a court of appeal from the rolls court in each co., in | which one of the judges of the supreme court presides. The laws of Holland, but particularly the laws, statutes, and resolutions of the states-general, are followed by the judges of the court in giving judgment. Appeal from the supreme court, in matters above 500., lies to the king in council. The supreme criminal court is composed of 3 civil judges and 3 assessors, chosen by ballot. Its judgments are decided upon by a majority of votes, and are delivered in open court. Inferior criminal courts are holden by the sheriffs of each county, with whom 3 magistrates are associated. Special magistrates, appointed from England, decide between the masters and labourers in the different districts; 3 superintendents of rivers, and 6 post-holders are appointed for the protection of the Indians in the interior. There are at present 18 ministers of the church of England, 2 of that of Holland, 5 Rom. Catholic, 5 of the church of Scotland, and several of protestant dissenting sects. The provision for the different religious establishments in 1839, amounted to 22,942. In 1838, 11,363 persons were receiving instruction in the public schools. The military force consists at present of one regiment of the line, and a detachment of another. The colonial militia has been

disbanded.

The public revenue is derived from taxes on produce; on incomes of 500 dollars and upwards; on imports not of the origin or manufacture of Great Britain; and from assessed taxes on horses, carriages, wine and spirit licences, &c. In 1836, it amounted altogether to 106,0817., and the expenditure to 113,9461. The portion of the 20 millions sterling falling to this colony, as compensation for the freedom of slaves, amounted to 4,268,809.

The only towns worthy of mention are Georgetown and New Amsterdam. Georgetown, formerly Stabroek, the cap. and seat of government, is on the E. bank of the Demerara, near its mouth; lat. 6° 49′ 20′′ N., long. 58° 11′ 30′′ W. Pop. about 20,000, of whom 16,000 are coloured. (Schomburgk, 73.) Except Water-street, which is built close to the river, the streets are wide, and traversed by canals; the houses are of wood, seldom above 2 stories high, shaded by projecting roofs, having verandahs and porticoes, and surrounded by gardens separated by trenches. An edifice facing the river, built of brick and stuccoed, which cost the colony upwards of 5,000., comprises all the government offices near it are the Scotch church, market-house, and town guard-house. Within a mile of the town, near the mouth of the river, is Fort William Frederick, a small mud fort. A handsome Gothic church, to cost 13,000Z., is now in course of erection at Georgetown; another episcopal church stands on the parade ground, besides which it has a Rom. Catholic cathedral, Wesleyan chapel, 3 public, an infant, and 8 private schools, a colonial hospital, an excellent seaman's hospital, a savings' bank, 2 commercial banks, and an amateur theatre. Shops and stores are numerous, and European goods of all kinds plentiful; no duty being laid on English merchandise. The markets are good, and a new markethouse is being erected. New Amsterdam, on the Berbice, in lat. 60 15′ N., long. 57° 27′ W., extending about 14 m. along the river, is intersected by canals, and has about 3,000 inhab. It has English, Scotch, and Dutch churches, Rom. Cath. and Wesleyan chapels, a free school, court-house, barracks, fort, many commodious wharfs and warehouses, and 2 commercial banks. It is less unhealthy than Georgetown.

History. According to some, Columbus discovered Guiana in 1498: others give that honour to Vasco Nunez, in 1504. The Dutch, who were its first European settlers, established some settlements near the Pomeroon and elsewhere in its neighbourhood, in 1580, and several further to the E. a few years afterwards. The English began to form settlements about 1630. Most of Guiana, however, remained in the hands of the Dutch till 1796; when Demerara and Essequibo surrendered to the English. They were restored to the Batavian republic in 1802; and re-taken by the British in 1803. The territory called British Guíana has belonged to us ever since that period; that called Dutch Guiana was given up to Holland at the conclusion of the late war. (Schomburgk's British Guiana; Schomburgk, Hilhouse, &c., in Geog. Journ., vols. ii. iii. iv. vi. vii. x.)

GUIANA (DUTCH). This territory is intermediate, both in size and position, between British and French Guiana. It extends between the 2d and 6th deg. of N. lat., and the 53d and 57th deg. W. long., having E. French Guiana, from which it is separated by the Marony, S. Brazil, W. the Corentyn, which divides it from British Guiana, and N. the Atlantic. Length, N. to S. 250 m.; average breadth, about 155 m. about 38,500 sq. m. (Stein.) Pop., exclusive of Indians and Maroons, probably 65,000, of whom 6,000 are whites or free coloured people, chiefly Dutch, French, and Jews, and the remainder negro slaves. The maroons of the interior are the descendants of runaway negroes, and

Area

were very troublesome during the past century; they have now, however, adopted much more settled habits than formerly, and receive annual presents of weapons, arms, &c., from the Dutch, the territory they occupy forming a kind of military frontier to the colony. The physical geography, climate, productions, &c., of Dutch Guiana, are pretty much the same as those of the British colony above described. All the rivers have a N. direction; the chief is the Surinam, which runs through the centre of the country, and falls into the Atlantic, after a course of nearly 300 m. It gives its name to the N. portion of the territory, and is navigable for large ships for about 4 leagues from the coast. Paramaribo is situated near its mouth. About 50 ships are employed in the transport of the produce of the colony to Europe. Sugar is the chief staple, and about 25,000,000 lbs. are produced annually; the export of coffee may be estimated at about 4,000,000 lbs. a year; cocoa, cotton, rice, cassava, yams, &c., are also grown in considerable quantities; and plentiful supplies of various descriptions of timber, and of woods for cabinet work, with gums, balsams, and other drugs, are procured from the interior. Provisions, arms, and manufactured goods are imported from Holland: provisions are also imported from the U. States, to which the exports are syrup and rum: there is some commerce with the W. Indies, and a smuggling trade is carried on with Colombia. The government is vested in a governor-general and a high council. The cap. and seat of government is Paramaribo, a town of 20,000 inhab., three fourths of whom are blacks, or of mixed descent. It is neatly laid out in the Dutch style, and has R. Catholic, English, and Lutheran churches, a German, and a Portuguese Jewish synagogue an exchange, &c., and is the centre of the trade of the colony. The fort of Zeelandia, a little N. of the town, is the residence of the governor, and the seat of most of the government establishments.

GUIANA (FRENCH). This, which is the most E. and smallest division of Guiana, lies between the 2d and 6th deg. N. lat., and 51 and 541 deg. W. long., having E. and S. Brazil, W. Dutch Guiana, and N. and N.E. the Atlantic. Length, N. to S., 250 m.; breadth varying from 100 to 190 m. Area, 27,560 sq. m. Pop., in 1837, free 5,056, slaves 16,592; total, 21,648, ex. garrison and colonial functionaries.

The coast plain (basses terres) is an alluvial tract of extreme fertility, interspersed with a few isolated hills, apparently of volcanic origin, and some ranges of low hillocks. The uplands (terres hautes) are also very fertile, their soil being generally argillaceous, more or less intermixed with granite, sand, and tufa, and in some parts highly ferruginous. The mountain chains run E. and W.; they are almost wholly granite, but no where reach any great elevation; in the centre of the colony they rise from 1,600 to 2,000 ft, above the level of the sea. Few countries are more abundantly watered. There are upwards of 20 rivers of tolerable size, all of which have a N. course. Their mouths are obstructed by sand-banks, and do not admit of the entrance of vessels drawing more than 12 or 15 ft. water; they cease to be navigable, except for canoes, at a distance of from 45 to 60 m. inland. In the rainy season they inundate the low country to a great extent, but are then innavigable from their rapidity. The coasts are low, and, except at the river mouths, ships cannot approach the shore. There is only one roadstead, that of Cayenne, where vessels can ride in security. Several small rocky or wooded islands lie off the coast, among which is Cayenne, at the mouth of the Ozapoh, on which the cap. is built. The climate is similar to that of British Guiana (which see); but the coast lands appear to be less unhealthy. About 50 or 60 m. from the coast the country begins to be covered with vast forests. The low lands are in a great part uncleared, and covered with underwood. The settled and occupied lands were dispersed in 1836 over a surface of 230 sq. leagues, or about 1-80th part only of the whole surface of the colony, the rest of which is tenanted by wild beasts and roving Indians. The cultivated lands, slaves employed on them, and amount of produce at the same period, were thus estimated :

The sugar-cane was introduced by the earliest colonists, and its culture has been greatly extended since 1829; it is grown only on the low lands, where the mean annual produce of a hectare of good soil is estimated at 2,000 kilogr., worth about 1,000 fr. There are from 30 to 40 large establishments for the manufacture of sugar, and in all about 50 sugar-mills, 27 of which were, in 1836, worked by steam. Coffee is very inferior to that of the W. Indies, and its culture has rather diminished of late years. Cotton, cocoa, arnatto, and vanilla, are indigenous. In the low lands, from 225 to 350 kilog. per hectare is the mean annual produce of cotton. The clove succeeds pretty well, especially on the uplands; other spices have met with only doubtful success. Cocoa is unfit for the French markets, and most of what is grown is exported to the U. States: indigo and tobacco are of very inferior quality. Manioc, rice, maize, bananas, &c., are grown, but the quantities produced fluctuate greatly, and are often insufficient for home consumption. In 1837 there were about 12,000 head of live stock, principally black cattle. Manufactured goods are imported from France. Building docks for small vessels, employ about 170 slaves; and there are several brick and tile-yards. The price of an artisan's labour varies from 3 to 6 fr. a day. The trade is increasing in 1836, the value of the imports from France and her colonies amounted to 2,675,162 fr., and those from foreign countries to 569,353 fr., making a total of 3,262,519 francs. The principal articles exported, and their value, in the same year were as follows:

The total value of the ports amounted to 3,121,752 fr., nearly the whole being shipped for France or her colonies. Forty-two French vessels, of the aggregate burden of 6,792 tons, entered; and 45 of the burden of 7,950 tons, left the colony in 1836, besides which 22 foreign vessels entered, and 19 departed.

French Guiana is divided into 2 districts, those of Cayenne and Sinnamary; and 14 communes, composing 6 electoral arrondissements, and sending 16 deputies to the colonial council. Cayenne, the seat of government (which ace), is the only town worth notice. The government is vested in a governor, assisted by a privy council of 7 of the highest official functionaries; and the colonial council, composed of 16 members, elected for 5 years, by inhab. of French descent, 25 years of age, born, or having resided in Guiana for 2 years, and paying direct taxes to the amount of 200 fr. a year, or the possessors of property to the value of 20,000 fr. Number of electors in 1836, 211. The public revenue, derived chiefly from taxes on slaves and domestics, house taxes, customs, export duties, patents, licences, passports, sale of government lands, rents, fees, fines, &c., amounted, in 1837, to 255,222 fr. ; the colonial expenditure in the same year was 1,446,710 fr.

Some French adventurers first settled at Cayenne in 1604; and with only a few short interruptions from the Dutch and English, the French held that station and the rest of the colony till 1809: it was then taken possession of by the English and Portuguese, and held by the latter till 1815, when, in pursuance of the Treaty of Paris, it was restored to France. (Notices sur les Colonies Françaises, Hugo, &c.)

GUIENNE, one of the provs. into which France was divided previously to the Revolution. It was situated in the S. W. part of the kingdom, on both sides the Gironde; and is now distributed among the depts. of the Gironde, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne, Lot, and Aveyron.

GUILDFORD, a parl. bor. and market town of England, co. Surrey, of which it is the cap., hund. Woking, on the Wey, 27 m. S. W. London. Pop. of the town (1831), 4,688. Guildford, as seen from the W., has an imposing appearance, being principally situated on the declivity of a chalk down, at the foot of which runs the Wey, crossed by a bridge of five arches. It consists chiefly of one long, broad, and well-built, but inconveniently steep, street, which is crossed by several other streets of inferior dimensions." It has the appearance of a well-conditioned place, and may be expected to in(Boundary Report.) It is well paved, lighted with gas, and supplied with water forced up from the river. It has 3 par. churches, all ancient structures; a handsome co. hall, town-hall, council-chamber, a gaol, rebuilt in 1765; chapels belonging to Baptists, Presbyterians, Quakers, Rom. Catholics, &c.; a large free graminar-school, founded by Edward VI., with an en

crease."

dowment for a scholar at Cambridge and at Oxford; a charity-school, at which 25 boys are educated and clothed; and a theatre. Guildford was a residence of the Anglo-Saxon kings, and the ruined keep of a castle, consisting of a quadrangular tower, 70 ft. high, and built of flint, ragstone, and Roman bricks, forms a picturesque object at the S. extremity of the town. The traces of an ancient palace are also clearly discoverable. Since the passing of the Municipal Corporation Reform Act, Guildford has been governed by 4 aldermen, one of whom is mayor, and 12 councillors. Petty sessions are held here, and the assizes in the summer circuits here and at Croydon alternately. Guildford has sent 2 mems. to the H. of C. since the time of Edward I. Previously to the Reform Act, the right of voting was in the freeholders and freemen resident in the town, paying scot and lot. The Boundary Act considerably extended the limits of the parl. bor., which had, in 1831, a pop. of 4,833. Registered electors, in 1839, 421. Corporation revenue (1839) 1,3937. Guildford has a considerable trade with the metropolis in corn, timber, malt, &c., sent to London by the Wey Market-day, Saturday, for corn, and other necessaries. Fairs, May 4. and Nov. 22., for horses, cattle, &c.

GUILSBOROUGH, or GUISBOROUGH, a market town and par. of England, co. York, N. Riding, E. div., Langbourgh lib., 39 m. N. York, and 21 m. E. Darlington. The par. comprises 5 townships: area of township of Guilsborough, 6,120 acres: pop. of do. in 1831, 1,988. The town stands in a small but beautiful and very productive valley near the river Tees, and at the foot of the Cleveland hills. It consists of a single wide and handsome street, lined with old but substantial houses. The church is a modern edifice, supposed to occupy the site of one attached to the Austin Priory, established here in 1129, some ruins of which still remain in the meadows S. of the town. In the church-yard are the grammar-school and hospital, founded by the last prior, and chartered by Queen Elizabeth, in 1561. The rental of the property, according to Carlyle (ii. 805.), is 3761. Ten scholars are taught gratuitously, and 15 others for a payment of 5s. per quarter. The master's salary is 504., with a house and garden. The hospital lodges and clothes six old men and six old women, and gives them a money allowance for food and coals. Guisborough is a quiet country town, with little trade, except on Monday, the market day, and its six fair days (last Tuesday in April and May, third Tuesday In May, Aug., and Sept., and second Tuesday in Nov.). It used, however, to have a considerable trade in alum, and the first alum-works in England were begun here about 1600. This mineral is worked in some of the neighbouring parishes, especially Lofthouse; but it has for many years ceased to be a branch of industry at Guisborough.

The streets,

or

GUIMARAENS, a town of Portugal, prov. Entre Duero-y-Minho, cap. of a comarea of same name, 28 m. N.N.E. Oporto, and 196 m. N. by E. Lisbon; lat. 41° 24' N., long. 8° 14′ W. Pop. 8,260. (Miñano.) It is built on a slight elevation in the midst of a beautiful and produc tive plain between two small rivers, the Ave and Visella, and is surrounded with fortifications. which are wide and straight, are lined with well-built houses, and there are several handsome paseos, squares. Among the public buildings are 4 churches, one of which is collegiate, and remarkable for its fine architecture: there are also 5 convents and 4 hospitals. It has some small manufactures of cutlery, hardware, and linen. There are thermal springs in the neighbourhood, which were known to the Romans. The ancient town is said to have been founded, anno 500 B.C., under the name of Araduca: the modern one was the first capital of the Portuguese monarchy. (Miñano; Balbi; Stat. de Portugal.)

The

GUINEA, a name applied by European geographers to designate a portion of the W. coast of Airica. origin of the word is not certainly ascertained, nor are writers agreed respecting the limits of coast to which the name should extend. D'Anville, and the older geographers, apply it to the line of coast from the mouth of the Gambia to that of the Quorra; whereas Ritter, and the more modern authors, extend its confines from C. Verga, lat. 10° 30′ N., to the mouth of Nourse's river, lat. 17° S., and call the district S. of C. Lopez, lat. 50 S., comprising Congo, Angola, and Benguela, by the name of S. Guinea; while under N. Guinea, or Guinea Proper, are comprehended Sierra Leone, Liberia, the Grain and Ivory Coast, Ashantee, Dahomey, Benin, and Biafra. The description of this extensive line of coast, for which we are chiefly indebted to the discoveries of Bowditch, Adams, Isert, and Tuckey, will be found under the heads of the countries above mentioned.

GUINGAMP, a town of France, dép. Côtes-du-Nord, cap. arrond.; on the Trieux, in an extensive plain, 17 m. W.S.W. St. Brieuc. Pop. (1836) 6,466. It was formerly surrounded with walls, parts of which still exist; a spacious street intersects it from end to end, about

must always have been a military post of great import- | ance, but by no means impregnable; for it has frequently changed masters It was taken by escalade, in 1780, by the British; but finally ceded, in 1805, to Scindia, and has since been the permanent residence of his court. GYONGYOS, a market-town of Hungary, co. Heves, at the foot of the Matra mountains; 22 m. S. W. by W. Erlau, and 42 m. N.E. Pesth. Pop. about 14,700. (Berghaus.) It has several churches, a Franciscan gymnasium, and a Rom. Catholic high school; manufactures of woollen cloth, leather, hats, brandy, &c., and a large trade in agricultural produce and cattle. Good wine is made in its vicinity.

GYULA, a market-town of Hungary, cap. co. Bekes, on the White Körös, 35 m. N.N. W. Arad. Pop. (1838) 13,752. It consists of two parts, Hungarian and German Gyula, separated by the river; it has a fortress, a countyhall, several churches, some oil-mills, and a large trade in cattle, &c.

H.

HAARLEM, or HARLEM, one of the principal cities of the Netherlands, prov. N. Holland, cap. arrond. and cant.; on the Spaarn, 10 m. W. Amsterdam. Pop. about 22,000. It is now in great part destitute of defences, but was formerly a place of some strength, having been fortified in the 16th century with brick walls, parts of which, with an old gateway, still remain. "Haarlem is, in external appearance, unlike most other Dutch cities. It has an ancient and somewhat dingy aspect. The architecture of some of the houses is remarkably picturesque, with sharp-pointed gables; and the roofs show several rows of small attic windows, like what one is accustomed to see in old Flemish pictures. The streets are arranged in an irregular manner, with cross alleys and back courts, and few of them have havens in the centre, which is quite a singularity in a Dutch town." (Chambers, p.26.) Mr. Barrow says it is "very well built, very clean, and very dull." Its pop. at present is greatly below what it formerly contained. It has a large paved market-place surrounded by several of the principal edifices of the city, as the church of St. Bavon, a vast Gothic structure, with a high square tower; the flesh-market; the Stadthaus, a fine building, &c. Opposite the church is a statue of Laurence Coster, the reputed inventor of moveable types, a citizen of Haarlem. St. Bavon's has somewhat of a naked appearance inside; but its organ has long been considered one of the finest and largest in Europe. It is supported on porphyry pillars, and fills up the whole of one end of the church, reaching up to the roof. It has nearly 5,000 pipes; its tones are remarkably fine, and its power very great; but in the diameter of some of its pipes, it has recently been surpassed by organs built at York and Birmingham. Immediately under it, and between two masses of pillars, is a group of figures the size of life, in white marble, representing Faith, Hope, and Charity, executed by Xavery, a living artist, and which, according to Chambers, are the best specimens of modern sculpture in Holland. The remaining chief public buildings and institutions in Haarlem are several churches, public charities and schools, the Teylerian Museum, with a good collection of philosophical instruments, and others of fossils, coins, &c., at which lectures on different scientific subjects are delivered; the academy of sciences, the celebrated normal school of M. Preusen, and many other schools; an academy of drawing, an observatory, botanic garden, &c. There are several good private collections of paintings. Haarlem is the residence of a civil governor and a military commandant; is a bishop's see, and the seat of tribunals of original jurisdiction and commerce. It has manufactures of silk, Linen, and cotton fabrics, velvets, rugs, carpets, lace, ribands, soap, and oil, Many of these have greatly declined; but, of late, several cotton factories have been established in its neighbourhood under the patronage of the king, and the manufacture of cotton goods has increased materially since the separation of Holland and Belgium. In one of these factories, conducted by a Scotchman, the king is a shareholder; steam-engines are employed to turn the machinery. There are 3 factories on a similar scale at Haarlem, employing in all 2,000 individuals, men, women, and children. The weekly wages of workmen average from 12s. to 13s.; boys and girls get about 1s. 6d. a week. In the environs of Haarlem are extensive bleaching grounds for linens, and here were at one time prepared those fine fabrics, long known in England as Holland cloths. An important branch of trade in Haarlem is the sale of flowers, roots, &c., of which traffic it is the chief scat. Near the city, on the S., are the "Bloemen-Tuin," or gardens for rearing these products. "Each garden is secluded from the public road by a high wall, or a brick house tidily painted; and when admitted, you find

yourself in the midst of offices or warehouses devoted to the great business of drying and packing the roots. Thence the garden stretches out to the length of perhaps a quarter of a mile by a breadth of 100 yds., and is separated from other gardens, as well as frequently di. vided across by partitions of wood 6 ft. high. In the sunny square spots thus sectioned off, are all the varieties of tulips, dahlias, hyacinths, ranunculuses, and various other flowers. The drying-houses are filled with shelves, in stands, on which are spread myriads of roots, and in adjacent apartments men are kept constantly busy packing for exportation. In packing, each root is first twisted into a small piece of paper, and then a hundred are put together in a paper bag, according to sorts. The bags are afterwards packed in cases, and are thus sent to all parts of the world." (Chambers, p. 30.) A large horticulturist and dealer told Mr. Chambers, that he exported annually 300,000 crocus, 200,000 tulip, 100,000 hyacinth, and 100,000 ranunculus roots, besides many of other flowers. At one period, the most extravagant prices were given for these roots; but 100 florins is now considered (and well it may) a very large sum for one, and the greater part of the tulips cultivated and sold by the bloemists of Haarlem, are valued at from Id. to 20d. each. The city was once celebrated for its printing; but at present this branch of industry is not more active than in an English country town. It has still, however, a type-foundry, chiefly for Greek and Hebrew characters, from which the Jews principally supply themselves with the latter.

The neighbourhood round Haarlem is carefully laid out in plantations and public walks, and for several miles on the road to Leyden the country is sprinkled with numerous neat villas. Immediately on the S. of the city is a wood of considerable extent, in which is a large and elegant mansion in the Grecian style, called the Pavilion. It formerly belonged to Mr. Hope, who sold it for 500,000 guilders (about 42,0007.) to Napoleon for his brother Louis. At the peace it was sequestrated by the nation: at present it is shut up; but it is designed to form a gallery for the paintings of Dutch living artists.

The epoch at which Haarlem was founded is uncertain. In 1572 it was besieged by a Spanish force under Toledo, a worthy son of the duke of Alva. The city held out for 7 months, when it being known that the garrison intended to make a desperate sortie as a forlorn hope, terms of capitulation were offered and accepted; but no sooner had the Spaniards obtained possession of the town, than they commenced a massacre of the inhab., and upwards of 1,000 individuals were either put to the sword, or tied in pairs and thrown into the lake. In 1577 the town was retaken by the Dutch. Haarlem was the birthplace of Ostade, Wouvermans, Berghem, Van der Helst, and Schrevelius.

The Haarlemmer Meer, or Lake of Haarlem, is an inlet of the sea S. E. of the city, extending S. to within a short distance of Leyden, and about 33 m. in circumference. It was formed by an inundation at the end of the 16th century, which transformed four small lakes into one sheet of water, and, overflowing the surrounding country, laid several villages waste, and destroyed much property. It has an outlet to the S. communicating with the Old Rhine; on the N. it communicates with the Y by the Spaarn, and by another small outlet which is crossed by the road from Haarlem to Amsterdam. It is generally shallow, except in the middle, and is easily agitated by winds, which drive the waves with great fury against the dykes erected round its shores. It is liable to sudden squalls, and is, on that account, little used for navigation. Various schemes have been proposed for draining this lake, by which at least 50,000 acres of land would be recovered. Hitherto nothing decisive has been done on the subject; but the impression is, that the under taking will, ere long, be commenced, and that it will succeed. A railway between Haarlem and Amsterdam, which must in part pass through the Y, has been commenced. (See Chambers' Tour, p. 31, &c.; Barrow's Tour in Holland, &c.; De Cloet, Pays Bas; Dict. Géogr., &c.)

HACKNEY, a town and par. of England, co. Middlesex, hund. Ossulstone, 3 m. N. by E. London. Area of par., including the hamlets of Clapton, Homerton, Dalston, Shacklewell, and Kingsland, 3,227 acres. Pop.. in 1831, 31,047. The town consists chiefly of two wide and well-lighted streets, running nearly at right angles to each other, from which other streets diverge. There are many large and substantial residences both detached and connected with the line of street; but the houses generally are of inferior size. The par., now divided into 3 districts, has 4 churches; the mother-church, St.John's, and 3 chapels of ease. All are commodious; but none are remarkable for architectural elegance. The dissenters have several places of worship, among which is one (now occupied by Unitarians) rendered illustrious by the ministerial labours of Bates, Matthew Henry, Priestley, and Price. At Homerton is an academy for Independent ministers, of which Dr. Pye Smith is the

present principal. There are 3 charity schools, educating in the whole about 500 children; a school of industry for 60 children; and 3 hospitals or almshouses for aged people. At Clapton is the London Orphan Asylum, where 300 children, the orphans of respectable parents, are boarded, clothed, and educated; and at Hackneywick is an establishment supported by the Society for the Suppression of Juvenile Vagrancy. The land about Hackney is chiefly occupied by nurserymen and market-gardeners. Loddige's garden is said to contain some of the finest and rarest exotics in England: the rest of the land is employed in cow-pastures and brick-fields. The pars. of Hackney and Stoke Newington form a union under the Poor-Law Amendment Act; and the expense of maintaining the paupers of Hackney, in 1838, was 7,9507.

HADDINGTON (CO. OF), sre LOTHIANS. HADDINGTON, a parl. and royal bor. and market town of Scotland, cap. co. Haddington, 16 miles E. by N. Edinburgh, and 10 W. by S. Dunbar, at the foot of the Garleton hills on the N., and bounded by the Tyne on the E., which stream divides it from the suburb of Nungate, to which, however, it is joined by a bridge of 4 arches. Pop. in 1831, 3,751. The town consists principally of two parallel streets, running E. and W., and a long cross street which bounds one of these, and intersects the other nearly at right angles. The main parallel street, which is a continuation of the road from Edinburgh, is spacious; the general character of the town, as to buildings and appearance, is superior to that of most others of its size. The approaches to it from the E. and W. are ornamented by a number of villas, with gardens and nursery grounds adjoining. The streets are paved, and lighted with gas. The principal buildings are the town-hall, with a lofty spire 150 feet in height; the county buildings, which contain accommodation for the sheriff's court, the meetings of the county, and apartments for the preservation of the public records; and a Gothic parish church, supposed to have been erected in the 13th or 14th century. It is 210 ft. in length; the choir and transept are in a somewhat dilapidated state; it has square towers, and is 90 ft. high. The western part of the cross is used as the parish church. Fordun styles it lucerna Laudonia, the lamp of Lothian. The parish church of Haddington is one of the few churches in Scotland, not in Edinburgh, that are collegiate. There is a new quoad sacra church (1839) belonging to the establishment. There are chapels belonging respectively to the Scottish Episcopalians, to the United Associate Synod (two), to the Old Light Burghers, the Independents, and Methodists. Haddington can boast of one of the earliest schools established in Scotland (M'Crie's Knox, i. 4.), and it possesses at present an excellent classical seminary under the direction of the magistrates, and 6 other schools. A mechanics' institution was established here in 1823. There are no fewer than five public libraries in the town; and Haddington is the head quarters of the Itine rating Libraries, instituted by Mr. Samuel Brown. In 1835, there were in East Lothian 43 divisions of these libraries, of 50 volumes each. Each division remains for 2 years in the same place, when it is removed to another locality, and succeeded by a new supply of books of the same number; so that each locality has a fresh supply of new useful reading every two years. Each volume, at an average of the 43 divisions, is read five times during that period. The system of circulating libraries has been extended to various other parts of Scotland, to several districts in England, to Ireland, Canada, South Africa, and Jamaica. The use of the books is gratuitous if so wished, but never more than 1d. per annum has been systematically taken from any reader; but voluntary contributions, either in books or money, are received. (MS. communication from Mr. Brown.) The number of benevolent, friendly, and religious societies, is great. The number of permanent and occasional poor for three years previously to 1837 inclusive, was annually 179; and the average yearly funds for their support are 9424., raised by assessment. The highest rate given is 107. 8s. yearly; the lowest 21. 12s. (Report by General Assembly on Poor in Scotland, 1839, p. 11.) There are no manufactures in the town, but there are two breweries and two distilleries in the vicinity; an iron forge, and coach work; a considerable trade in wool, in tanning and currying leather, in preparing bones and rape-cake for manure, and various minor branches of industry. Haddington is celebrated for its weekly grain market, which is the second in point of importance in Scotland, Dalkeith being the first. In 1839, the quantity of grain of all kinds sold in this market was 42,361 qrs. ; but as that year was one of comparative scarcity, the average sale is greatly above what we have stated, being sometimes as high as 80,000 qrs. There are three branch banks, and a savings' bank, the atter instituted in 1815. The agricultural and horticultural societies of the county hold their meetings in the town.

Haddington is very ancient. A castle on its W. boun

darles was used as a royal residence in the 12th and 13th centuries, and here Alexander II. was born in 1198. A convent of Cistertian, or Bernardine nuns, was founded here in 1178; and a monastery of Franciscan, or Grey Friars, in the subsequent century. (Keith's Cat. of Scot. Bishops, 449. and 462.) The suburb of the Nungate obtains its name from the former of these institutions. It was in this nunnery that the Scottish Parliament was convened (1548), when its assent was given to the marriage of Queen Mary with the Dauphin of France, and to her education at the French court. Haddington has often suffered severely from the overflowing of the Tyne. The last inundation was in 1775, when the river rose 17 ft. above its usual level, and flooded more than half the town. In 1244, the town, then composed of wooden buildings, was totally consumed by fire. It was again nearly consumed from the same cause in 1598; since which latter date, a curfew goes through the town at 8 o'clock, P.M. during winter, when, after tolling a bell, the crier repeats some uncouth rhymes, alluding to the calamity, and warning the inhabitants to greater caution in future. Haddington was the first place visited by cholera in 1831. Of 125 persons seized 57 died. In one night there were 8 deaths. It continued from the 17th Dec., 1831, to 22d Feb. ensuing. Haddington unites with N. Berwick, Dunbar, Lauder, and Jedburgh, in sending a member to the H. of C. In 1839-40, its registered voters were 187. The municipal income is about 1,400. a year.

Various eminent men have been connected with Haddington. John Knox, the famous reformer, is generally believed to have been born in the suburb of Giffordgate in 1505, and received his education at the burgh school; but some writers regard the village of Gifford, five miles distant, as his birthplace. The Maitlands of Lethington, a place within a mile of the town, are well known both in literary and general history. Sir Richard Maitland, Lord Privy Seal of Scotland, and a Lord of Session, was himself a poet, and a collector of ancient Scottish poetry. (Pinkerton's Ancient Scottish Poems, Loud., 1786; see Richard's Poems published by the Maitland Club, 1830.) His eldest son William is well known in history as Secretary of State during the reign of Queen Mary; his second son John was Lord High Chancellor of Scotland; and Thomas, his youngest son, is celebrated both for his Latin poems (Delicia Poet. Scot.), and for being one of the interlocutors in Buchanan's dialogue De jure regni apud Scotos. The Duke of Lauderdale, the capricious and tyrannical Secretary of State for Scotland in the time of Charles II., was a descendant of Sir Richard; also John, Earl of Lauderdale, author of "the Works of Virgil translated into English Verse." The only eminent nan of more modern times connected with Haddington was the Rev. John Brown, author of the "Self-Interpreting Bibie,' and other theological works, who died in 1787. (In addition to the works quoted, see New Stat. Acc. of Scot., Haddington, i. 17.; Chalmers' Caledonia.)

HADLEIGH, a market-town and par. of England, co. Suffolk, hund. Cosford, on the Bret, a tributary of the Stour, 8 m. W. Ipswich, and 58 m. N.E. London. Area of par., 3,440 acres ; pop., in 1831, 3,425. It is an ancient-looking town, exhibiting, both in brick and wood, many curious specimens of old house architecture. The church, a handsome structure with a fine steeple, forms the principal ornament of the town. There are also 12 almshouses, and a curious brick gate-house, with hexagonal turrets, erected at the end of the 15th century. This town had formerly a flourishing clothing trade; but the chief manufacture at present carried on is the spinning of yarn for the Norwich weavers. A silk-mill also employs 297 hands. Hadleigh was formerly a corporate town, but lost its charter by a quo warranto in the reign of James II. Markets on Monday; fairs on WhitMonday, and Oct. 4.

It

HAGUE (THE), (Dutch Gravenhaag, "the count's meadow; Fr. La Haye), a town of Holland, of which it is the cap. and usual residence of the king and court, prov. S. Holland, on a branch of the canal between Leyden and Rotterdam, 10 m. S. W. the former, and 13 m. N.W. the latter city, lat. 52° 4′ 20′′ N., long. 4° 46′ 30 E. Pop. 58,000. It is an open town, being surrounded only by a moat crossed by drawbridges has the usual features of a Dutch town; its houses and pavements are of brick, and several of its streets are intersected with canals, and planted with rows of trees; its general appearance, however, is much superior to that of the commercial cities of Holland. The N. end of the town is the fashionable quarter, and in it is the Vyverberg, a fine open space, ornamented with a lake and wooded island in its centre. Around and adjacent to this square are all the chief public edifices. The first of these is the National Museum, occupying the former palace of Prince Maurice, an elegant building of the 17th century. Its extensive picture gallery is reached by a noble staircase; the paintings here are mostly confined to works of the Dutch school, but in that departinent