Galilee, or lady's chapel, at the W. end of the cathedral, | is the tomb of the venerable Bede, his remains having been transferred thither from Jarrow in 1370; and in the Nine Altars, at the E. end of the cathedral, is the shrine of St. Cuthbert, the patron saint of the sacred edifice. Dr. Johnson says, characteristically, of this noble structure, that "it strikes with a kind of gigantic dignity, and aspires to no other praise than that of rocky solidity, and indeterminate duration !" The see of Durham is well known to have been about the most valuable in the kingdom. At an average of the three years ending with 1831, it yielded a nett revenue of 19,0661. a year! The total revenue of the dean and chapter, during the seven years ending with 1834, amounted to 36,9371. a year; the dean having a revenue of 4,8004., and each of the canons residentiary, of whom there are twelve, having a revenue of 2,2802. a year! But on the death of the last bishop of Durham, in 1836, the bishop's revenue was fixed, pursuant to the recommendation of the ecclesiastical commissioners, at, 8,000l. a year, the surplus revenues of the see being reserved to form a fund for the augmentation of the incomes of the poorer bishops. The bishop of Durham was also, till deprived of it by the act 6 and 7 William IV. cap. 19., custos rotulorum and chief civil governor of the co., which has distinct courts and law officers; he presided at the assizes, and all writs were returnable to him, and not to the king. The practice in the Palatinate courts is now, however, assimilated in a great measure to that of the superior courts at Westminster; and as actions may be commenced in them for any sum, however large, the change has been productive of great public benefit. It is a curious fact, that Cromwell founded a university in Durham in 1657, assigning to it the houses and part of the lands belonging to the dean and chapter. This institution, which, had it survived, must have been of great service to the N. counties, fell to pieces on the Restoration, when the church recovered her old possessions. No new attempt, or at least no successful one, was made to establish another university at Durham till 1831. In that year, however, a university, endowed by the dean and chapter, the bishop, and other wealthy individuals, was founded, to afford instruction, and grant degrees in the different faculties. It was incorporated by royal charter in 1837, and consists of a warden, professors, tutors, &c.; but, however creditable to the liberality of the founders, it is far from adequately meeting the existing wants of society, its grand object being to furnish instruction for candidates for holy orders in connection with the church of England. The castle, founded by William the Conqueror, and intended partly to bridle that part of his own dominions, and partly as a defence against the irruptions of the Scotch, stands a little to the N. of the cathedral, and on the same elevated peninsula. It was long used as the bishop's palace, and has some magnificent apartments. It is now (with the exception of a suite of rooms reserved for the accommodation of the bishop, on his visits to the city) appropriated to the purposes of the university, being occupied by students. Adjoining the castle, on an artificial mound of considerable elevation, is the ancient tower, or keep, which had fallen into decay, but has recently been restored, and presents a most imposing ap. pearance. On the palace green is the exchequer, a large square building, in which the bishop's courts of exchequer and chancery were held, and near it is a magnificent library, erected by Bishop Cosins; and a little further distant is the office for the registry of wills. The cloisters adjacent to the cathedral are 147 ft. square, and very neat. The chapter-house, a plain building, opens into them. The shelving sides of the peninsula, from the cathedral, castle, and other buildings, down to the river, are laid out in hanging gardens, intersected with walks, and planted with trees, that have a most imposing effect. Besides the cathedral, there are here six par. churches. Those of St. Nicholas and St. Oswald, the latter remarkable for its vaulted roof of wood, are of considerable antiquity. The Primitive and Wesleyan Methodists, Rom. Catholics, Independents, and Quakers, have also places of worship. The grammar school connected with the cathedral has four exhibitions, of 251. each, for the sons of clergymen at the school, and of 501. each at either university; in addition to this, it has five scholarships, of 107. each, at Peterhouse, Cambridge. There is a blue-coat school, an infant school, and an endowed charity school, which, together, furnish gratuitous instruction to about 1,000 children. It has an infirmary, founded in 1791, dependent on voluntary contributions, a lying-in hospital, and several almshouses. There are here also a public reading-room, a library, and assembly-rooms, and two weekly newspapers. Races take place annually in May. The city is divided into several distinct portions: that which contains the cathedral and castle has some excellent and finely situated houses, principally occupied by the dignitaries of the church. What is called the old town adjoins the castle on the N.: in it are the marketplace, the theatre, and principal shops, but it has a great many inferior houses; in the market-place is a fountain for the supply of the city with water, conveyed thither from springs about 14 m. distant, consisting of an octagon building, surmounted by a statue of Neptune. The township of Elvet lies on the E. side of the cathedral peninsula, being separated from it by the Wear. It is comparatively well built. In this quarter of the town is the magnificent new co. gaol and co. court-house, erected in 1809, at an expense of nearly 140,000. On the W. side of the Wear and of the cathedral are the townships of Crossgate and Framwellgate; they are occupied by a very inferior class of houses, and have the appearance of great poverty. The communication between the different parts of the town is kept up by two old and one comparatively modern bridge. The latter, called Prebend's Bridge, was erected by, and is maintained at the expense of, the dean and chapter: it is placed in a very romantic situation, and connects the public walks called "the Banks," already alluded to. The city is well paved and lighted. Durham, for a lengthened period, made little or no progress. It used to be one of the dullest and most stagnant of cathedral cities. But from the flow thitherward of the tide of pop., through the opening of the collieries, previously mentioned, and the construction of several railways in the district, connecting it with Shields, Sunderland, Hartlepool, and Stockton, none of which are more than 20 m. distant, a powerful impetus has lately been given to its trade. This is visible in the crowded state of the weekly markets, the improvement of the shops, and other signs of the increasing importance and trade of the town. An extensive carpet manufactory and a worsted spinning mill are situated on the banks of the Wear. The Great N. of England Railway will connect the city directly with Newcastle-on-Tyne, 14 m. distant; and the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway opens an easy communication with the W. coast. The neighbourhood of Durham abounds with situations well adapted for the establishment of various manufactures, having numerous rivulets and inexhaustible stores of stone, lime, coal, and iron. The want of means of outlet have hitherto rendered these resources unavailable; but as the railways now in progress will supply facilities of transit, this part of the kingdom may, in the course of a few years, be expected to afford an excellent field for the advantageous employment of capital and industry. Durham has sent 2 mems. to the H. of C. since 1675. Previously to the Reform Act, the right of voting was in the freemen who had acquired their freedom by patrimony or servitude within the city of Durham, the bor. of Framwellgate, "or the streets and suburbs adjoining thereto." Hence the limits of the parl. bor, were not definitively fixed, but varied with the varying size of the suburbs: a definite limit was, however, given to it by the Boundary Act, which included, in 1831, a pop. of 9,269, and 1,204 houses, of which 668 were worth 107. a year. Registered electors in 1838-39, 949. Under the Municipal Reform Act, the city is divided into three wards, and is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 counsellors. Market-day, Saturday. (Hutchinson's and Surtees' History of Durham; Pennant's Tour in Scotland, iii. 330., &c.; Boundary Rep.; and Private Information.) DURLACH, a town of the grand duchy of Baden, circ. Central-Rhine, 2 m. E.S.E. Carlsruhe, with which it communicates by a road lined throughout with poplars. Pop. 4,900. Before Carlsruhe was built, this town was the residence of the margraves of Baden-Durlach, an old castle belonging to whom, now in ruins, stands upon a contiguous height; and has attached to it a fine garden, in which several Roman antiquities have been discovered. A palace of a later date has been in part converted into a cavalry barrack. The inhab. manufacture porcelain, tobacco, and scaling-wax; and have some trade in corn, wine, fruit, and other agricultural produce. (Berghaus ; Möller.) DUSSELDORF, a town of the Prussian states, prov. Rhine, cap. reg. and circ. same name, at the confluence of the Dussel with the Rhine; lat. 51° 13′ 46′′ N., long. 6° 46′ 25′′ E. Pop. 33,137, of whom 27,000 are Cath. It has nearly trebled its pop. in the course of the present century. It is a well-built, handsome, thriving town. "We were delighted with its singular neatness, and the beauty of its environs. It stands so close upon the Rhine, that vessels sail up to its quays, and then take on board the merchandise of which the town is the depôt. Near the river the streets are narrow, and full of symptoms of industry; but beyond these the town consists of handsome white stone houses, disposed in rows as streets, or as open squares and places with trees in the centre, all which are remarkably clean and quiet." (Chambers's Holland, &c. p. 49.) castle and other fortifications were destroyed by the French in 1794 It is the scat of the provincial states or parl of the Rhine prov., has a court of appeal for the Tho regency, a gymnasium or college, an academy of sciences, an observatory, a fine public library, a theatre, and some remains of the noble collection of paintings transferred to Munich. Recently the school of painting at Dusseldorf, under Schadow, has attained to very considerable celebrity. There are considerable manufactures at Dusseldorf; but it derives its principal importance from its position on the Rhine, nearly opposite to where it is joined by the canal leading to Venlo on the Maese, and from its being the entrepôt and principal port of the contiguous flourishing manufacturing district, of which Elberfeldt is the capital. Cottons, cloths, &c. are imported from the latter; hardware, iron, and steel, from Solingen, Remscheid, &c. ; linen from Ratingen, &c. Large quantities of coal, brought from the mines on the Roer, are shipped here for the Netherlands; and there is also an extensive trade in corn, oil, and wine. place in the beginning of April, when there are inund- DYSART, a royal bor. and sea-port of Scotland, co. Fife, on the N. coast of the Frith of Forth, 11 m. N. by E. Edinburgh, and 1 m. E. Kirkaldy. Pop. 1801, 4,884; 1831, 6,802, exclusive of above 100 sailors. This includes the immediately contiguous villages of Pathhead, Sinclairtown, Gallaton, and Borland, the inhab. of all of which, so far as industry is concerned, may be regarded as forming one community. Their pop. in 1831 was as follows:- Town of Dysart, 1,801; Pathhead, including Sinclairtown, 3,330; Hawkley Muir, or upper par. of Sinclairtown, 434; Gallaton, 1,053; Borland, 181: total pop., in 1831, 6,802. DWARACA or JUGGUTH, a marit. town of Hindostan, prov. Gujrat, the most W. point of which it occupies, dom. of the Guicowar, on a sandy shore 95 m. N.W. Joonaghur; lat. 22° 15′ N., long. 60° 7′ E. It is the most sacred place in this part of India, and is annually frequented by about 15,000 pilgrims from all parts of that extensive country. Its principal pagoda is a magnificent carved stone building of high antiquity, dedicated to Runchon, an incarnation of Krishna, with an entrance towards the sea by a very long and noble flight of stone steps, succeeded by a massive gate, where the whole front breaks upon the view with a striking effect; its great pyramid is 140 ft. high, and much ornamented. There are numerous subordinate temples, having flags with representations of the sun and moon. In front of the large temple is the sacred place of ablution, formed by a creek of the sea, which is lined for some distance by sinall temples with stone steps down to the margin of the water, on which prayers are made, and idols, rings, and amulets sold by the Brahmins: the town itself is small, but surrounded with walls and towers washed by the tide. The devotees here are usually stamped by means of a hot iron, with the insignia of the god, and this rite is often practised upon young infants. The chalk with which the Brahmins mark their foreheads comes from Dwaraca, whence it is carried by merchants all over India. The revenue of the temples, derived from pil-dence of the Earl of Rosslyn, stands on the W. of the grims, is estimated at about one lac of rupees, and was formerly swelled by the plunder of many piratical vessels, fitted out in the name of the idol. Dwaraca subraitted to the British forces in 1816; but in the following year was transferred to the Guicowar, to whom its sanctity rendered it a highly acceptable acquisition. (Hamilton's E. I. Gaz. i. 531, 532.; Mod. Trav. x. 203-205.) Dysart consists chiefly of 3 narrow streets, with a species of square in the centre. The central or High Street is full of antique substantial buildings, the fronts of which are generally decorated with inscriptions and dates, and, in one part, with piazzas, the latter being the places in which, in former times, merchants exposed their goods to sale; but the greater part have been built up. In the middle of the town stands the town-house, erected in 1617, but rebuilt, after having been accidentally burnt by Cromwell's soldiers. Under its roof are, the councilchamber, the prison, the public weigh-house, the guardroom, the black hole. Dysart House, the elegant resitown, being separated from it only by a wall. The par. church is a plain building; also the two dissenting chapels, which belong respectively to the Relief and Associate Synod. Dysart is a collegiate charge, or has the services of two parochial clergymen. With regard to the means of education, there are no fewer than 14 schools in the par. ; namely, 4 at Dysart, 4 at Pathhead, 2 at Sinclairtown, 3 at Gallaton, and I at Borland. All these schools are unendowed except three: one at Dysart; a free-school in Pathhead, endowed by the late Bailie Philp-salary to the teacher 1207. yearly; and one in Borland. There are 4 subscription libraries in the par., and 2 reading-rooms. Philp's school is the only charitable endowment. There is no legal assessment for the poor. There are several friendly societies, and a savings' bank. DWINA, the name of two Russian rivers, one of which falls into the White Sea by several mouths, 35 m. below Archangel, and the other into the Gulph of Riga, in the Baltic, 9 m. below Riga. The first, or Northern Dwina, is a large and important river. It is formed by the junction of the Soukhona, which rises in the farthest W. part of the government of Vologda, with the Joug rising in the central S. part of the same government. From the point of confluence, near Ousteoug-Veliki, the united river flows in a deep and broad stream, N. W. to its embouchure below Archangel, a distance of about 350 m. Its principal affluent is the Vitchegda, flowing W. from the confines of Perm. The extent of natural navigation for boats and barges on this river and its affluents is very great, extending W. to the city of Vologda, S. to Nikolesk, and E. to the frontier of Perm. At Vologda an artificial navigation begins, which, by means of the Lubinski canal and the lake Bielo, connects the Soukhona with the Neva; while, on the E., the Severnoi canal connects the Vitchegda with the Kama, one of the principal affluents of the Wolga. Hence, goods imported at Archangel may be sent by water to either Petersburg or Astrakhan, and conversely! The ebb and flow of the sea is perceivable in the Dwina many m. above Arch-nufacture of linen cloth, once extensively carried on here, angel. Opposite to the latter it is above 4 m. in width; it is also very deep, though owing to the sand-banks at its mouth it does not admit vessels drawing more than from 12 to 14 ft. water. It is frozen over for about half the year. (See ARCHANGEL.) The second, or Southern Dwina or Duna, though of inferior dimensions to the preceding, is also a large and important river. It rises in the Valdai hills, not far from the source of the Wolga; and following a S.W. course to Vitebsk, it thence pursues a W. N. W. course to its embouchure below Riga. It is navigable from near its source, or for about 625 m. Near Dunaburg, how ever, it is a good deal interrupted by cataracts, and in other places it is encumbered with shoals, so that it can only be navigated with safety after the breaking up of the ice in the spring, and after the setting in of the autumnal rains. It has few affluents of any considerable magnitude. At Riga it is about 2,400 ft. broad. Its mouth is encumbered with banks, which render it inaccessible for vessels drawing more than from 12 to 15 ft. water. It begins to freeze over about the end of Nov., and the breaking up of the ice, or débâcle, usually takes Before the union between England and Scotland, Dysart was a place of such commercial eminence as to have been called "Little Holland." But its importance in this respect is now greatly reduced. Nail-making flourished in the bor. and neighbourhood, particularly at Gallaton, for a hundred years previously to the end of last century. But that trade has now entirely disappeared. It was in reference to Gallaton that Adam Smith remarked, in his " Wealth of Nations," published in 1776," There is at this day a village in Scotland where it is not uncommon, I am told, for a workman to carry nails, instead of money, to the baker's shop or the alehouse." The number of men employed in this business within the last 50 years was not less than 100. The mahas also disappeared. Salt was made here from seawater at so early a period as 1450; and the trade continued to flourish till 1823, when the duty being repealed, it was relinquished. The salt-pans were very extensive. The principal trade at present is the manufacture of checks and ticks, a branch of the Dundee staple trade. This business was introduced into Dysart between 1710 and 1720; but so slowly did it advance, that in 1776 the annual value of the manufacture was not estimated at more than 9,000l. It is very different at present. The number of looms employed in the manufacture of this fabric is not less than 2,088; and the value of the cloth annually produced is estimated at about 150,0007. The number of hands employed, including weavers, winders, and warpers, has been estimated at from 5,000 to 6,000; but this, we believe, is beyond the mark. The number of looms employed by the manufacturers out of the par. is above 1,000. A mill for spinning flax has recently been built, and is in active operation. It employs about 100 hands. Dysart coal was among the first wrought in Scotland, operations having been begun upwards of 350 years ago. Upwards of 100,000 tons are dug yearly. Sandstone, boast of some noble columns, evidently raised during the limestone, and ironstone also abound, and are in consi- best period of Roman architecture (Idem); but this fine derable demand, particularly the two latter. The harbour ruin has been greatly neglected, and even degraded to a is one of the safest on the Frith of Forth, except with slaughterhouse! (Murphy.) There is here also a mageasterly winds. It has a wet dock. There are only, how-nificent aqueduct, said to have been built by Sertorius, ever, a few brigs and sloops belonging to the port, and no in fine preservation, and still applied to its original foreign vessel approaches it, except occasionally from purpose. Holland or the Baltic laden with flax, or when coals are wanted. Dysart is a place of great antiquity. It is mentioned in history so early as 874, when the Danes invaded Fife. But it was not made a royal burgh till the time of James V. The town was taken by Cromwell. There is a place at the harbour called the Fort, said to have been fortified by the Protector, but no remains of any work on it can now be seen. To the W. of the burgh is the castle of Ravenscraig, standing on a steep crag fronting the sea, but now a ruin. It has been the property of the Sinclairs, now Earls of Rosslyn, for 500 years. On the S. or lower part of the town, there are the remains of a chapel said to have been dedicated to St. Dennis. The ruins of the ld church of Dysart are nearly at the same spot. One of the windows bears the date of 1570. Dysart unites with Kirkaldy, Burntisland, and Kinghorn in returning 1 mem. to the H. of C., and in 183940 had 130 registered voters. (New Stat. Acc., & Dysart; Muir's Account of Dysart; Boundary Rep.; Private Inform.) E. EAGLESHAM, a market-town, and burgh of barony, Scotland, co. Renfrew, on a tributary of the White Cart, 9 m. S. Glasgow. Pop. (in 1840) 1750. The town, which is modern, though on the site of an ancient village, consists of two rows of well-built houses, all of freestone, with a space between varying from 100 to 250 yards, laid out in fine green fields interspersed with trees, with a beautiful streamlet running down the middle. Length of the town nearly 3 furlongs. The cotton manufacture was introduced here about 40 years ago. The cotton-mill at Eaglesham, which is driven by water power, employs 87 males and 113 females; that of Millhall in the vicinity, also driven by water, employs 40 females and 24 males. Besides cotton spiuning, there are no fewer than 400 persons in the town engaged in weaving. The noble family of Eglinton are the feudal superiors of the place, and appoint the baron bailie. (New Stat. Acc. of Scotland, art. Renfrew, p. 383.) EARLSTON (formerly Ercildoun), a village in the par, of the same name, Scotland, co. Berwick, 304 m. S. E. Edinburgh, and situated in the middle of a pastoral district, within m. of the Leader, a tributary of the Tweed. Pop. 847. It is straggling and irregularly built; but it is recently become well known in manufactures, and "Earlston Ginghams" are now familiar to most persons in the S. of Scotland. Messrs. Whale and Co. established, about 20 years ago, a manufactory of ginghams, merinos, shawls, muslins, shirtings, and furniture stripes, which affords employment to about 80 individuals. Another manufactory has also recently been established by Mr. Wilson, for plaidings, blankets, and flannels, and gives work to about 50 persons. Such instances of manufactures starting up, and eminently prospering, in a small remote village, are but rare. Thomas the Rhymer," whose proper name was Thomas Learmont, who flourished in the 13th century, and is famous both as a poet and an alleged prophet, belonged to this place. An account of this celebrated person will be found in Sir W. Scott's edition of "Sir Tristrem," a poem ascribed to the Rhymer. The walls of the castle, called " Rhymer's Tower," in which he lived, are still standing within a m. of Earlston. (See Sir Tristrem; Barbour's Bruce; Irving's Scottish Poets; and New Stat. Acc. of Scot., art. Berwickshire, p. 18.). EBORA, or EVORA, a city of Portugal, cap. prov. Alentejo, 85 m. E. Lisbon, 42 m. S.W. Elvas. Pop. 14,680. It is built on an eminence, in the centre of a fertile plain, and is venerable from the appearance of its ancient towers, as well as striking from its elevation. It is surrounded by ramparts, and has two forts in ruins. Streets narrow, crooked, and filthy; but it has some good houses. It is the see of an archbishop, and has a magnificent Gothic cathedral, with an altar in the Italian style, extremely rich, and decorated with various marbles. (Lord Caernarvon.) Exclusive of the cathedral, there are four churches, several convents and hospitals, a house of charity, and fine barracks. There is a good collection of books in the bishop's library, and the museum is said, by Lord Caernarvon, to be the finest in Portugal. It was formerly the seat of a university, suppressed on the expulsion of the Jesuits. This city was for a lengthened period the head-quarters of the famous Roman general Quintus Sertorius, by whom it was fortified, and adorned with several fine public buildings. An ancient temple, supposed to have been dedicated to Diana, though much dilapidated, has still to It has manufactures of hardware, tanneries, and a fair for cattle on St. John's day, which is much frequented. Julius Cæsar made it a municipal town, and gave it the name of Liberalitas Julia. The Moors took it in 715. It has been the residence of many of the Portuguese sovereigns. In 1828 the populace and the militia rose en masse in favour of Don Miguel, and having overpowered the regular troops and constitutionalists, expelled them from the city. (Caernarvon, Portugal and Gallicia, ii. 47. 75. 95., et seq.; Murphy's Travels in Portugal; Miñano, iii. 315.) EBRO (an. Iberus), one of the principal rivers of Spain, through the N.E. part of which it flows, uniformly almost in a S. E. direction, being the only great Peninsular river that has its embouchure in the Mediterranean. It rises at Fontibre, prov. Santander, on the S. declivity of the Sierra Sejos, about lat. 43° N., and long. 4° W., near the sources of the Pisuerga, an affluent of the Douro. It afterwards separates the provs. Santander, Biscay, and Navarre from Old Castile, intersects Aragon in its centre, and disembogues near the S. extremity of Catalonia, about lat. 40° 40′ N., and long. 0 55 E. Its entire length is estimated at somewhat above 400 m. : its principal tributaries are, the Nela, Aragon, Gallego, and Segre, with the Cinca on the N., and the Oca, Tiron, Nagerillo, Xilon, Guadaloupe, &c., on the S. side. Reynosa, Miranda, Logrono, Tudela, Saragossa, Mequinenza, and Tortosí, are the chief cities and towns upon its banks. It runs mostly through a succession of narrow valleys till it reaches Mequinenza; after which it enters Catalonia, and flows through a more level country. At Amposta, 13 m. W. from its mouth, it is about 300 yards wide. It immediately afterwards forms a kind of delta; a navigable canal having been cut from the port of Alfaquez, or San Carlos, at its S. mouth, to Amposta. The Ebro is navigable for boats as high as Tudela, but its current is very rapid, and its bed in many parts encumbered with rocks and shoals. To avoid these obstacles, and the numerous windings of the river, the Aragon canal has been cut along its right bank from near Tudela to Sastago. An ancient Moorish canal, now dry, formerly connected the town of Alcanez, on the Guadaloupe, with the Ebro. The principal commercial utility of the Ebro is the transport of grain from Saragossa to Tortosa, together with the floating down of timber from the Pyrenees. This river, before the second Punic war, formed the boundary of the Roman and Carthaginian territories, and, in the time of Charlemagne, between the Moorish and Christian dominions. (Miñano, Dict. Géog.; Inglis's Spain.) ECBATANA. See HAMADAN. ECIJA (an. Astigi), a city of Spain, prov. Seville, finely situated on the banks of the Xenil, which is here crossed by a fine ancient bridge, 47 m. E.N.E. Seville, 31 m. S. W. Cordova; lat. 37° 31′51′′ N., long.5°4′34′′ W. Pop. 34,730. It is surrounded by walls, and has narrow crooked streets. Its churches, of which there are six, are "built entirely of brick, fitted up in the old taste, and crowded with pillars, loaded with proportionate ornaments, and covered with gold. The most extravagant of all is the church of Neustra Senora del Rosario, in the convent of the Dominicans; this may serve as a model for the perfection of vitiated taste." (Townsend, ii. 305.) Exclusive of churches, there are here 20 convents, 4 hospitals, a foundling hospital, and a public granary. The Plaza Mayor, a fine spacious square, has a double row of balconies the whole way round. Along the river's side is a handsome alameda, or public promenade, planted with elms and other ornamental trees, provided with seats, and decorated with statues. It has manufactures of coarse cloth, serges, camlets, friezes, linens, &c.; and the vicinity produces wheat, wine, and oil. This is a very ancient city, having been called by the Romans Astigi and Augusta Froma (Pün. Hist. Nat. iii. 1.). It was for a lengthened period a border town between the Moors and Christians, and is famed in many a romance; but it is no longer of any importance as a fortress, and its walls are covered with brambles. When Mr. Townsend visited this city, the king's troops had been defeated the previous day in an engagement with smugglers; and as the oppressive duties and prohibitions, out of which this contest arose, have sustained no material diminution in the interval, such encounters still occasionally take place; and to this cause, and vicious government in other respects, are to be ascribed the robberies for which the vicinity of Ecija was long infamous. ECKMUHL, an inconsiderable village of Bavaria, circ. Regen, on the great Laber, 13 m. S. by E. Ratisbon. Here, on the 22d April, 1869, the grand French army, under Napolcon, gained a decisive victory over the Aus trians, under the Archduke Charles. Marshal Davoust | vered with hieroglyphics. On each side of the longer having particularly distinguished himself on this occa sion, was raised by Napoleon to the dignity of Prince of Eckmuhl. The battle of the 22d was preceded by partial actions on the 19th, 20th, and 21st, all of which terminated favourably for the French. ECLOO, a town of Belgium, prov. E. Flanders, cap. arrond., on the road between Ghent and Bruges, 15 m. E. the former city. Pop. (1836) 8,730. It is generally well built, and has several squares and well paved streets. It has 2 churches, a town-hall, an ancient convent, 8 schools, and a prison. Its manufactures are chiefly of coatings and other woollen stuffs, cottons, starch, soap, chocolate, hats, &c.: it has also breweries, distilleries, salt refineries, and various mills. Its trade, which is very active, especially at its weekly markets, which are the largest in the prov., is mostly in corn, linens, timber, and cattle. (Vandermaelen, Fland. Orient.) walls in the court there is a row of pillars, so disposed that a space intervenes between them and the walls, which being roofed form two covered ways, leading fron the propylon to the portico or pronaos of the temple. The columns, of which there are 32, present a most magnificent perspective. There is a gradual ascent in the court to the portico, the outside of which is adorned with six columns, having various capitals; and within are several apartments and corridors, supported by columns, and ornamented with sculptures. The sekʊs, or sanctuary, is an oblong apartment, about 33 ft. by 17 ft. The terraced roofs of the temple, from the pronaos to the extremity, are covered with mud huts, and the sanctuary and adjoining chambers are now either used as repositories for grain or other products, or are half filled with sand, and with filth and rubbish, shot down by the Arabs through the apertures that formerly lighted the chambers. (Egyptian Antiquities, Library of Entertaining Knowledge; Modern Traveller, vi. 176. &c.) EDDYSTONE LIGHTHOUSE. This, which is one of the most remarkable structures of its kind, is built on one of the points of a reef or ridge of rocks, from The plan and arrangement of this temple is simple 600 to 700 ft. in length, in the English Channel, about and symmetrical. Its largest columns are 6 feet 4 9 m. S. by W. from the Ramhead, and 14 m. from Ply-inches in diameter, 21 ft. in circ. and 42 ditto in height; mouth; lat. 50° 10′ 56′′ N., long, 4° 15′ 3′′ W. The Ed- the capitals are 37 ft. in circ. The palmiform capital, dystone rocks are covered at high water; and being much peculiar to Egyptian architecture, is here seen to great exposed to heavy swells from the Bay of Biscay and the advantage. It represents the trunk of a palm, of which Atlantic, the waves frequently break over them with the spreading foliage forms a graceful frieze. Art has tremendous fury. In consequence of the many fatal ac- here copied Nature with great fidelity; it has preserved cidents occasioned by ships running against these rocks, a the same number of leaves, the exact form of the fruit, lighthouse was erected on one of them in 1696: after and the scales of the trunk, and the capitals gradually standing many storms, it was overthrown in the dreadful augment in size till they balance the leaves. The 32 tempest of the 27th Nov., 1703. A second lighthouse, capitals of the peristyle, and the 6 of the pronaos, erected in 1708, was burnt down in 1755. The present exhibit in alternate columns the dactyliform and lotiedifice, built by the celebrated engineer Smeaton, and form figure, which last is as faithfully horrowed from finished in 1759, is universally admired for its solidity and Nature as the palmiform. This is the account given by the skill displayed in its construction, and bids fair to last Jomard in the Description d'Edfou (p. 20.), and copied for ages. The total height of the lighthouse is 100 ft.; by Ritter, who praises the simplicity and pure antique the lantern being elevated 72 ft. above the sea at high style of the temple. But a higher authority, M. Chamwater. The light is fixed, and is of the first magnitude. pollion, is of a wholly different opinion: -“Ce moThis lighthouse has served as a model for that on the nument," says he, "imposant par sa masse, porte cepenBell Rock, and others of the same kind. dant l'empreinte de la décadence de l'art Egyptien, sous les Ptolemées, au règne desquelles il apartient tout entier; ce n'est plus la simplicité antique; on y remarque une recherche et une profusion d'ornements bien maladroites, et qui marquent la transition entre la noble gravité des monuments pharaoniques, et le papillotage fatigant, et de si mauvais goût, du Temple d'Esneh, construit au temps des empereurs." (Letires, p. 191.). This, however, is probably too unfavourable an opinion. EDEN, a river in the N.W. of England, which has its sources on the borders of Westmoreland and Yorkshire, near Pendragon castle, close to the sources of the Swale, in one of the highest parts of the Pennine or central range of mountains. It pursues a N.W. course through the valley between the Pennine and Cumbrian mountains past Carlisle, 7 m. below which it falls into the Solway Frith. It is navigable to Carlisle; but the navigation being tedious and difficult, a canal has been cut from Carlisle to Bowness, lower down the Frith, a distance of 114 m., which admits vessels of from 60 to 80 tons burden. EDER, a town of Hindostan, prov. Gujrat, cap. of a principality of the same name, 17 m. N. by W. Ahmednuggur, and 117 m. S. W. Odeypoor; lat. 23° 53′ N., long. 7203 E. Pop. 12,000? It is but a poor town, though built within the walls of a magnificent fortress constructed by the Mohammedan kings of Gujrat. (Hamil ton's E. I. Gaz.) Notwithstanding its truly colossal character this temple is not, as was long supposed, of the pharaonic æra, but is comparatively modern, being, as now stated, the work of the Ptolemies. This is proved by the date of its decorations, the most ancient of which, according to Champollion, belong to the age of Ptolemy Philopater. It would appear from the same authority that the meaning of the sculptures, and the object of the temple, had been completely misunderstood by Mr. Hamilton, M. Jomard, &c., who supposed that it was sacred to Osiris, the beneficent deity. M. Champollion affirms that this magnificent edifice was consecrated to a triad consisting of,- 1st, the god Harhat, the personification of heavenly science and light; 2dly, the goddess Hathor, the Egyptian Venus; and, 3dly, their son Harsont-Tho, the Eros of the Greeks and Romans. (Lettres d'Egypte, p. 192.) The other and much smaller temple at Edfou, is pe ripteral, and was supposed to be devoted to the worship of the maliguant deity, Typhon, whose image was believed to be represented above the capitals of the columns, and elsewhere on the walls. But Champollion has shown that this temple is really one of those mamisi that were always erected near the grand temples devoted to the worship of a triad, and that it represents the birth-place of the third person of the triad, or of HarsontTho, son of Harhat and Hathor. The bas-reliefs on this temple are of the age of Ptolemy Euergetes II. and Soter II. (Lettres, 193.) EDFOU (the Arohλavos modis of Strabo, and Apollonopolis Magna of the Romans), a town, or more correctly a large assemblage, of mud huts congregated around and amidst the superb ruins of an ancient temple on the W. bank of the Nile, in Upper Egypt, about 2 m. from the river, and 52 m. S. by E. Thebes. Lat. 24° 58′ 43′′ N., long. 32° 54′ E. Pop. from 1,500 to 2,000, consisting principally of Ababdie Arabs, with a few Coptic families, who manufacture blue cotton, cloth and pottery, and boast of inheriting from their ancestors the art of making earthen vessels; and it must be admitted that their kilns and the forms of their vases exactly resemble those of ancient Egypt, as represented on the monuments. Dr. Richardson says that the inhab. are "civil and dirty," and the place would be unworthy notice were it not for its antiquities; but two noble temples, placed opposite to each other, though half buried in the sand, and an ancient quay, still remain to evince the former grandeur of Apollonopolis Magna. The great temple on a small eminence, commands a view of all the surrounding country, and is therefore called, in Arabic, Qala, or "the citadel." Its propylon, or entrance, consists of a doorway, 17 ft. 4 in. wide, between two vast truncated rectangular pyramids or moles. The base of each of these pyramids is 104 ft. by 37 ft.; their height is 114 ft.; and the horizontal section of each at the top 84 ft. by 20. The door is surmounted by the often-repeated sculpture of the globe with the serpent and wings; and three rows of immense figures are sculptured on the sides of the pyramids. These gigantic structures are not solid, but have chambers, to which and to the top access is provided by means of staircases. Within the doorway is an open rectangular court, now filled with huts and rubbish, 161 ft. by 140 ft., enclosed by high walls, which also confine the temple itself, and are 4144 ft. on each of the longer sides, and 1543 ft. on the shorter. Notwithstand-deep depressions, lat. 55° 57' 9" N., long. 3° 10′ 30 ing these vast dimensions, the walls are elaborately coW., 337 m. N. N. W. London, and 39 m. E. Between Edfou and El Cab, one of those transverse valleys which frequently divide the mountain ranges of the E. desert, opens to the E., and is called the valley of Edfou. It extends from the Nile to the Red Sea, near Berenice; and upon it have been traced the tracks of a great commercial road, over which the traffic of the ancient sea-port of Berenice, and the produce of the celebrated emerald mountains were conveyed. It was also, formerly, a much-frequented caravan route. EDINBURGH, or MID-LOTHIAN. See LOTHIAN. EDINBURGH, a celebrated city, the metropolis of Scotland, co. Mid-Lothian, 2 m. S. from the Frith of Forth, built principally on three parallel ridges, running E. and W., and separated by by N. Glasgow. The central ridge is terminated from the previous table that the proportion of unoccupied houses in Edinburgh exceeds that in most other towns; there being in 1841 no fewer than 1709 in that predicament, while, at the same time, there were only 19 houses in the course of being built. But it should be observed, that most part of the unoccupied houses consist of "flats," in the worst parts of the Old Town, and that many of them are ruinous, and, in fact, uninhabitable. The truth is, that Edinburgh was completely overbuilt previously to 1825, both by the erection of too many houses, and of houses constructed on too great a scale, and far exceeding the means of the occupiers. This necessarily led to a great fall of rents and a ruinous revulsion in the value of house property, which proved extremely injurious, not only to those who had speculated in it, but also to the labourers and others who had been attracted to the city by the previous great demand for labour. Within the last half-dozen years, how When comprised within its ancient limits, the pop. of Edinburgh was extremely dense. It is said by Maitland (Hist. of Edin. p. 7.), referring to the year 1600, to have been so full of inhabitants that probably there is no town elsewhere of its dimensions so populous." At the Union, in 1707, the pop. was estimated at 35,000; in 1755, before the New Town was commenced, and when the southern districts did not exceed a fifth part of their present extent, the pop. was estimated at 57,195; in 1775, soon after the commencement of the New Town, the pop. was 70,430; in 1791, about 80,000: but these enumerations include Leith, the pop. of which in 1753 (ib. p. 500.) was 7,280. The pop. of Edin-ever, rents have again begun to rise; but, notburgh, city and suburbs, exclusive of Leith, ac- withstanding this increase, they are, we believe, cording to the censuses since 1801, has been as lower at present (1845) in Edinburgh than in follows: viz. 1801, 66,544; 1811, 81,784; 1821, any other great town in the empire. The cheap112,235; 1831, 136,301, and 1841, 138,182. In-ness of houses is, indeed, one of the principal recluding Leith, which forms a continuation of commendations of Edinburgh as a place of reEdinburgh, the pop. in 1841 was 164,615. sidence. In 1841 there were in Edinburgh (ex Leith) — In Edinburgh a house often accommodates several families, each story (provincially flat) constituting, in such cases, a separate dwelling, to which access is obtained by means of a common stair. Nay, a story is sometimes subdivided into two or more separate residences, each being accessible by its own door opening to the same common stair. In the Old Town common stairs are all but universal. They are general also in the southern districts; but more rare in the New Town, separate or "self-contained houses," as they are termed, generally prevailing in this fashionable and wealthy quarter of the city. The loftiest houses are in Mound Place, in the Old Town: they extend to 11 stories, including the attics; and as each story is generally divided into two lodgings, each house is supposed to contain, at an average, about 20 families, or 100 individuals. In the above table, by houses, are to be understood both houses and flats, when the latter are let or occupied separately. With the exception of the older buildings, which range from five to six stories in different districts, the usual height is three stories, exclusive of the attics and the basement floor, which latter is generally half sunk under the level of the street. This is the case, with very unimportant exceptions, throughout the New Town. The word land is used in Edinburgh to signify a house or tenement, from top to bottom, whether it be occupied by one family or several. Previously to the houses being numbered, they were distinguished by such names as Todrig's land, Moodie's land, Gavenlock's land, &c. Similar remarks apply to Leith. Though the population of Edinburgh fully doubled itself during the thirty years ending with 1831, its progress has since been checked, and latterly it has been nearly stationary. It appears The The situation of this city is eminently romantic. It stands, as previously stated, on three separate ridges, of which that in the middle, having the castle at its W. extremity, is at once the most striking and the best defined. castle is peculiarly picturesque. The rock on which it is built is on three sides, N., W., and S., high, steep, and in parts almost perpendicular. On its E. side the ground declines in a sloping ridge to Holyrood Palace; and on it, "Piled deep and massy, close and high," stands the greater part of the Old Town. The neighbourhood is also marked by lofty hills, except towards the N., where the ground gently declines to the Frith of Forth. The Calton Hill, 347 ft. above the sea, on the E. side of the city, now surrounded with fine terraces of houses, affords the remarkable spectacle of a verdant hill, except where covered with monuments, within the precincts of a large town. Arthur's Seat (822 ft. above the level of the sea), and Salisbury Crags (547 ft.), the latter divided from the former by a deep and gloomy ravine, lie on the S. E. of the city. Each of these hills rises abruptly from its base, and commands varied and very extensive views. Blackford Hill, the Braid Hills, the Pentland Hills, and Corstorphine Hill, rise at different distances on the S. and W. These eminences form a magnificent amphitheatre, within which, on elevated but lower ground, the Scottish capital is situated. The ridge on which the Old Town is built was not inaptly compared by Arnot to a turtle, of which, says he, "the castle is the head, the High Street the ridge of the back, the wynds or closes the shelving sides, and the palace of Holyrood-house the tail." (Hist. of Edin. 4th ed. p. 179.) It is separated from the New Town on the N. by a deep valley, which for centuries_formed a lake, called (as it is still) the North Loch, but which was drained in 1763, and is now beautifully laid out in gardens; while on the S. it is divided from the southern districts by a similar valley, the site of the Cowgate, now a narrow and mean, though once a fashionable street. From the High Street, on the summit of the ridge, descend, on both sides, in regular rows, numerous narrow |
