part of hospitality. Still, however, they are not wholly destitute of good qualities; and are said to be sincere, hospitable, and compassionate. Having been long a principal seat of the slave trade, a considerable part of the disorders that prevail in the country are with much probability ascribed to the enormities growing out of that detestable traffic. This is said to isolate one petty state from another, and to occasion perpetual wars; the slaves being mostly prisoners taken in battle, or kidnapped on the public roads. But, admitting the influence of these causes, still we apprehend that the intellectual inferiority of the negro race is at bottom the real cause of the degraded condition of Congo, and of all the other negro states. The Congoese are said frequently to decapitate their prisoners, and burn their bodies; and if such barbarity be practised when the prisoners may be sold, the persumption would seem to be that it would become much more prevalent were the traffic put an end to. (See Tuckey, passim; and Ritter's Geography of Africa, French translation, i. 379-387.)

The country has been represented as very populous, and as studded with towns and villages swarming with inhab. Carli, one of the early missionaries, gravely reports that a king of Congo marched against the Portuguese at the head of an army of 900,000 men! (Prevost, ubi suprà.) But it is evident that a country in the state we have described cannot be thickly peopled; and, in point of fact, Tuckey states that the most considerable banza, or cap., of a petty state that he visited did not contain more than 100 huts and 600 persons. In Embomma he found 60 huts, with 500 inhab. ; and at Inga 70 houses, in which not more than 300 persons resided. It is true that his observations in the interior were not very extended; and he admits that the upper banks of the Zaire (where his operations unhappily ended) were considerably more populous than those towards the coast; but still it is abundantly certain that the accounts of the extraordinary pop. of the country have no better foundation than the imagination of the writers. According to the statements of the missionaries, the cap. of the country, which they divided into six provinces, was built on a mountain about 150 m. from the sea, and was called by them St. Salvador. They speak in the most extravagant terms of the beauty and salubrity of the situation. According to Carli, of whose statements we have already given a specimen, it contained 40,000 inhab.; and it had several Christian churches, and a school under the direction of the Jesuits. But Merolla reports that in 1668 St. Salvador had suffered so much from the ravages of war, that the sovereign had transferred his residence to Lemba, and that the former had become a den of robbers. (Histoire Générale des Voyages, iv. 631.) There are no subsequent accounts of St. Salvador on which it would be safe to place any reliance. CONGOON, a sea-port town of Persia, prov. Fars, on the Persian Gulph, 130 m. S. by E. Schiraz. Pop. from 6,000 to 7,000. It has an excellent roadstead, where a frigate may ride in safety in the most tempestuous weather; and good water and firewood may be procured in abundance. (Kinneir's Persian Empire, p. 81.) CONI, or CUNEO, a town of N. Italy, king. Sardinia, cap. div. and prov., on a hill at the confluence of the Stura and Gesso, 45 m. S. by W. Turin. Pop. 10,000. This was formerly a strong fortress, and sustained without capture various sieges, till being delivered up to the French they dismantled it in 1801. It is still, however, surrounded by a wall, with 2 gates; it has a cathedral, 3 other churches, a royal college, hospital, work house, and some public baths. Its principal street is wide and handsome, and is lined throughout with porticoes the other streets are, in fact, mere lanes. Coni is the seat of a court of primary jurisdiction, and a bishopric, and the residence of the intendente and military commandant of the div. It has some silk fabrics, and carries on a considerable trade, being a sort of entrepôt to Turin and Nice. (Rampoldi; Mod. Trav., &c.) CONJEVERAM (Canchipura, the golden city), a considerable town of Hindostan, prov. Carnatic, distr. Chingleput, in which it is the chief military station under the Madras presidency. It stands in a valley 36 m. W.S.W. Madras, and 25 m. E. Arcot; lat. 120 49′ N.. long. 79° 41′ E. It is tolerably populous, and covers a large space of ground, which is in great part occupied by extensive gardens and cocoa plantations. It has two remarkable pagodas; one, dedicated to Siva, contains many pillars handsomely sculptured, and some well-carved figures of elephants, &c.; the other, which is smaller, has a great deal of curious workmanship and sculpture, which, for truth of proportion and delicacy of execution, is scarcely surpassed by any other Hindoo edifice. There are numerous weavers amongst the pop.; who manufacture red handkerchiefs, turbans, and cloths for native dresses. Small pagodas, and choultries, or travellers' houses, abound both in the town and its vicinity: the valley of Conjeveram is fertile, contains many substantial tanks, and appears in a prosperous state. (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz, i. 443, 444.)

CONNAUGHT, one of the four provs. into which Ireland is divided, on its W. coast, containing the cos. of Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon, and Sligo. (See IRELAND.) CONNECTICUT, one of the smallest of the U. States, in the N. part of the Union, between lat. 40° 58′ and 420 2 N., and long. 71° 53′ and 73° 50′ W., having N. Massachusetts, E. Rhode Island, W. New York, and S. Long Island Sound: length, E. to W., 90 m.; average breadth, about 52 m.; area, about 4,700 sq.m. Pop. (1830) 237,665, of whom 25 only were slaves. It ranks third in the Union as to density of pop., having 63 individuals to the sq. m. Surface generally undulating. A chain of mountains of inconsiderable height runs N. and S. through the W. part of the state. The principal river is the Connecticut: it rises in New Hampshire, and having passed through Massachusetts, intersects this state nearly in its centre; and then bending to the E., falls into Long Island Sound, a little below Newhaven, after a course of 410 m., 250 of which have been made navigable by means of locks and canals. Along the coast are several excellent harbours; the best are those of New London and Newhaven. Climate very variable: an extreme degree of heat and cold are experienced at different seasons; but the sky is usually serene, and the country healthy. There are some sterile districts; but the soil is for the most part fertile, and (for America) well cultivated. European grains, Indian corn, flax, hemp, and culinary vegetables, are raised in abundance; orchards are numerous, and apples so plentiful that cider is a considerable product. The pasture-lands are good; large herds of cattle are reared, and butter and cheese are made in large quantities. In 1836 there were 255,000 sheep, which produced 829,300 lbs. of wool, value 418,796 doll. Farms vary in size from 50 to 200 acres. There are mines of iron ore, lead, and copper; but excepting the first, none of them are wrought. Marble, black-lead, porcelain clay, and freestone, are found in many parts. The chalybeate waters of Stafford are celebrated. Manufactures occupy more attention than rural industry, and are more considerable, in proportion to the population, than in any other state of the Union, Rhode Island excepted. The principal are those of cotton and woollen stuffs, iron and tin ware, leather, fire-arms, carriages, powder, clocks, gin, snuff, &c. In 1837 it had 31 banks, with a united cap. of 8,665,607 doll. A considerable ceasting trade and traffic with the W. Indies are maintained. The principal articles of export are cattle, horses, mules, grain, fish, candles, soap, butter, cheese, &c. The state is divided into 8 counties. Hartford is the chief city, and is, in conjunction with Newhaven, the seat of governm.; the other principal towns are Middletown, New London, and Norwich. These contain several colleges, learned societies, and public schools. The state school-fund, founded in 1821, is the most considerable of any in the Union; the capital, in 1832, was reported to have amounted to 1,902,957 doll., the number of persons deriving benefit from it 86,252, and the amount of interest distributed in the same year 81,930 doll. Yale College, founded at Saybrook in 1700, and removed in 1716 to Newhaven, contains the finest cabinet of minerals in the Union, and an extensive library. In 1838 it had 411 students, being a greater number than any other college in the U. States. The legislature consists of a senate of 12 mems., and a H. of Representatives; 80 towns sending 2, and the other towns i rep. each, their total number, in 1837, being 208. The senators, representatives, governor, and lieut.-governor are all elected annually by the white male inhab. of the age of 21 years complete. Senators receive 2, and representatives 14 doll. each during session, besides an allowance for travelling expenses. The judges of the supreme courts are appointed by the assembly, and hold their offices during good behaviour, or until they are 70 years of age, when they must retire. Connecticut sends 6 mems. to the National H. of Representatives, and 2 senators to the National Senate. The government was fixed on its present footing in 1818. This portion of the Union was first colonised in 1635 and 1630, by 2 colonies united in 1665. Its subsequent progress has been one of almost uninterrupted prosperity. (Darby's 'iew of the U. States, pp. 491–493.; Encyc. Americana; American Almanac.)

CONSTANCE (an. Constantia, Germ. Konstanz or Costnitz), a city of the grand duchy of Baden, cap. circ. same name, or Seereis (Lake Circle), finely situated on the Rhine, at the point where it emerges from the Lake of Constance, 100 m. S.S.E. Carlsruhe, 26 m. E. Schaffhausen ; lat. 47° 36′ 16′′ N., long, 9° 8' E. Pop. (1838) 6.230 (Berghans), mostly Catholics. Constance is a highly interesting city, from its historical associations. In the 15th century it is said to have contained from 30,000 to 40,000 inhab.; and its streets and many of its buildings remain unaltered since that period, though several of them are wholly, or almost wholly, deserted. It is fortified by a wall flanked with towers, and surrounded by a ditch; has three suburbs, one of which, Petershausen, is on the opposite bank of the Rhine, but com

workmen, the wealth of an empire, and the ingenuity of presiding angels, had raised a stupendous monument of the heavy mediocrity which distinguished the productions of the sixth century from the perfect specimens of a happier age."

On the third hill is the Eski Serai, or Old Palace, said to have been the residence of the later Greek emperors; a building surrounded by a lofty octangular wall about 1 m. in circuit, and to which, when a sultan dies, his harem is removed. It presents nothing remarkable.

The mosques of Constantinople have all an open space around them, generally planted with trees, and refreshed by fountains. The principal mosque, the celebrated St. Sophia, stands on the W. declivity of the first hill, near the Sublime Porte of the Seraglio. It was begun and finished under the emperor Justinian, between the years 531 and 537. It is in the form of a Greek cross, 269 feet in length, by 243 feet wide, or about 3-5ths the length of St. Paul's London, by nearly the same width; and surmounted in its centre by a dome, the middle of which is 180 feet above the floor. The dome is of an elliptical form, and much too flat to be externally beautiful, its height not exceeding 1-6th part of the diameter; which is 115 feet, or 15 feet more than that of the dome of St. Paul's, and 18 feet less than that of St. Peter's at Rome. It is lighted by 24 windows ranged round its circumference, and rests upon four strong arches, the weight of which is firmly supported by four massive piles, strengthened on the N. and S. sides by four columns of Egyptian granite. The present dome is not coeval with the building; the original one, which was less lofty, and more circular, having been thrown down by an earthquake 21 years after its erection. There are, besides, 2 large and 6 smaller semi-domes, the whole of which blending internally with the principal one, form altogether a magnificent expanse of roof. Four minarets, but each of a different shape, have been added to this mosque by the Mohammedans. The building has been outwardly so much patched and propped up in different ages. that it has lost whatever beauty it may have originally possessed, and is now a heavy, unwieldy, and confused-looking mass. It is entered on the W. side by a double vestibule about 38 ft. in breadth, which communicates with the interior by nine bronze doors, ornamented with bas-reliefs in marble. The interior is spacious and imposing, not ocing broken by aisles or choirs; but the variegated marble floor is covered with mats and carpets; the mosaics of the dome, &c., have been whitewashed over by the Turks; the colossal seraphim and other sculptures have been in great part destroyed, and the general coup d'œil is spoiled by "a thousand little cords depending from the summit to within 4 ft. of the pavement, and having at the end of them lamps of coloured glass, large ostrich-eggs, artificial horse-tails, vases and globes of crystal, and other mean ornaments." (Hobhouse.) The building is said to contain 170 columns of marble, granite, porphyry, verd antique, &c., many of which were brought from the temple of the Sun, built by Aurelian, the temple of Diana at Ephesus, and other ancient structures. The cost of the building, owing to the ambiguity of the Byzantine historians, cannot be accurately determined; but Gibbon observes (Decline and Fall, ch. xl.), that "the sum of one million sterling is the result of the lowest computation."* Yet with all this, Justinian seems to have failed in making St. Sophia a really fine edifice. Sir J. Hobhouse savs of it," My impression was, that the skill of the one The total expense of building St. Paul's Cathedral was 736,7521. 28. 3d. (London Encyclopedia.)

Most travellers agree in preferring the mosques of Solyman the Magnificent, and Achmet, to St. Sophia. The former of these, called the Solymania, was built in 1556, of the ruins of the church of St. Euphemia at Chalcedon. It is 216 ft. in length by 210 ft. broad, and has a handsome dome, supported on four columns of Thebaic granite 60 ft. high, pavements, galleries, &c. of marble, several minor cupolas, 4 fine minarets at the angles, a spacious court-yard leading to it, with galleries of green marble on either side, and 28 leaded cupolas, and a very handsome gate of entrance ascended to by a flight of at least 20 marble steps. The whole of this mosque is in very good taste. Behind it, in an enclosed court shaded with trees, is the mausoleum of Solyman, an octagonal building, and the handsomest of all the royal sepulchral monuments, which are very numerous in the city. The mosque of Achmet I., between St. Sophia and the Propontis, was constructed in 1610, and has a very beautiful marble pavement. It is the only mosque which possesses six minarets. These are of extraordinary height and beauty, and each has three Saracenic galleries surrounding it. The Osmanié, or mosque of Othman, completed in 1755, has a light and elegant dome, and is tastefully ornamented. The other principal mosques are those of Mohammed II., Bajazet, Selim II., Mustapha III., the Validea, &c. The last named, founded by the mother of Mohammed IV., contains a double row of fine marble pillars, chiefly brought from the ruins of Troy. Another mosque has become an object of curiosity, from its containing a sarcophagus, supposed to have been that of Constantine the Great. Many of the mosques have, like St. Sophia, been formerly Greek churches: the remainder have been erected mostly by the Turkish sovereigns, the viziers, or wealthy individuals. The royal foundations comprise a college, with a public library, an hospital, and an almshouse; and the mosques in general have attached to them some charitable institutions. They derive their revenues from villages and lands belonging to them, and held by a tenure not dissimilar to that of our church-lands. The incomes of some of the mosques are very large; that of St. Sophia has been said to amount to 800,000 livres annually (Hobhouse): Dallaway says 3,000l. (p. 58.)

The largest space in Constantinople is the Al-Meidan, or Horse-course, the ancient Hippodrome. It is at present 300 yards long, by 150 wide. (Elliott.) In it for. merly stood the celebrated group of 4 horses, originally transported thither from Rome, and afterwards removed to the cathedral of St. Mark, at Venice. It still contains the granite obelisk from Thebes, set up by Theodosius the Great; the broken pyramid of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, shorn of its bronze plates; and, between the two, the hollow spiral brass column, which originally supported the golden tripod in the temple of Delphi. The last consists of 3 serpents, twisted together. Mr. Elliott describes it as being at present about 12 ft. high; mutilated at the top, and much injured in the centre. Close to the Hippodrome formerly stood the imperial palace, the senate-house, and the forum. No remains of these exist. The Hippodrome continues to be used by the Turks for feats of activity, both on horseback and on foot.

In the Adrianople Street is the "Burnt Pillar," so called from its having been blackened by repeated conflagrations. It was erected by Constantine the Great, and was originally 120 ft. in height, and composed of 10 blocks of porphyry, each upwards of 9 ft. high, and 35 ft. in circumference, resting on a marble pedestal 20 ft. in height. The joints of the column were concealed by embossed brass or iron hoops, and the whole supported a colossal bronze statue of Apollo, said to have been the work of Phidias. (Gibbon, ch. xvii.) The statue and 3 of the blocks were thrown down by lightning in 1150, and the whole height is now only 90 ft. In the centre of the city the pillar of Marcian may be seen, enclosed in a private garden. It is of granite, with a Corinthian capital of white marble, surmounted by an urn of the same material. finest of all, the Arcadian or Historical column, erected early in the 5th century, and covered with a series of bas-reliefs, representing the victories of Theodosius the Great, was taken down at the end of the 17th century, and only 14 ft. of it are now above ground. (Dallaway, p. 113, 114) Dallaway readily traced the vestiges of the Bouceleon palace, built by Theodosius II. opposite the Sea of Marmara.

The

The means for the supply of Constantinople with water are worthy of remark. The aqueduct of Valens, which communicates with another and more extensive, though similarly constructed aqueduct, beyond the walls, continues, as anciently, to convey water into the city.

It was originally built by the emperor Hadrian; and rebuilt first by Valens, and again by Solyman the Magnificent. It runs from the summit of the third to that of the fourth hill, consisting of a double tier of 40 Gothic arches in alternate layers of stone and brick. It is in some parts considerably dilapidated, and its E. extremity especially is much injured. Andréossy estimates that it was originally nearly 1,280 yards in length; it is now, he says, 669 yards long, and about 74 ft. in height. (Andressy, p. 432.) There are several other aqueducts on both sides the port, which, as well as the beuals, or re. servoirs, without the walls, were chiefly the work of the Greek emperors, though they have been augmented and kept in repair by the Turkish sultans. All the water that supplies Constantinople comes from Belgrade, a village a little to the N.E. of the city. An American traveller (Sketches in Turkey in 1831-32) has estimated the quantity brought into the city at 15,000,000 gall. every 24 hours, and states that the various water-courses about Constantinople must exceed 50 m. in length. The whole of these important works are under the superintendence of an officer with great powers, and are annually inspected by the sultan.

The Greek emperors constructed many large cisterns within the walls, both open and subterranean: the former have been gradually filled with earth, and converted into gardens; but several of the subterranean ones still re. main entire. The principal are contiguous to the Hippodrome. The largest, or Cisterna Basilika, is a vault of brick-work, covered with terrace composition, 336 ft. in length, by 182 ft. broad, and supported by 336 marble pillars, each 40 ft. 9 in. in height. (Clarke, pp. 170,171.) It still affords water to the inhabitants, being supplied by the city aqueduct, and many wells are sunk into it. Another vault, the Cisterna Maxima, called by the Turks "the thousand and one columns," is, according to Mr. Elliott, 240 ft. long by 200 wide, 5 fathoms deep, and sus. tained by 14 rows of 16 double columns of white marble, the capital of one pillar forming the base for another. This cistern is now dry, and half filled with earth: it is at present used as a rope-walk, or place for spinning silk. Not far from it is another cistern, also dry, but capable of holding 1,500,000 gallons water. (Elliott.)

The fountains are amongst the chief ornaments of the city. There are almost as many as there are streets; one is to be found in every piazza, market-place, and mosque. They are uniformly square, with a spout at each side and a leaden roof; and are generally gilded, painted, inscribed with sentences from the koran, or otherwise decorated. The public baths are built mostly of marble, on a uniform plan, and covered with little flat domes: their interior is generally handsome and spacious; and the price of a bath, the first of oriental luxuries, is so low that a poor man can enjoy a hot bath for a penny. In the better sort, coffee, sherbet, and pipes are furnished to the bathers. Few houses of consequence are unprovided with a commodious bath.

The greater number of the khans (bazaars), and bezestins (or changes), are built of stone or brick. The khans and serais, or inns, are for the most part royal or charitable endowments, each capable of accommodating from 100 to 1,000 persons. They consist of open squares, surrounded by rooms, in several stories, and possess recom. mendations far outweighing their want of architectural elegance. Most of them are intended for travelling merchants. Excepting a small present to the servant at departing, strangers are gratuitously lodged in them, and during their residence in the city, are masters of their rooms, of which they keep the keys. "They are for all men, of whatever quality, condition, country, or religion soever, and the construction of them has contributed to attract the merchandise of the furthest boundaries of Africa and Asia to the capital of Turkey, During fires or insurrections, their iron gates are closed, and they afford complete security to the persons as well as goods of the merchants." (Hobhouse.)

The covered bazaars have more the appearance of a row of booths in a fair, than a street of shops. Each is appropriated to a separate article of merchandise. The shops are all open in front, and under cover of a common roof; the sills of the windows, as in ancient Pompeii, forming the counters. (Elliott.)

The better sort of coffee houses are open on one side, and have a fountain playing in the midst of a range of marble seats, and recesses furnished with pillows, mats, and stuffed carpets. A row of them, near the Solymania, is frequented by opium eaters; but there are not nearly so many of these individuals in the Turkish capital as is generally imagined. All the public buildings of Constantinople are crowned by cupolas, in consequence of which, their number, at a distance, seems to be as great as that of the private houses. The domes, as well as the minarets of all the sacred structures, are terminated by

a crescent.

The houses of opulent Turks, are built, like the khans and most other large houses in the E., round a court, which has always a fountain playing in its centre.

Occasionally these residences are not ill-constructed; but the common dwellings are mere comfortless wooden boxes, with unglazed windows, and without fire-places. (Dallaway.) House-rent is said to be higher in Constantinople than in any other city in the world: this is ascribed to the frequency of fires, a house not being reckoned worth more than 5 years' purchase, if so much. The fact is, that these fires are very often intentional; and that they are resorted to for the same purpose that public meetings and petitions are got up in England to make the sultan aware of the public discontent, and of the necessity of appeasing it! A striking instance of this sort is given by Porter (Observations on the Turks, p. 92.), and similar instances may be found in other travellers. We do not know that any thing could better evince the atrocious nature of the despotism under which Turkey has so long groaned, than the circumstance of its making fire-raising a sort of constitutional resource ! The Golden Horn (an. Sinus Byzantinus) has usurped the ancient name of the promontory on which Byzantium was built, and which was first called Kigas Xpurior, Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn. (Clarke's Tráv., viii. 176. 182.) It is one of the finest and most secure harbours in the world, capable of containing upwards of 1,000 sail of the line, and of a depth sufficient to admit of goods being landed on the quays from the largest ships, in many places without the assistance of boats. It extends from the Seraglio Point inland, for about 43 m. N.W., with a breadth varying from a furlong to half a mile. At its entrance it has a light-house on either side, and is defended by some batteries on the Seraglio Point. At its upper end, the ancient Lycus, now called the Sweet Waters, falls into it, and it is continually cleared by the stream of that river, in conjunction with a current setting into it from the Bosphorus. It exhibits a most picturesque and animated scene, covered, as it always is, with merchant vessels, steamers, ships of war, and caiques of all descriptions. Along the S. W. side of this harbour, the Fanar, or Greek quarter, extends nearly the whole way from the seraglio to the western walls of the city. Beyond the walls, on the same side, is the suburb of Azoob or Ejoop, in the mosque of which the new sultan is always installed in his office. The upper extremity of the harbour, anciently called the Marcidum Mare, is now, as formerly, a low, marshy, unwholesome tract; but about 1 m. beyond, in the Valley of the Sweet Waters, the Sultan Achmet III. had some grounds laid out in the French style, with the addition of gaudy kiosques, coffee-houses, &c., to which the inhabitants of the city and suburbs frequently

resort.

On the N.E. side of the harbour are the suburbs of Galata, Topkanah, Pera, and Cassim Pasha. The first two stand side by side on the shore opposite to the seraglio, and E. end of the city. Pera is on a hill to the N.E. behind both; and Cassim Pasha to the N.W. of all, opposite the Fanar. Galata was built by the Genoese in the 13th century, and walled in the 15th. It is about 4 m. in circuit, divided into 3 quarters, and inhabited chiefly by European and other merchants. It has 12 gates, and contains a citadel or tower, 140 ft. high, built by the emperor Anastasius, a very fine fish-market, several mosques, a handsome fountain, and a great number of shops. Tournefort remarks that "one tastes in Galata a snatch of liberty not to be found elsewhere in the Ottoman empire. Galata is, as it were, Christendom in Turkey; taverns are tolerated, and the Turks themselves freely resort thither to take a cheerful glass." Topkanah (an arsenal) contains an arsenal, artillery-barracks, and magazines, and a cannon-foundry. Pera is beautifully situated, but irregularly built and ill-paved. It is about 2 m. in length; its pop. is almost wholly Frank, and it contains the residences of most of the European ambassadors, besides 4 Catholic and 1 Greek church, a monastery of dervishes, and a Mohammedan college. In 1831, it suffered severely from a fire which destroyed 10,000 houses, amongst which were the palaces of nearly all the ambassadors, and property estimated to be worth 8,000,000 dollars. Cassim Pasha contains the great naval arsenal, dock-yards, barracks, quarters for slaves and workmen, the palace of the capitan-pasha, &c. There are no suburbs on the W. side of Constantinople, only a few cemeteries and scattered cottages beyond the walls. The immediate vicinity towards Thrace consists generally of an expanse of open downs; the solitude and desolation which prevail on this side are remarkable. On the Asiatic continent, about a mile across the Bosphorus from the Seraglio Point, stands the town of Scutari (an. Chrysopolis); and about 2 m. S. of it, the ancient Chalcedon.

Manufactures few: the principal are those of silk and cotton fabrics, arms, morocco feather, saddlery, horsetrappings, shoes, and other articles of ordinary use and consumption, together with those of tobacco bowls, tubes, and mouth-pieces. The latter branches of industry employ many hands, and one bazaar is devoted solely to those articles. The keff-kil earth is dug in