court of justice, which takes cognizance of all suits above 2,000 marks; appeals from which can, however, be made to the superior court of the Hanse Towns at Lubeck: a lower court of justice, which tries criminal cases, and decides in civil causes under 2,000 marks; and a commercial tribunal, a final appeal from the decision of which lies to the upper court of justice. The inferior towns have their own magistracy, and police courts subordinate to 2 directors of police in Hamburg. The armed force consists of a garrison of about 1,400 regularly paid soldiers, and 10,000 unpaid burghers, including all the citizens between the ages of 18 and 45. The contingent furnished to the army of the German Confederation is 1,298 men. The public revenues amount to between 800,000 and 900,000 rix-dollars yearly; the public debt reaches 8,000,000 rix-dollars (about 1,600,000.) Hamburg has as many as 60 consuls in different parts of the world: it enjoys a separate vote in the full German Diet, and together with Lubeck, Bremen, and Frankfort, has one in the Lesser Council of the Confederation.

HAMBURG, the principal commercial city and seaport of Germany, cap. of the above republic, and one of the three existing Hanse Towns, and four free imperial cities, of Germany; on the N. bank of the Elbe, at the point where it receives the Alster, 60 m. S.E. from its mouth, 60 m. N.E. Bremen, and 36 m. S. W. Lubeck; lat. 53° 32′ 51′′ N., long. 9° 58′ 37′′ E. Pop. 128,000. The city is oval shaped; is about 4 m. in circ., and was formerly fortified; but having suffered severely during its occupation by the French in the last war, its ramparts have been levelled since the peace, and converted into public walks. It is intersected by numerous canals; and its aspect resembles that of a Dutch town. There are some good streets, as the Grossen Bleichen, Neue-Wall, and Admiraltäts-Strassen, the Jungfernstieg, &c.; but the rest are mostly narrow, dark, and dirty. The houses are generally of brick, old-fashioned, and ill-built; and altogether the outward appearance of the city presents but few objects of curiosity to the visiter. "The principal ornament of Hamburg is the Alster. This river rises in Holstein, some miles above the city, and spreads out into a wide lake, which flows through deep broad ditches, some of which encircle the ramparts, and communicate with the Elbe by sluices, while others intersect the city in all directions, forming numerous canals navigable for barges of considerable size. This lake is called the Outer Alster. The Inner Alster is a large square sheet of water connected with the former by a narrow channel, spanned by a single arch. On three sides of the Inner Alster there are broad walks, with rows of trees, the favourite resort of the Hamburgers of all classes and all ages. The best houses in the city are to be found in its immediate neighbourhood. The Jungfernstieg occupies its S. and W. sides." (Murray's Handb. for N. Germany, 16.) "On a summer's evening, when this lake is covered by so large an assemblage of gaily painted boats as to resemble a regatta, and the citizens, in their best attire, are enjoying the cool breezes on its shores, or crowding the numerous coffee-houses that surround it, few cities possess a more agrecable promenade than Hamburg." (Germany and the Germans, i. 6.) There are but few public buildings worthy of notice. The city is divided into five parishes, those of Saints Peter, Nicholas, Catharine, James, and Michael, the churches of which are amongst the principal edifices. The church of St. Peter is the most ancient, having been built in the 12th century; but that of St. Michael is the most interesting. This, which is an edifice of the last century, is 245 ft. long, by 180 ft. broad; and has a tower 456 ft. in height, ascended by a stair of nearly 600 steps. Its interior is capable of accommodating 6,000 persons (Strung); it has a fine altar-piece, an organ with 5,600 pipes, and a large crypt supported by 69 granite columns. There are 12 other places of worship, including the chapels of the German, French, and English Calvinists, and the English Episcopal, Calvinist, and R. Catholic churches. The Börsen Halle, or Exchange Hall, is a handsome building, but it is hidden from the sight: in addition to a large public hall, a small commercial library, and a coffee-house, it has a handsome concert and ballroom, a suite of billiard-rooms, and a printing establishment. A new exchange is now building, and will be opened in 1841. It contains a magnificent hall for the assemblage of the merchants; a hall for the meetings of the merchant company; rooms for the use of the commercium, or board of trade, and for the extensive commercial library belonging to the latter institution. Hamburg has a great many charitable institutions, some of which are on a splendid scale. The General Infirmary, erected in 1823 in the suburb of St. George, on the Lubeck road, cost about 85,000. Its yearly expenditure is about 16,500l., the greater part of which is supplied from the city funds. It contains 140 sick wards, the majority about 40 ft. long, 25 ft. broad, and 13 ft. high, and various apartments for different offices, with apartments for officers, &c. It may accommodate from 4,000 to 5,000 patients: invalids of the middle ranks

man.

are attended to in it on their paying a proportionate subscription. In the New Orphan Asylum, 600 orphans are received into the establishment, and 500 more are provided for elsewhere. There are, also, asylums for aged persons, deaf and dumb, the blind, sailors and their widows, &c.; and a private hospital, in which, besides medical attendance, a superior education is also given to deformed children, cripples, &c.; of whom Hamburg contains a large number. The Rathhaus, in which the senate and burgher colleges, and the upper court of justice hold their sittings, has within its precincts the treasury, the tax office, a receptacle for the archives of the city, and a guardhouse for the burgher-guard. It is an incongruous piece of architecture, having been founded in the 13th century, and added to at different periods in the succeeding ages. The Bank, which stands near it, is a handsome edifice of free stone. The establishment was founded in 1619: it is a bank of deposit only, and is extremely well managed. The Eimbeck-house, workhouse, prison, town-hall, arsenal, and 2 theatres, are amongst the remaining chief buildings; the new theatre is one of the largest in Germany, and the performances and music are generally good. A commodious new building, erected to supply the place of the buildings formerly attached to St. John's church, has been opened this year (1840). It contains the Gymnasium, or college for instruction in philosophy, philology, history, physics, and natural history; the Johanneum, or high school, an excellent and well-directed institution, founded in 1529; and the city library, containing 180,000 vols., open to every burgher and literary Hamburg has also an observatory and a botanic garden, academies of design, commerce, navigation, anatomy, &c.; museums of physical objects and works of art, and several learned societies, especially one for the promotion of the fine and useful arts. În 1839, 27 daily and weekly periodical publications were published in Hamburg, and circulated over a great part of N. Germany. But the Hamburg press does not rank high, probably from its being subjected to the paralysing influence of a censorship. In 1813, while the town was occupied by the French, a series of wooden bridges, and a chaussee connected by ferries with the N. and S. shores, were thrown across the swamps and islands of the Elbe, separating Hamburg from Hanover. Having been fitted only for temporary purposes, they were removed in 1816, and the communícation is now maintained by steam boats. The arm of the Elbe opposite the city is not very wide, but it is deep enough for vessels of considerable burden. The maintenance of floating lights, buoys, &c., for the safe navigation of the river, is said to cost the city 60,000 dollars a year. The city harbour presents an animated scene: "a forest of ships of all nations, and from every quarter of the globe; while the face of the stream is covered with boats sporting about in every direction. The tide rises at the quays from 5 to 12 ft., and flows about 20 English miles above the city." (Strang, i. 11.) Between Hamburg and Altona, an adjoining town within the Danish territory, is the suburb of St. Paul, a narrow strip of about m., called Hamburgersberg, which is in fact a kind of "Wapping." The environs of Hamburg abound with the villas of merchants, public cemeteries, pleasantly laid out, hotels, tea-gardens, and places of public entertainment, amongst which Rainville Garden, near Altona, is pre-eminent.

The manufactures of the town are in some respects not so flourishing as formerly. Thirty-five years ago there might have been 600 sugar refineries; and now there are scarcely 100. Sugar refining is still, however, the chief branch of industry; breweries, distilleries, calico printing, dyeing, lime-kilns, rope-walks, anchor and other iron forges, rank next in importance. Glue, cork, sailcloth, leather, whalebone, feathers, hats, tobacco, soap, cottonyarn, woollen, linen, cotton and silk fabrics, tin ware, gold, silver, and copper articles, needles, wax-lights, surgical and musical instruments, dies, &c., are amongst the remaining articles of manufacture. The shipping belonging to Hamburg is small as compared with its trade. The English shipowners engross most part of the direct trade with England. The Hamburg ships are almost entirely employed in transatlantic commerce, and in the coasting trade with continental Europe.

Commerce. Hamburg is the greatest commercial city of Germany, and perhaps of the continent. She owes this distinction principally to her situation. The Elbe, which may be navigated by lighters as far as Melnick in Bohemia, renders her the entrepôt of a vast extent of country. Advantage, too, has been taken of natural facilities, that extend still further her internal navigation; a water communication having been established, by means of the Spree, and of artificial cuts and sluices, between the Elbe and the Oder, and between the latter and the Vistula; so that a considerable part of the produce of Silesia destined for foreign markets, and some even of that of Poland, is conveyed to Hamburg. There is, also, a communication by means of a canal with the Trave, and consequently with Lubeck and the Baltic, by which the necessity of resorting to the difficult and

From France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and the Levant; feathers, prunes, dates, olives, citron and orange-peel, capers, manna, opium, safflower, saffron, mustard, sponge, cork, sulphur, asphaltum, soda, sulphuric acid, tartar, vinegar, soap, essences, volatile oils, glass wares, carpets, clocks, jewellery, Paris articles, antiques, &c. From Holland and Belgium; many kinds of seeds, chicory, flower-roots, dyes, drugs, mineral waters, cheese, paper, glass, iron and steel goods.

From Great Britain; sheet tin and copper, brass and iron wire, machinery, chains, anvils, slate, and numerous kinds of manufactured goods.

From the N. of Europe; fleeces, copper, alum, amber, malt, stockfish, caviar, &c.

The customs' duties are as moderate as possible, being one eight per cent. ad valorem on exports, and one half per cent. on imports. Nevertheless, the customs' revenue is found to amount, one year with another, to from 30,000. to 35,000. The rate may, perhaps, be taken on imports and exports, at a rough average, at 5s. 3d. per cent., which would give, at a medium, 12,380,000l. a year for the value of the trade in articles subjected to duties; and adding 2,000,000l. for the trade in articles exempted from duties, we have 14,380,000Z. as the total annual value of the import and export trade of the port. In the year ending Sept. 1839. 3,233 ships arrived at Hamburg, of which 1,490 were from Great Britain. Besides seagoing ships, a great number of vessels arrive at Hamburg by the Elbe: these, in 1838, amounted to 3,085, of the aggregate burden of 99,850 lasts, of which number, 2,274, burden 84,162 lasts, belonged to Prussia. In the same year, 196 ships, of the burden of 23,469 lasts of 4,000 lbs. each, belonged to Hamburg and Altona; and 24 steam vessels plied between Hamburg and other ports, 9 of which went to and from London, and 8 to and from Hull. Transit goods are totally exempted from duty. They are such only as arrive at Hamburg direct, and which are neither sold nor exchanged while in the city. The liberty of transit is limited to the term of three months from the time of receiving the transit ticket; but, upon application being made for a prolongation of the term previously to the expiration of the first three months, it is granted on payment of 4 per cent on the banco value of the goods; but under no circumstances is the term extended beyond six months. If the goods be not then exported, they become liable to the ordinary duties. No warehousing system has been introduced at Hamburg; nor, from the smallness of the duties, is it necessary, though it would seem that the time during which goods are allowed to be in transit might be advantageously extended. The warehouse rent of a quarter of wheat may be about 14d. sterling per month, and of a ton of sugar about 9d.; but there are no fixed rates.

Accounts are kept in marcs divided into 16 schellings, and these into 12 pfennigs each; or else in pounds, shillings, and pence Flemish. The money in circulation is from 23 to 25 per cent. under the value of bank money (banco). There is no coin representing the latter in circulation, all payments made in it being effected by transfers in the books of the bank. The rate of exchange is continually varying; but at an average the rix dollar banco is worth 4s. 63d.; the rix dollar current, 38. 8d. nearly the marc banco, 18. 54d.; and the marc current, Is. 24d. The Hamburg gold ducat is worth about 9s. 4d. 100 Hamburg lbs. 106-8 lbs. avoird. The ahm is equivalent to 384, and the fuder to 229} English gallons. The Hamburg foot = 112 English inches.

into the harbour. But extensive improvements have, in these respects, been recently commenced. The police is good, and beggars are not suffered to infest the streets. The city gates are shut at dusk, but are opened afterwards on payment of a toll, which increases in amount with the lateness of the hour. The water gate is, however, absolutely closed at dark.

This city was founded by Charlemagne towards the close of the 8th century. After the extinction of his dynasty, it became successively subject to the dukes of Saxony and the counts of Holstein. Early in the 13th century it joined with Lubeck in the formation of the Hanseatic league; in 1258 it obtained a portion of territory; and acquired the right to legislate for itself in 1269. In 1528 it adopted Lutheranism. It was long subject to attacks from the Danes, but in 1768 it purchased a resignation of all claims upon it from Denmark, and a security against future attacks. In 1806 it was occupied by the French, and in 1810 made the cap. of the dép. Bouches de l'Elbe. It suffered considerably from the exactions of the French troops under Marshal Davoust; but at the peace it was partially indemnified for its losses, and has since gradually retrieved its former flourishing condition. (Private Information.)

HAMELN, a fortified town of N. Germany, k. Hanover, distr. Hanover, on the Weser, at its confluence with the Hamel, 25 m. S. W. Hanover. Pop. 6,400. The Weser here forms an island, and on it a large sluice was constructed by Geo. II. in 1734, for the convenience of shipping: the town, by its position, commands the navigation of the Upper Weser, and has extensive commucations with different parts of Germany. It is defended by Fort George, a strong fortress on a hill on the opposite side of the river. Its inhab., many of whom are wealthy, and have a considerable trade, carry on various branches of manufacture.

HAMILTON, a parl. bor., market, and manufacturing town of Scotland, co. Lanark, being the cap. of the Middle Ward, on the Clyde, on a rising ground gently sloping towards the E, 10 m. S.E. Glasgow, and 12 m. N. W. Lanark. It is about 1 m. W. of the conflux of the Avon with the Clyde, is intersected by the Cadzow burn, and is about 80 ft. above the level of the highwater mark at Glasgow. Pop., in 1801, 4,711; in 1835, 7,799; including the par., 9,822. The town is not regularly but substantially built, and has an appearance of respectat ility, wealth, and comfort. It is paved and lighted with gas. The most important of its public buildings are the two parish churches, both elegant structures, particularly the older, in an elevated situation near the centre of the town; and the trades" hall, and jail. This last edifice, which stands on high ground W. of the town, and was built in 1836, has in connection with it suitable apartments for all the public offices, municipal and civil. The court-room, common to the sheriff of the district and magistrates of the burgh, is 37 ft. long by 32 broad. In the vicinity of these buildings are extensive cavalry barracks.

But the great object of attraction connected with this place is Hamilton Palace, the magnificent seat of the Dukes of Hamilton, separated from the town on the E. only by a wall. The pleasure grounds round the mansion, lying between the town and the Clyde, comprise 1,460 acres, and are the most extensive in Scotland. The oldest portion of the palace was erected about 1591; but the greater part of the building is comparatively modern, some very extensive additions having recently been made to it. The front, which faces the N., is 264 ft. 8 in. in length, adorned by a noble portico, consisting of a double row of Corinthian pillars, each of a single stone 25 ft. high, surmounted by a lofty pediment. The interior decorations are not less splendid than the exterior; and altogether it forms one of the largest and most superb structures of its kind in Britain. The collection of paintings, in particular, has long been considered as unrivalled, at least in Scotland. It contains above 2,000 pieces. There is, also, a vast number of antique vases, antique cabinets, slabs of porphyry, and other similar relics. Within a mile of the town are Charesidence of the Dukes of Hamilton, and the ruins of Cadzow Castle, the original seat of this noble family, on the summit of a precipitous rock 200 ft. in height, the base of which is washed by the Avon.

The climate of Hamburg is unpleasant, and it suffers frequently from inundations. The drainage of the city is as bad as possible. All the filth from the upper part of the town is conveyed into the beautiful basin of the Alster, and all sorts of filth and rubbish are thrown

Besides the par. churches, there are 2 meeting-houses belonging to the Relief, 2 to the Associated Synod, and 1 to the Independents. The Cameronians and Rom. Catholics have each public worship here once in 4 or 6 weeks. The old par. church was uncollegiated in 1836; and a new church built for one of the ministers. About 2-3ds of the pop. are dissenters

The grammar or classical school of Hamilton is of ancient date, and has uniformly been an efficient seminary. There are in the parish 18 other schools, including two for young ladies: the total attendance in 1835 was 997, or about a tenth part of the whole pop.; exclusive of about 538, who attend Sunday schools. There are

and assemble annually on the 1st Wednesday of June, at Concord. The governor is assisted in his executive duties by a council of 5 mems., elected for a similar period with himself. The poor in this, as in other N. E. states, are supported by a direct tax on the towns to which they belong. The militia, comprising 3 divisions and 6 brígades, consisted, in 1838, of an aggregate body of 28,135 men. Justice is administered in a superior court, and county courts of common pleas, presided over by the judges of the superior court, and two justices selected from each county. The judges hold their offices during good behaviour, until 70 years of age; but may be removed by impeachment, or by address of the two houses of the legislature.

HAMPSHIRE (NEW), one of the U. S. of America, in the N.E. part of the Union (New England), and between lat. 42° 40′ and 45° 10′ N., and long. 70° 40′ and 72° 23′ W.; having N. Lower Canada, E. Maine, W. Vermont, S. Massachusetts, and S.E. the Atlantic, on which, however, it has a coast of only 18 m. Length, N. to S., about 170 m.; breadth very variable. Area, 9,280 m. Pop., in 1837, per estimate, 288,746. The coast is indented by small inlets, but has only one harbour of any value, that of Portsmouth. It is skirted by a narrow sandy plain, which, at no great distance inland, rises rapidly into a hilly country. In the interior, the state is covered with mountains of granitic formation. The White Mountains, towards the N., which attain a height of more than 7,000 ft., are the highest in the Appalachian system, and, consequently, in the U. S. But between the mountains are many green and sheltered valleys, and the state contains a considerable proportion of fertile land, as well as a great deal of beautiful and picturesque scenery. Several of the principal rivers of New England rise in this state; among which are the Connecticut, Merrimac, Piscataqua, Androscoggin, and Saco, which have a general S. direction. The Connecticut forms the W. boundary of the state. There are several considerable lakes, the largest of which, the Winnipissiogee, 23 m. in length, is situated near the centre of the state. With the exception of the alluvial lands bordering the rivers, the soil is, perhaps, more adapted for pasture than cultivation. The country was originally densely wooded, and such is still the character of the interior. Climate very healthy, but cold. The lakes and rivers are generally frozen for four months in the year, and winter lasts from Nov. to April. Wheat, rye, maize, barley, oats, pulse, and flax are grown; cattle-breeding is pursued to a considerable extent. Manufactures have greatly augmented of late years: they include cotton and woollen fabrics, nails and other hardware, paper, glass, &c. The exports consist principally of cattle, pork, flax seed, linen, timber, fish, beef, granite, manufactured goods, &c. &c. The foreign trade is but inconsiderable; the value of the exports to foreign countries during the year ending Sept. 30. 1838, having amounted to only 74,670 doll., and that of the imports to 169,985 doll. The state had, in 1839, 27 banks. New Hampshire is divided into eight counties; Concord, on Merrimac, being its political cap. Portsmouth is the largest town, and the only sea-port. Dover, Exeter, Hanover, New Ipswich, Keene, and Haverhill are increasing places, already of some size. Dartmouth College, at Hanover, established in 1770, ranks third among the literary institutions of New England. It has attached to it a medical school, library, and philosophical apparatus; and had in 1839 upwards of 300 students. There is a theological seminary at New Hampton, besides upwards of 30 incorporated academies. The state has a literary fund, the income arising from which, with the produce of a tax on banks, is devoted to the support of free schools. These are established on the same system as in the other Atlantic states. A lunatic asylum is about to be established at Portsmouth. In 1839, 20 periodical publications were issued. Several canals have been constructed connected with the Merrimac, which, by its communication with the Middlesex Canal, affords a navigable route between many parts of the state and Boston. In 1837, a railroad, 15 m. in length, to extend from Nassau, N.W., to Lowell Massachusetts, was in progress.

The legislature consists of a senate of 12 mems. and a house of representatives of 234 mems., the mems. of which, as well as the governor, are chosen annually by the electors of each district, consisting of every white male citizen above the age of 21 years who pays taxes and has resided in the state for three months. Together, they are styled the General Court of New Hampshire,

1741. New Hampshire was one of the first states to take a decided part in the war of independence. A temporary constitution was formed in 1784, which, in 1792, was altered and amended nearly to the form now in force. The state sends 5 representatives to Congress. (Darby's View, &c.; Hayward's Gazetteer of New England; American Almanack, 1834, 1840.)

HAMPSTEAD, a par. and village of England, co. Middlesex, hund. Ossulston, 4 m. N.N.W. London. Area of par. (which includes part of Kilburn), 2,070 acres : pop. in 1831, 8,590, being double the pop. in 1801. Value of real prop. (as assessed in 1828), 72,5007. The town lies on the brow and S. slope of an irregularly-formed hill, on the summit of which (460 ft. above high-water mark) is an extensive heath covering about 280 acres, which commands fine views of the metropolis, Kent, and Surrey southward, and of the highly cultivated lands of Bucks and Herts on the N.W. The streets are mostly crooked and irregular, lined with houses of every size and quality, from the spacious mansion to the mere cottage; and the subordinate streets, connecting High Street with the other parts, are narrow, inconvenient, and in some places even dangerous. The church, which has been parochial since 1598 (when Hampstead was separated from Hendon), was rebuilt by subscription in 1747; it is a plain brick building, having at its E. end a low tower and spire. The living is a vicarage, and there is a lectureship founded some years ago, for the benefit of the curates. A chapel of ease, in Well Walk, occupies what was a century back the most fashionable assemblyroom in the town, and a favourite place of resort for all who came to drink the chalybeate waters: another chapel, recently erected, has a handsome cupola and portico. There are places of worship for Independents, Wesleyan Methodists, Unitarians, and Rom. Catholics; but they are of small extent. Besides churches and chapels, the large assembly-room attached to the Holly. bush Inn is the only public building; but numerous large private mansions, in different parts within and round the town, attest its importance as a fashionable suburban retreat. A large square house, on an eminence to the left of the London road, with a row of elms in front, once belonged to Sir Harry Vane, one of the regicides, who, at the Restoration, was here seized, and soon after executed: it was subsequently occupied by Bishop Butler. In the upper part of the town, near the Terrace, is Branch-hill Lodge, once the residence of the Earl of Macclesfield and Lord Loughborough; but its fine collection of painted glass windows, procured from various convents at the period of the French revolution, has been removed, by Sir Thomas Neaves, to his house at Dagenham, in Essex. The Upper Flask Inn, în High Street, formerly the resort of the celebrated Kit-cat Club, and subsequently inhabited by G. Steevens, the editor of Shakspeare, is now a private residence. The inns receive hundreds of visiters on the Sundays during summer.

The manor of Hamestead was given by King Ethelred to the Abbey church of Westminster, by whom it was retained till 1550, when Edward VI. took possession of it and presented it to a layman, from whom the present lord of the manor is descended. In the reign of Henry VIII. Hampstead was an obscure hamlet," chiefly inhabited by washerwomen;" and being well covered with wood, and abounding with game, it was often visited by hunting parties from court. James II. is said to have had a hunting-seat here, still known as Chicken House, and now let out to several poor people. About 1640, Hampstead became a fashionable watering-place, and concerts, balls, and races were established for the amusement of the visiters. The wells (the water of which is a simple carbonate chalybeate) were in high repute during the 17th century, but they have long since ceased to attract attention. The election of mems. for the co. was held on the heath from 1680 to 1701 when it was removed to Brentford.

HAMPTON, a village and par. of England, co. Middlesex, hund. Spelthorne, on the N. bank of the Thames, opposite the point where it receives the Mole, 12 m. W.S. W. London, and 3 m. W. by N. Kingston. Area of par., 3,190 acres. Pop. in 1831, 2,529, and, including the