the right bank of the Tamega, over which it has a Roman bridge of 18 arches, 40 m. W. Braganza. Pop. 5,224. It has mineral baths, which were anciently much frequented. It was taken by the French, under Marshal Soult, on his entry into Portugal in 1808, but was re-captured by the Spaniards in the following year. CHAYENPOOR, a town and distr. of Nepaul, N. Hindostan; the former is fortified, and is 130 m. E. by S. Catmandoo. The distr. is altogether mountainous; it exports to Thibet rice, wheat, oil, butter, iron, copper, cotton and woollen cloth, planks, spices, indigo, tobacco, sugar, furs, and pearls; and imports thence, salt, gold, silver, musk, musk deer skins, chowries, blankets, Chinese silks, borax, and medicinal herbs. (Buchanan, Hamilton, &c.) CHEADLE, a market town and par. of England, co. Stafford, S. div., hund. Totionslow area of par., 5.730 acres; pop. of ditto, in 1831, 4,119. The town is pleasantly seated in the most fertile part of the Moorland, in a vale surrounded by hills, planted with forest trees, and in a district abounding with coal; 12 m. E. Newcastle-under-Lyne, 15 m. N.N.E. Stafford. It consists of one principal, and four small streets, and is intersected by the roads from Newcastle to Ashbourn, and from Leek to Uttoxeter. The church is an ancient structure, in the decorated style of English church architecture. The chapel of ease, a neat building, was erected by subscription in 1832. The town is governed by a constable and headborough, nominated annually at the court-leet, held by the lord of the manor. It is also a station for receiving votes at the election of mems of the H. of C. for the N. div. of the co. The living is a rectory, in the archdeaconry of Stafford, and diocese of Lichfield and Coventry. Patron, master and fellows of Trinity college, Cambridge. The chapel is a curacy in the gift of the rector. There are various chapels for dissenters and R. Catholics. It has a free school, endowed in 1685; a national school, and sundry bequests for the poor of the par. In the vicinage are very extensive copper, tin, and brass works, and a considerable tape manufactory. There are also in the town numerous blacksmiths, braziers, and tin-plate workers; iron merchants, nail-makers, curriers, and tanners; rope-makers, flax-dressers, saddlers, and maltsters. Copper ore has been found in the neighbourhood, but not in sufficient abundance to make its working advantageous. In the vicinity there are also considerable limeworks and collieries, which employed, in 1831, 90 men. The Caldon branch of the Trent and Mersey canal passes within 4 m. of Cheadle. Market-day, Friday; and fairs are held in January, March, Holy Thursday, 16th August, and 4th October, for cattle and horses. CHEDDER, a par. and village of England, co. Somerset, hund. Winterstoke. Area, 6,690 acres. Pop. (1831) 1,980. The village, 15 m. S. by W. Bristol, at the base of the Chedder cliff, a part of the Mendip hills, has 3 irregular streets branching from a centre. The church is a spacious structure, with a lofty pinnacled tower; there is a charity school for 35 boys and 13 girls, supported by a portion of a bequest left in 1751, and at present producing about 1801. a year, the remainder being appropriated to the apprenticing of poor children, and the relief of the poor generally. There are fairs for sheep and cattle, May 4. and Oct. 29. The inhab. are chiefly employed in agriculture; but a paper-mill in the immediate vicinity employs several hands; and many females are engaged in knitting stockings. The Chedder rocks, close to the town, form a huge chasm, or gorge, apparently torn apart by some convulsion of nature, presenting irregular precipices and extensive caverns, characteristic of calcareous strata. The extensive downs comprised within the par, are clothed with fine pasture; and the dairies of the district have long been famous for the production of an excellent species of cheese, known by the name of Chedder. CHEDUBA, an island in the Bay of Bengal, about 10 m. S. W. Ramree, Aracan, to which prov. it belongs, constituting one of its 4 chief divisions. It lies between lat. 18° 36′ and 18° 46′ N., and long. 93° 28′ and 93° 44′ E.: shape, nearly round; length and breadth, about 20 m. each. Area, 400 sq. m. Pop. (1831) between 5,000 and 6,000. Nearly the whole of its surface consists of a rich productive soil; the interior is much more free from jungle than that of any other isl. upon this coast. The sugar cane, tobacco, hemp, cotton, and rice, grow most luxuriantly, and the cattle are the finest in the whole prov., in which there is not, observes Capt. Pemberton, "a spot more likely to reward the industry of a pop. at all adequate to its area." The amount of public revenue in 1831 was 12,722 rupees. (Pemberton's Report on the E. Frontier, 1835, pp. 93, 94.) CHELMSFORD, a town and par. of England, co. Essex, hund. Chelmsford, at the confluence of the Widd or Cann and Chelmer, 28 m. N.E. by E. Lond. Area of par., 1,750 acres. Pop. of do. (1821), 4,994; (1831) 5,435. The town, which is almost in the centre of the co., consists of one principal street and three others branching from it: houses mostly well built, many of them having gardens extending to the rivers. It is lighted, and well supplied with water from a spring distant m., conveyed to a handsome reservoir in the town. The church, a stately fabric of the early part of the 15th century, has been repaired within the last few years, but the original pointed style has been carefully preserved. It has a chapel of ease, 4 dissenting chapels, 4 sets of almshouses (the oldest founded in 1625); a public dispensary, and many minor charities and benevolent societies; a grammar-school, founded by Edw. VI., which participates alternately with those of Malton and Brentwood in an exhibition to Caius College, Cambridge; 2 charity schools (one founded in 1713, one in 1714), which respectively clothe and educate 50 boys and 20 girls; a national, a Lancastrian, and an infant school; a neat theatre; public baths, with a reading-room attached; and a handsome hall, in which the courts of assize and of quarter sessions for the county are held, and which also contains a spacious assembly-room. The present co. gaol, on a hill about 1 m. from Chelmsford, in the par. of Springfield, where it occupies an area of 8 or 9 acres, was built in 1828 on the radiating plan. The former gaol, in the same par., is now only used for prisoners previously to conviction, and debtors: attached to it is a house of correction for females. During the last war, two sets of barracks, capable of containing 4,000 men, were erected near the town; but they have since been taken down. A line of embankments defended by star batteries may still be traced, erected during the threatened invasion in 1805, to protect the approaches to the metropois from the E. coast. Market, Friday: the supply is good, especially of poultry, much of which is usually purchased for the London markets. Fairs, May 12. Nov. 12. for horses and cattle. The Chelmer is crossed by a handsome iron bridge. Below the town, the river has been formed into a navigable canal, 12 m. in length, for barges, by means of locks and artificial cuts, to Maldon, at the head of the estuary of the Blackwater. A handsome stone bridge of one arch has been thrown over the Cann, to replace an older bridge of three arches built in the reign of Henry I. Chelmsford has long been the great thoroughfare to the E. parts of Essex, and to those of Norfolk and Suffolk. This and the general co. business of assizes, sessions, &c., and the nomination and return of the co. inembers, are the chief support of the place, for there is no manufacture, and the principal part of the labouring pop. are employed in agriculture, or as carriers and drovers to the metropolis. There are wellfrequented annual races in July, held on Galley Common, 2 m. from the town. Chelmsford is near the Cæsaromagus of the Roman period. CHELSEA, a town and par., forming part of the W. suburbs of the metropolis of England, co. Middlesex, hund. Ossulston, Kensington div. Pop., in 1821, 26,860; 1831, 32,371. It is situated on the N. bank of the Thames, along the widest of its reaches above London bridge, and is connected with Battersea on the opposite bank by a wooden bridge: the lower, or old town, is irregularly built, and on the whole of mean appearance: its best houses are those of Cheyne Walk, along the side of the river above the hospital, anciently |