part additional is clandestinely exported from the unlicensed ports, and otherwise. In 1833 the customs returns gave a total export of 7,624,553 arrobas, or 190,613,825 lbs.; and in 1837 the export, according to the same returns, amounted to 9,060,053 arrobas, or 226,501,355 lbs,; to which, by adding 1-4th part for the quantity clandestinely exported, the total export in 1837 will be found to amount to the prodigious sum of 283,126,695 lbs., or 126,400 tons!

The culture of coffee has advanced with equal or even greater rapidity. In 1800 there were but 80 plantations were no fewer than 2,067, of at least 40,000 trees each! The low prices of coffee that have since generally prevailed seem to have checked this astonishing progress. But in 1837 the custom-house returus show an export of no less than 2,133,567 arrobas, or of 53,339,175 lbs., to which, as in the case of sugar, considerable additions must be made to get the true exports.

for exportation; and 500 beasts of burden, horses, mules, and camels are constantly employed in transporting it to the place of shipment at Santiago. In the neighbourhood of Santa Clara, another copper-mine has been opened by an American company, but its greater distance from the sea, and the smaller proportion of pure metal in a given quantity of ore, have hitherto prevented it from meeting with an equal degree of success. At first, the mineral of Santa Clara was sent to be smelted at New York; but latterly, like that from Cobre, near Santiago, it has been shipped to the great smelting-houses in Wales. Coal of tolerable quality has been found in the neigh-in the island; in 1817 there were 779; and in 1827 there bourhood of the Havannah, but though several pits have been opened, the means of internal communication are so imperfect, that English coal, carried out in the sugar ships as ballast, can still be sold at a cheaper rate. The coal of Cuba is highly bituminous, and in some places degenerates into a form resembling the asphaltum which is found in the pitch lake of Trinidad, and in various parts of Europe. The ships of the discoverers were careened with this bitumen, which is often found near the coast in a semi-liquid state, like petroleum or naphtha. Marbles and jaspers, of various colours, and susceptible of a high polish, are found in many parts of Cuba, and in its chief dependancy, the Isle of Pines. The mineral waters of San Diego, Madringa, and Guanabacao have obtained some celebrity, but with the exception of the last, which is within a few miles of the Havannah, they are difficult of access, and therefore not much resorted to. The temperature of the springs of San Diego is about 95° Fahr.; the water is clear and transparent, causing nausea on the stomach, and exhaling the foetid smell of rotten eggs. The analysis of a pound of water gives 105 grains of the sulphate of chalk, 1 grain of the hydrochlorate of magnesia, 1 of the carbonate of magnesia, and 46 of sulphurated hy-making of sugar, molasses, and rum, the preparation drogen gas. The baths are used in cutaneous affections, congestions of the lymphatic glands, scrofula, obstinate syphilis, suppressions of the menstrua, chronic diarrhoeas, strictures of the abdominal viscera, muscular contractions, and in various other disorders.

Population. There have been four regular censuses of the population: the first in 1775, when it amounted to 170,370; the second in 1791, when it was 272,140; the third in 1817, when it was 551,998, and with transient persons, 630,980; and the fourth in 1827, when the permanent population was 704,487, and with transient persons, 730,562. A fifth census is now (1839) in progress, when it is supposed that the gross numbers will exceed 900,000. According to the census of 1827, the population is divided as follows:

Education is at a very low ebb: in the whole island! there are only 222 schools. Of these, 129 are for white boys, and 79 for white girls; 6 for coloured boys, and 8 for coloured girls. They are attended by 6,025 white boys, 2,417 white girls; 460 coloured boys, and 180 coloured girls. The proportion of free children, between 5 and 15 years of age, at school, to those not at school, is supposed to be about 1 to 10! There is not, in the entire prov. of Puerto Principe, a single school for free coloured children of either sex; and it is needless to add that they are inadmissible at the white schools. Of those who pay for their own education, there are 3,255 white boys, 1,557 white girls; 371 coloured boys, and 142 coloured girls. Of those taught gratuitously by the masters, there are 672 white boys, 363 white girls; 71 coloured boys, and 28 coloured girls. Of those who have the expense of their education defrayed by patriotic societies, there are 340 white boys, and 200 white girls. Of those educated by public subscription, or by local taxation, there are 1,758 white boys, 297 white girls; 18 coloured boys, and 10 coloured girls. No slave, negro or coloured, is admitted or admissible into any of the schools of the island.

Agriculture. The raising of sugar and coffee constitutes by far the most important branch of industry carried on in Cuba. The culture of both these great staples has advanced with extraordinary rapidity, especially since 1809, when the ports of the island were freely opened to foreigners. The principal export of both articles takes place from the Havannah; and the export of sugar from that city, which in 1760 amounted to about 5,000,000 lbs., had increased in 1800 to above 40,000,000 lbs., in 1820 to above 100,000,000 lbs., and may at present amount to from 110 to 120 million lbs.! According to the custom-house returns, the exports of sugar from the entire island amounted, in 1827, to 156,000,000 lbs. ; but it is ascertained that at least 1-4th

Tobacco is indigenous in Cuba, and its excellent quality is celebrated in all parts of the world. It is, however, said to be seldom profitable to the planter; but we doubt this, as its export, and, consequently, culture, have largely increased. In 1826 the export of cigars amounted to only 197,194 lbs., whereas it had increased, in 1837, to 792,438 lbs. The culture of cotton and indigo is very much on the decline. Indian corn, rice, beans, plantains, and even wheat, are raised for the consumption of the inhabitants; but not in sufficient quantities for the demand, so that flour is an important article of importation. Cattle have become extremely numerous, being estimated at about 1,200,000 head; and hides form an important article of export. Horticulture is very little attended to.

Manufactures. Of these the most important are the

of coffee, the making of cigars, the bleaching of wax, and the manipulation of the minor staples of the island.

Internal Communication. The means of communication between the interior and the coast are very imperfect. The common roads are badly constructed, and during the rainy season are in general impassable for wheel-carriages. The evil is diminished by the long and narrow form of the island, which enables the planters to bring their produce to a place of shipment without any very long land journey. The number of coasting vessels is in consequence considerable, and in 1839 the island possessed 13 steam-boats. There are also three steam ferry-boats plying in the harbour of the Havannah, a steam dredging-machine for cleaning it, and a steam tow-boat for carrying the punts loaded with the mud of the harbour out to sea. A line of railroad, the first of any consideration which has yet been laid down in any part of the W. Indies, was opened in 1838, connecting the Havannah with one of the most important sugar districts, and having its inland terminus at the town of Guiues, 45 m. distant. The other points at which it touches are Almendares, Bejucal, San Felipe, and Melena. The capital employed in its construction was obtained by means of a loan negotiated in London. Its nominal amount was 450,450., but having been taken. at 75 per cent., its actual produce was 337,8377. 10s., bearing 6 per cent. interest, with a 2 per cent. sinking fund, which ought to extinguish the capital in 1860. The gross produce for the first month after it was opened was 36,000 dols., of which 24,000 arose from the conveyance of passengers, 10,000 from the freight of produce, and 2,000 for the transit of goods going inland from the Havannah. Several branches have been proposed for connecting this railroad with the S. coast at Batabano or Guanimar, and in 1838 a company was formed for constructing a railway between Cardenas and Soledad de Bemba, which, if carried into effect, would probably afterwards be extended so as to communicate with the Havannah and Guines railroad at Bejucal.

Currency. Paper money is unknown. The coins in use are Spanish doubloons or ounces, which are a legal tender for 17 hard dollars, and at the exchange of 8 per cent. are worth 37. 10s. 10d.; also the subdivisions of these doubloons, the half being 8 4 dols. ; the quarter, 4 2 dols.; the eighth, 2 1 dols.; and the sixteenth, 14 dol. Mexican and Columbian doubloons, or ounces, are also in circulation, and are legal tender for 16 hard dollars, equal to 31. 6s. 8d.; they are sometimes in demand for exportation, at a premium. Their aliquot parts are worth eight, four, two, and one dollar respectively. Of silver coins, the Spanish pillar dollar is worth 4s. 2d., and is only legal tender at its nominal worth; but it is generally in demand for export, at a premium of from 2 to 5 per cent. Mexican, United States, and South American dollars, are also legal tender at their nume. rical value, and are occasionally in demand, at a trifling premium. For small payments, the coins in circulation are the four, two, one and half real pieces, which are equal to the half, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth of a dollar respectively.

Trade. The ports of the island licensed for foreign

trade are the Havannah, Santiago de Cuba, Puerto Principe, Matanzas, Trinidad, Baracoa, Gibara, Cienfuegos,

and Manzanillo. We subjoin some tabular statements as to the trade of Cuba in 1834, 1835, and 1836:

Abstract AccoUNT of the Import and Export Trade of the Island of Cuba, for the Years 1834, 1835, and 1836.

5,017,217 43
726,576 0
3,523,472 5

Ditto exorts

Territorialents, and other branches not comprised in the balance

In 1837 the value of the imports amounted to 22,940,357 dollars, and that of the exports to 20,346,407 1 dollars. The value of the cottons imported was 3,233,120 dollars; that of woollens, 576,178; linens, 2,881,999; and silks, 516,484 dollars. The principal exports in 1837 were 9,060,053 arrobas sugar, val. 7.927,546 dollars; 2,133,567 arrobas coffee, value 2,133,567 dollars; 114,975 hogs. heads molasses, value 718,598 dollars; tobacco, value 560,948 dollars, and 792,4384 pounds of cigars, value 1,267,496 dollars. Of the total value of the imports in 1837, 1,373,962 dollars were imported from Great Britain, and 6,546,955 dollars from the U. States, the exports to these countries being in about the same proportion. This great preponderance of the U. States in the trade with Cuba is ascribable principally, perhaps, to their greater proximity and superior facilities for supplying the planters with provisions and lumber; but it is, no doubt, owing also, in a very considerable degree, to the U. States being the principal market for the sugar, coffee, and other staple productions of Cuba, whereas these are almost wholly shut out of our markets by the high discriminating duties imposed in favour of our own colonies. Hence it is that the greater part of our trade with Cuba, as well as that with Brazil, has to be carried on indirectly, and at a comparative disadvantage.]

-9,267,266 2

Increase. -470,083 24

Slaves, a most important article of import, are not noticed in the above tables. The number annually introduced into the island has been variously estimated at from 40,000 to 20,000; the smaller number being most probably nearest the mark.

The extraordinary increase of the pop. and of the staple articles of export from Cuba, is, no doubt, ascr.bable to a variety of causes. Of these, the most important unquestionably has been the breaking up of the old colonial monopoly that so long pressed down the industry of the island, and the establishment in its stead of a liberal commercial system. A good deal of the late rapid increase in the cultivation of sugar and coffee may also be ascribed to the continued importation of slaves, and to the consequent abundant supply of the species of labour necessary in this department. The extraordinary fertility of the soil, and the proximity of all parts to the sea, are also important considerations. The fertility of great part of Cuba is unequalled, perhaps, except by the best parts of Hayti and Guiana. And taking these circumstances into account, and adverting to the fact that the portion of the surface at present under cultivation is not supposed to amount to 7 per cent. of its whole extent, it will at once be seen that Cuba might not only furnish vastly increased supplies of sugar and coffee, but that

she might also, were her capabilities moderately de- | veloped, supply more than double her present pop. with all sorts of necessaries.

The usual commission charged by merchants on the sale of goods is 5 per cent., with a del credere of 24 per cent. if the sales are on credit and guaranteed, and a further commission of 2 per cent. for the returns, whether in bills or produce." On purchases the commission is 21 per cent., and a further 24 per cent. if drawn for in bills of exchange. For procuring freight 5 per cent. is charged, and 24 for insuring the amount. For advances of money the rate is 5 per cent., when no other commission is chargeable. Bill business is done at various rates, from 1 to 2 per cent. according to its magnitude. These are the rates of the foreign houses; those of the Spanish and Creole merchants are generally higher. There is no obstacle whatever to the establishment of foreigners as merchants in the island. The law says that those who are naturalised in Spain may freely carry on trade with the same rights and obligations as the natives of the kingdom, and that those who have not been naturalised, or have a legal domicile, may still carry on trade under the regulations stipulated in the treaties in force between the respective governments; and in default of such conventional regulations, the same privileges are to be conceded as those enjoyed by Spaniards carrying on trade in the country of which such foreigners are natives. In practice this last condition is not much attended to; as foreigners are allowed to establish themselves as merchants without any inquiry as to the rights or privileges enjoyed by Spaniards in the country they come from. As to manufacturers and mechanics, the only difficulty that can arise regards their religion. On entering the island every stranger is required to find security in the following terms: -"I am responsible and become security in every case for the person and conduct of A. B., arrived from C. in the ship D.; binding myself to present him, if called on by the government, and to conduct him at my expense to any place that may be designated." This security is easily obtained, and, in fact, encouragement is given to mechanics and white people of all classes to settle in the island. After landing, it is only necessary to apply for a letter of domicile, and to present a certificate that the applicant is of a respectable character, and professes the Rom. Cath. religion. Free coloured people, however, by a royal order of 12th March, 1837, are prohibited from landing under any pretence whatever; and so rigorously is this order enforced, that such persons, though acting as seamen, are, on their arrival, taken out of the vessels in which they have come, and are kept in custody till her departure, when they are compelled to proceed again on board, and leave the island. A negotiation has been opened by Great Britain with the Spanish government for the purpose of obtaining a relaxation of this order in favour of the black and coloured inhab. of the British W. Indies; but as yet the object has not been obtained. The business of a broker is exercised under a royal license, and no foreigner is eligible to the office unless naturalised in the form prescribed by law. In every commercial town a certain number only is allowed, corresponding with the pop. and trade of the place. In the great cities, the business of merchant is often combined with that of planter; and sometimes, also, the importing merchant keeps a shop or store when he sells his goods by retail. The foreign merchants are generally regarded as transient visiters, who go there for the purpose of accumulating such a fortune as may enable them to live with some degree of comfort in their own country. As a class they are not considered wealthy, but they are almost all in the full enjoyment of credit. The mercantile capital, as well as the proprietary wealth of the island, may be said to be concentrated in the hands of the Creoles. When the emigrants from the peninsula make fortunes in the island, they seldom think of returning to Europe.

necessary extension of the powers of the mixed courts already established in their territory. Since the date of the treaty negotiated with Spain in 1835, giving to English cruisers the power of seizing Spanish vessels, and carrying them before the mixed courts for condemnation, when found equipped for the trade, although without any slaves on board, the dealers resorted to the flag of Portugal for protection, so that, from 1835 to 1839, it became the practice for slavers to obtain a fictitious change of registry, in order to avoid the risk created by the equipment clause of the Spanish treaty. Portugal having refused to agree to a similar treaty, a law was passed by the British parliament in 1839, subjecting Portuguese vessels to search, seizure, and condemnation, if found by our cruisers equipped for the slave trade in the manner described in our treaties with other European powers. The dealers have since successfully resorted to the flag of the U. States, trusting to the known jealousy of the right of search for a temporary protection. As long as any one government refuses to accede to the general league proposed by England for the universal abolition of the trade, it is to be feared that the enormous profits derived from it will induce the dealers to persevere, unless deprived of a market by some such method as that proposed by Mr. Turnbull,

Revenue. The greater part of that portion of the public revenue which is levied at the custom-house is derived from duties on importation. If the goods imported be of foreign origin and have arrived from Spain under the national flag, the duty is fixed at 104 per cent. ad valorem, and, in some special cases, 134 per cent. If of foreign origin and imported from a foreign country, but in Spanish vessels, the ad valorem duty is 144 per cent., and in some cases 184; but if the goods be imported not only from a foreign country but under a foreign flag, the duty ad valorem is 214, and in some cases 274 per cent. There is always to be added a supplementary duty of 3 per cent. on the value of the goods, besides the duty called the balanza of 1 per cent. on the gross amount of the duties previously ascertained. If the goods be of Spanish origin, and arrive direct from Spain under the national flag, they are liable only to a duty of 64 per cent. ad valorem; but if such Spanish goods should be brought from Spain in foreign vessels, the duty would be 144, and in some cases 184 per cent. On exports of goods the produce of the island, the duty is fixed at 24 per cent. ad valorem, if their destination be a Spanish port, and if the vessel bear a Spanish register. If the destination be foreign and the vessel Spanish, the duty is 44 per cent., and if vessel and destination be both foreign, 64. In each of these cases there is to be added the balance duty of 1 per cent., determined by the amount of the export duties. In every case of import, as well as export, the value is fixed as far as that is possible by the tariff; but in many cases the applicability of the specified duty to specific articles must necessarily remain to be fixed by the custom-house officers. The most material deviation from the ad valorem duties is in the case of flour, which, independent of the war contribution, if of the produce of Spain, and imported in Spanish vessels, is liable to a duty of 2 doll. per barrel; but if imported in foreign vessels, 6 doll. per barrel. If the flour be foreign and the flag national, the duty is 8 doll.; but if flour and flag be both foreign, the duty is 94 doll.

In these cases also, the balanza duty of 1 per cent. is to be added. On tobacco exported in foreign vessels, with a foreign destination, the duty is 124 per cent.; in Spanish vessels, with a foreign destination, 64; and in Spanish vessels to a Spanish port, 24. On the precious metals there is an export duty only, if Spain be not the place of destination. On gold it is 14, and on silver 24 per cent. The export duty on sugar is 3 reals per box, if shipped in a Spanish, and 4 reals if in a foreign vessel. The articles admissible, free of duty, are iron sugar-kettles, iron or copper clarifiers, steam engines Slave Trade.-Mr. Turnbull, who visited Cuba in 1838- and machinery for sugar-works, and the parts of it that 39, from whose work several of the details in this article may be required for future repairs; also, mills for cleanhave been derived, estimates the annual average number ing rice, the Roville plough, stallions, and mares. The of slaves imported at about 23,000. He affirms that the articles exportable, free of duty, are green fruits, trade is protected by the Spanish government for the lime juice, and syrup, whatever their destination. There purpose of retaining the island more securely in her is also an exception in favour of the precious metals, if Catholic majesty's obedience, and contends that the entered for exportation to the peninsula. The crown landed proprietors, whose estates are fully peopled with revenues of the island are, 1st, the rentas maritimas, slaves, have an interest directly opposed to it, because, including duties on imports, exports, and tonnage, and if the trade were abolished, their slave property would some municipal duties; 2d, impuestas interiores, inimmediately be doubled or trebled in value, a seasoned cluding a tax on home manufactures, a consumption slave, who can be sold for 1,000 or 1,200 dollars at New duty on butchers' meat, the composition levied from Orleans, being not worth more than 500 or 400 dollars hucksters and hawkers, the sale of papal bulls and at the Havannah. Mr. Turnbull proposes, for the sup- stamp paper, the profits derived from the lottery, and pression of the trade, to give to the courts of mixed an impost on cock-fights; 3d, deductions from the eccommission, established at the Havannah and Rio de clesiastical revenues; 4th, personal deductions from Janeiro, under the existing treaties with Spain and the pay of public functionaries, including the price of Brazil, the power of carrying the laws of these countries exemption from military service; 5th, miscellaneous into effect by adjudging to imported Africans their free-receipts, including the produce of the sale of royal dom after being landed in the country. As the Spanish and Brazilian governments profess the strongest desire to abolish the trade, they could not well object to the

lands, the rents of vacant livings and unclaimed estates, and the produce of vendible offices; and 6th, casual receipts, including deposits, confiscations, donations, and

arrears. The territorial revenues, and the produce of the other taxes not exhibited in the official returns of the balanza, amounted, at an average of the five years ending with 1837, to 3,485,928 dollars. In 1833, they were 3,660,185 dollars; in 1834, 3,847,446 dollars; in 1835, 3,371,149 dollars; in 1836, 3.523,472 dollars; and in 1837, 3,027,390 dollars. The whole revenues of the island, at an average of the five years ending with 1837, amounted to 8,948,581 dollars a year. Of this sum, the maritime duties formed 61 per cent.; the internal taxes, 22 per cent.; the ecclesiastical deductions, 14 per cent.; the personal deductions, 24 per cent.; the miscellaneous revenues, 24 per cent.; and the casual revenues, 104 per cent. To show the effect of the different duties to which two vessels would be liable, the one a Spaniard, the other a foreigner, let us suppose them to arrive with equal burdens of 300 tons each; that they bring mixed cargoes of the same description of goods, which they discharge at the Havannah; and that they receive their mixed cargoes in all respects similar to each other. In that case the foreign vessel would have to pay : —

For tonnage dues, at 12 reals per ton, with the addition of
1 per cent. of balanza

For the dredging machine at 14 real per ton
For wharf dues, at 10 reals per 100 tons per day, supposing

that 8 days are necessary

For the custom-house charges on the visit of entry (if the
ship had been in ballast, this article would have been re-
duced one half)

For assistance in discharging, at the rate of 51 doll. per day
For an extract of the manifest

For the custom-house clearance visit (if the ship had sailed
in ballast, this would have been reduced one half)

For the cocket of the outward cargo

For the cocket stamp

For a translation of the manifest

For the custom-house officers' fee (if in ballast, this charge would be 3 dollars)

For the captain of the port

For bill of health

For lighthouse dues

For government fees

For the visit of the health officer

Total

Dollars.

454 4
47 3

to the trade of the western world. Now that the ports of Cuba are open to the ships of all nations, and that emigrants from all countries may freely resort to her, she would gain comparatively little by becoming inaependent, and might lose a good deal. Fortunately, there is in Cuba a large white population; but in the event of the question of independence being agitated, it would, most probably, be split into factions, some of which might endeavour to strengthen themselves by resorting to the assistance of the slaves. The maintenance of the existing political arrangements would, therefore, seem to be for the advantage, as well of Cuba as of the commercial world. At the same time, it is clear that the suppression of the slave trade, by checking the rapid increase of blacks, would materially contribute to the security of the island; and is probably, indeed, the best means that could be devised to guarantee Cuba against the greatest of all the evils by which it is possible she should be assailed-a successful, or even partially suc. cessful, slave insurrection. (Cuadro estadistico de la Isla de Cuba, correspondiente al Año de 1827; Humboldt, Essai Statistique; Turnbull's Cuba, passim.)

CUBAGUA, an island in the Caribbean Sea, belong. ing to Venezuela, between the coast of Cumana, and the island of Margarita, and formerly celebrated for its pearl 300 fishery.

54

10

CUCKFIELD, a market-town and par. of England, co. Sussex, rape Lewes, the town being in a commanding 440 situation, on the high road from London to Brighton, 34 m. S. from the former, and 13 m. N. from the latter. Area of par., 10,500 acres: pop. of do., 2,586. It is a neat little town. The church, a spacious structure, has a 82 lofty spire, covered with wooden shingles, that have assumed the colour and appearance of blue slate. It has a free grammar school, founded in the reign of queen Elizabeth.

54
80

12 0

50

60

40

4 0

80 20

645 1

Government. As respects its civil jurisdiction, Cuba is divided into two provs., the Havannah being the cap. of the one, and Santiago of the other. The captaingeneral, governor, or supreme military chief of the island, is, at the same time, civil governor of the W. prov.; but, except in military matters, the governor of the E. prov. is perfectly independent of the captain-general, and is responsible only to the court of Madrid. The island is also divided into three military divisions-a western, central, and eastern; the chiefs of which are, of course, subordinate to the captain-general. The royal court (Real Audiencia) of Puerto Principe, of which the captain-general is the er officio president, has the supreme jurisdiction in all civil and criminal affairs. In the principalities there are Ayuntamientos, and in the rural districts Jueces Pedaneos, who combine the exercise of judicial functions with those of police commissioners, &c. (Turnbull, p. 243.)

CUCUTA (formerly Rosario, or San Jose de Cucuta), an inl. town of New Granada, prov. Pamplona, near the border of Venezuela, 28 m. N.N.E. Pamplona; lat. 79 37 N., long. 72° 14' W. Its situation is extremely pleasant; it is well-built, neat, and clean; streets paved, with currents of water running through them. The par. church is celebrated as the place in which the first congress was held, and the constitution of Colombia formed, in 1820. It is of Moorish architecture, and contains a respectable copy of one of Raphael's Madonnas, by a Mexican artist. (Mod. Trav. xxvii, 266, 267.; Dici. Geogr.)

CUDDALORE, a marit. town of Hindostan, Carnatic, S. div. Arcot, and one of the most extensive and populous towns in the S. of India, 86 m. S.S. E. Madras, lat. 11° 43′ 24′′ N., long. 79° 49′ E. It is naturally strong, being enclosed between two arms of the Pannaur. Streets broad, and it contains many houses of the better class. N. the Pannaur is a suburb called the New Town, with a large Portuguese church, and some handsome European dwelling-houses and other buildings; and-beyond this is a large and. beautifully situated edifice, formerly the residence of the chief-governor of the British settle. ments on this coast. Some English looms have been established in this town, and a paper manufactory. Cud. dalore was taken by the British in 1760, but obliged to surrender to the French in 1782. It was restored to the British in 1795. (Hamilton, i. 460.)

CUDDAPAH (Cripa, mercy), an inl. town of Hindostan, presid. Madras, on the banks of the Cuddapah river, 507 ft. above the sea, 120 m. N. W. Madras. It has a mud fort, containing the palace of the former nabobs, now converted into a court of justice, and a prison for both debtors and felons. Cuddapah is not a place of much trade; it was the cap. of an indep. Patan state, which survived the destruction of the other Deccany kingdoms: a great deal of sugar and jaghery is made in its vicinity. (Hamilton, i. 459.)

CUENCA, a city of Spain, cap. prov. same name, on a high' mountain, between two others higher still, and separated from them by the deep beds of the Jucar and the Huecar rivers, near their confluence; 86 m. E.S.E. Madrid, 136 m. S. W. Saragossa. Pop. 8,670. It is surrounded by uncommonly high walls, and its streets are extremely steep, crooked, and narrow. It has 7 gates; 6 bridges over the Huecar and 2 over the Jucar, one of the latter being of very superior construction. Cuença is the see of a bishop, and the resitains a vast cathedral built by Alphonso IX. in the 12th century; a fine episcopal palace; 14 parish churches; 13 convents, some of them built on precipices overhanging the river, and containing paintings of great merit; 3 colleges, and an ecclesiastical seminary; 2 hospitals for the sick, and 1 for foundlings; a public granary, and several public fountains. It has some fabrics of paper and wool. 'The latter were formerly much more considerable than at present; and the town was also much more populous and important. It is the native country of the painter Salmeron, and of the famous Jesuit Molina. Cuença was given in dowry by the Moorish king of Seville,

Political Importance.· -It is not easy to exaggerate the political importance of Cuba. Her size, geographical position, and the situation, great strength, and admirable harbour of the Havannah, render her, as it were, the mistress of the Gulph of Mexico. No wonder, therefore, that her possession, and the nature of the government to which she is subject, should be objects of intense interest to the U. States, and also to Great Britain and other commercial nations. On the whole, it would seem to be most for the common advantage of the commercial world, that Cuba should continue, as at present, de-dence of the principal authorities of the prov., and con pendent on Spain, or that she should become independent. So long as she remains under Spain, there is but little risk of her natural capabilities being turned to the prejudice either of commerce in general, or of that of any particular state. But there is good reason to fear that it would be very much the reverse, were Cuba to come into the possession of the U. States, or of any of the great European powers. Instead of ministering exclusively to the wants of a great and growing commerce, she might then be converted into an important military station, and be employed as a basis for warlike operations, that could not be carried on without great injury

|

CUMANACOA, an inl. town of Venezuela, prov. Cumana, in a valley surrounded by lofty heights, 21 m. S.E. Cumana, and noted for the prodigious difference between CULLEN, a marit. royal, and parl. bor. of Scotland, its climate and that of the latter city; lat. 10° 15′ N., long. co. Banff, on an eminence at the mouth of a little rivulet, 64° 5′ W. Pop. 2,800. It has 7 months of wintry wea12 m. W. Banff. Pop. 1,200. Though an ancient burgh, the ther, though only 730 ft. above the level of the sea. It is present town is comparatively new, the old town having small, ill-built, with houses mostly of wood. (Geog, &c. been superseded, and the site on which it stood enclosed | Account of Colombia, i. 192—195.) within the park of Cullen House, the splendid mansion of the Earl of Seafield. The linen manufacture, so common on all the E. coast of Scotland N. of Dundee, has found its way to Cullen, but is there carried on to an inconsiderable extent. The inhab. engage in the herring fishery, and in that of cod, skate, ling, and haddock, which abound on their shores; so that dried or cured fish form their chief export. The harbour is bad, and the town, on the whole, not flourishing.