GRAM. A kind of pea, CICER ARIETINUM. In Southern India the pulse DOLICHOS BIFLORUS is known as horse gram. GUARANTEED. (1) A class of Native State, in Central India; (2) A class of railways. JATHA. An association. JAZIRAT-UL-ARAB.-The Sacred Island of Arabia, including all the countries which contain cities sacred to the Mahomedans: Arabia, Palestine and Mesopotamia. JEMADAR.-A native officer in the army or police. JHIL.-A natural lake or swamp, Northern India; syn. bil, Eastern Bengal and Assam. JIHAD.-A religious war undertaken by Musal. mans. JIRGA. A council of tribal elders, NorthWest frontier. JOWAR.-The large millet, a very common food-grain, ANDROPOGON SORGHUM, or SORGGUNJ.-The red seed with a black 'eye' of | HUM VULGARE; syn. cholam and jola, in SouthABRUS PRECATORIUS, a common wild creeper; used as the official weight for minute quantities of opium 12th TOLA. GUR, Goor-Crude sugar; syn, jaggery, South ern India; tanyet, Burma. ern India. JUDICIAL COMMISSIONER.-An officer exercise ing the functions of a High Court in the Central Provinces, Oudh, and Sind. KACHERI, kachahri.-An office or office build GURAL-A Himalayan goat antelope, CEMA- ing, especially that of a Government official. GORAL. GURDWARA.-A Sikh Shrine. GURU. (1) A Hindu religious preceptors (2) a schoolmaster, Bengal. HAFIZ.-Guardian. HAJ.-Pilgrimage to Mecca. HAJJI-A Mahomedan who has performed the haj. He is entitled to dye his beard red. HAKIM.-A native doctor practising the Mahomedan system of medicine. HALALKHOR.-A sweeper or scavenger; lit one to whom everything is lawful food. HALI-Current. Applied to coin of Native States, especially Hyderabad. HAMAL (1) A porter or cooly, (2) a house Servant. HEJIRA (HIJRAH)—The era dating from the flight of Mahomed to Mecca, June 20th, 622 A.D. HEIRA LAL.-" Diamond Ruby." HILSA. A kind of fish, CLUPEA ILISHA. HOLKAR.-See" Gaekwar." HTI. An iron pinnacle placed on a pagoda in Burma. HUKKA, HOOKAH.-The Indian tobacco pipe. IDGAH. An enclosed place outside a town where Mahomedan services are held on festivals known as the Id., etc. INAM.-Lit. 'reward.' Hence land held revenue free or at a reduced rate, often subject to service. See DEVASTHAU, SARAMJAM, WATAN. INUNDATION CANAL.-A channel taken off from a river at a comparatively high level, which conveys water only when the river is in flood. JACK FRUIT-Fruit of ARTOCARPUS INTFGRIFOLIA, Ver. PHANAS. JAGGERY, jagri.-Name in Southern India for crude sugar; syn. gur. JAGIR.-An assignment of land, or of the revenue of land held by a Jagirdar. JAH. A term denoting dignity. JAM (Sindhi or Baluch).-Chief. KADAH, karbi.-The straw of jowari (q. v.)— a valuable fodder. KAJU, kashew.-The nut of ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE, largely grown in the Konkan. KAKAR.-The barking deer, CERVULUS MUNT JAO. KALAR, kallar.-Barren land covered with salt or alkaline efflorescences, Northern India. KAMARBAND, Cummerbund.-A waistcloth, or belt. KANAT. The wall of a large tent. KANGAR. A kind of portable warming-pan, carried by persons in Kashmir to keep themselves warm. KANKAR.-Nodular limestone, used for metalling roads, as building stones or for preparation of lime. KANS. A coarse glass which spreads and prevents cultivation especially in Bundelkhand, SACCHARUM SPONTANEUM. KANUNGO.-A revenue Inspector. KARAIT.-A very venomous snake, BUNGARUS CANDIDUS or CAERULEUS. KARBHARI.-A manager. KAREZ.-Underground tunnels near the skirts of hills, by which water is gradually led to the surface for irrigation, especially in Baluchistan. KARKUN.-A clerk or writer, Bombay. KARMA. The doctrine that existence is conditioned by the sum of the good and evil actions in past existences. KARNAM.-See PATWARI. KHALSA.-Lit. 'pure.' (1) Applied especi ally to themselves by the Sikhs, the word Khalsa being equivalent to the Sikh community: (2) land directly under Government as opposed to land alienated to grantees, etc., Northern India. KHAN. Originally the ruler of a small Mohammedan State, now a nearly empty title though prized. It is very frequently used 23 a name, especially by Afghans and Pathans. KHANDI, candy.-A weight especially used for cotton bales in Bombay, equivalent to 20 mds. KHARAB-In Bombay of any portion ran assessed survey No. which being uncultivable is left unassessed. KHARIE-Any crops sown just before or during the main S. W. monsoon. KHAS.-Special, in Government hands. LAL. A younger son of a Raja (strictly a 1th son, but see under "Babu"). sharers in a zamindari village, Northern India LASCAR, correct lashkar.—(1) an army, (2) in Khas tahasildar, the manager of a Govern- English usage a native Sailor. ment estate. KHASADAR.-Local levies of foot soldiers, Afghanistan. KHAS-KHAS, Kus-Kus.-A grass with scented roots, used for making screens which are placed in doorways and kept wet to cool a house by evaporation, ANDROPOGON SQUAR ROSUS. KHEDDA, kheda.-A stockade into which wild elephant are driven; also applied to the operations for catching. KHICHADI, Kejjeree.-A dish of cooked rice and other ingredients, and by Anglo-Indians specially used of rice with fish. KHILAT. A robe of honour. KHUTBA.-The weekly prayer for Mahomedans in general and for the reigning sovereign in particular. KHWAJA. A Persian word for "master," sometimes a name. KINCOB, kamkhwab.-Silk textiles brocaded with gold or silver. LAT. A monumental pillar. LATERITE.-A vesicular material formed of disintegrated rock, used for buildings and making roads; also probably valuabie for the production of aluminium. Laterite produces a deep brichord soil. LINGAM.-The phallic emblem, worshipped as the representative of Shiva. LITCHI-A fruit tree grown in North India (LITCHI CHINENSIS). LOKAMANYA.-(lit.) Esteemed of the world or the people; a national hero. LOKENDRA OR LOKINDRA.-" Protector of the World," title of the Chiefs of Dholpur and Dattia. LONGYI.-A waistcloth, Burma. LOTA. A small brass water-pot. LUNGI, loongi-(1) A turban; (2) a cloth worn by women. MADRASA.-A school especially one for the higher instruction of Mahomedaus. MAHAJAN.-The guild by Hindu or Jain merchants in a city. The head of the Mahajans is the Nagarsheth (q. v.). MAHAL. (1) Formerly a considerable tract of country; (2) now a village or part of a village for which a separate agreement is taken for the payment of land revenue; (3) a department of revenue, e.g., right to catch elephants, or to take stone; (4) in Bombay a small Taluka under a MAHALKARI. MAHANT. The head of a Hindu conventual establishment. MAHARAJA. The highest of hereditary rulers among the Hindus, or else a personal distine tion conferred by Government. It has several variations as under "Raja "with the addition of MAHARAJ RANA; its feminine is MAHARANI MAHA great). MAHATMA. (lit.) A great soul; applied to men who have transcended the limitations of KUCHA BANDI-A barrier or gateway erected the flesh and the world. cross a lane. KULKARNI.-See PATWARI. MAHSEER, mahastr.-A large carp, BARPUSFOR (lit. 'the big-headed '). T MAHUA.-A tree, BASSIA LATIFOLIA, producing flowers used (when dried) as food or for distilling liquor, and seeds which furnish oil. which is the current of cold winds blowing down during the Northern winter from the cold land areas of Central Asia, giving rain in India only in S. E. Madras and Ceylon through moisture MAIDAN.-An open space of level ground; passing across the equator into the low pressure acquired in crossing the Bay of Bengal, and the park at Calcutta. MAJOR WORKS.-Irrigation works for which separate accounts are kept of capital, revenue, and interest. MAKTAB.-An elementary Mahomedan school. MALGUZAR (revenue payer).-(1) The term applied in the Central Provinces to a co-sharer in a village held in ordinary proprietary tenure · (2) a cultivator in the Chamba State. MALL. A gardener. MALIK.-Master, proprietor. MAMLATDAR-The officer in charge of a taluka, Bombay, whose duties are both executive and magisterial; syn. tahasildar. MANDAP, or mandapam.-A porch or pi!lared hall, especially of a temple. MANGOSTEEN.-The fruit of GARCINIA MANGOS TANA. MARKHOR.-A wild goat in North Western India, CAPRA FALCONERI. MASJID.-A mosque. Jama Masjid, the principal mosque in a town, where worshippers collect on Fridays. MASSAD.-Seat of state or throne, Mahomedan; syn. gaddi. MATH.-A Hindu conventual establish ment. areas of the Australasian Southern summit. MOPLAH (Mappila).--A fanatical Mahomedan sect in Malabar. MOULVI OR MAULVI.-A learned man or teacher. MUDALIYAR OR MUD-LIAR.-A personal proper name, but implying "steward of the lands.' MUFASSAL, mofussil.-The outlying parts of a District, Province or Presidency, as distin. guished from the head-quarters (Sadr). MUKADDAM, muccadum.-A representative or headman. MUKHTAR (corruptly mukhtiar).-(1) A legal practitioner who has not got a sanad and therefore cannot appear in court as of right; (2) any person holding a power of attorney on behalf of another person. MUKHTIARKAR.-The officer in charge of a taluka, Sind, whose duties are both executive and magisterial; syn. tahasildar. MUKTI, 'release.'-The perfect rest attained by the last death and the final reabsorption of the individual soul into the world-soul, syn. NIRVANA, MOKSHA. MUMTAZ-UD-DAULA.-Distinguished State MULK, in the country. in the MAULANA. A Mahomedan skilled in Arabic and religious knowledge. MAULVI-A person learned in Muhammadan TUS: syn. mag. Gujarat. MUNG, mug.-A pulse, PHASEOLUS RADIA law. MAUND, ver. Man.-A weight varying in different localities. The Ry. maund is 80 lbs. MAYA. Sanskrit term for delusion. MEHEL OF MAHAL.-A palace. MELA. A religious festival or fair. MIAN. Title of the son of a Rajput Nawab resembling the Scottish "Master." MIHRAB.-The niche in the centre of the western wall of a mosque. MIMBAR.-Steps in a mosque, used as a pulpit MINAR-A pillar or tower. MINOR WORKS.-Irrigation works for which regular accounts are not kept, except, in some cases, of capital. MIR. A leader, an inferior title which,. like Khan," has grown into a name, especially used by descendants of the Chiefs of Sind. NAZAR, nazarana.-A due paid on succession or on certain ceremonial occasions. NAZIM.-A ruler. NET ASSETS. (1) In Northern India, the rent or share of the gross produce of land taken by the landlord; (2) in Madras and Lower Burma, the difference between the assumed value of the crop and the estimate of its cost of production. NEWAR.-Broad cockney woven across bed. steads instead of iron slats. NGAPI.-Pressed fish or salted fish paste largely made and consumed in Burma. NILGAI. An antelope, BOSELAPHUS TRAGO CAMELUS. NIM, neem.-A tree, MELIA AZADIRACHTA, the berries of which are used in dyeing. NIRVANA. See MUKTI. NIZAM. The title of the ruler of Hyderabad the one Mohammedan Prince superior to Nawab. NIZAMAT.-A sub-division of a Native State, corresponding to a British District, chiefly in the Punjab and Bhopal. NON-AGRICULTURAL ASSESSMENT.-Enhanced assessment imposed when land already assessed as agricultural is diverted to use as a building site or for industrial concerns. NON-COGNIZABLE.-An offence for which the culprit cannot be arrested by the police without a warrant. NONO (Thibetan).—The ruler of Spitta. NON-OCCUPANCY TENANTS.-A class of tenants with few statutory rights, except in Oudh, beyond the terms in their leases or agreements. NON-REGULATION.-A term formerly applied to certain Provinces to show that the regulations of full code of legislation was not in force in them. NULLAH, NALA.-A ravine, watercourse, or drain. OCCUPANCY TENANTS.-A class of tenants PALKI.-A palanquin or litter. PAN.-The betel vine, PIPE BETLE. PANCHAYAT. (1) A committee for management of the affairs of a caste, village, or town; (2) arbitrators. Theoretically the panchayat has five (panch) members. PANDI OR PUNDI.-A learned man. PANDIT. A Hindu title, strictly speaking applied to a person versed in the Hindu scriptures, but commonly used by Brahmans. Assam applied to a grade of Inspectors of primary schools. In PANSUPARI.-Distribution of PAN and SUPARI (q. v.) as a form of ceremonial hospitality. PARAB. A public place for the distribution of water, maintained by charity. PARABADI. A platform with a smaller platform like a dovecot on a centre pole or pillar built and endowed or maintained by charity, where grain is put every day for animals and birds. PARDA, purdah.-(1) A veil or curtain; (2) the practice of keeping women secluded; syn. gosha. PARDESI.-Foreign. Used in Bombay especlally of Hindu servants, syces, &c., from North India. PARGANA.-Fiscal area or petty sub-division of a tahsil Northern India. PASHM. The fine wool of the Tibetan goat. PASO. A waistcloth. PAT, put.-A stretch of firm, hard clay. PATEL. A village headman, Central and Western India ; syn. reddi, Southern India, gaon bura, Assam ; padhan Northern and Eastern India; Mukhi, Guzarat. PATIDAR. A co-sharer in a village, Gujarat. PATTAWALLA.-See CHAPRASI. PATWARI-A village accountant; syn. karnam, Madras; kulkarni, Bombay Deccan; with special rights in Central Provinces, in talati, Gujarat; shanbhog, Mysore, Kanara and United Provinces. PADAUK.-A well known Burmese tree (PTEROCARPUS sp.) from the behaviour of which the arrival of the monsoon is prognosticated. PADDY.-Unhusked rice. PAGA. A troop of horses among the Marathas. Coorg; mandal, Assam; tapedar, Sind. PESHKASH.-A tribute or offering to a supe rior. PESHKUP.-Manager or agent. PHULAV, (Pilow).-A dish of rice and other ingredients, and by Anglo-Indians specifically PAGI. A tracker of thieves of strayed or stolen used of chicken with rice and spices. animals. PAIGAH. A tenure in Hyderabad State. PAIK. (1) A foot soldier ; (2) in Assam formerly applied to every free male above sixteen years. PAIREE. The name of the second best variety of Bombay mango, distinguishable from the APHUS (q. v.) by its pointed tip, and by the colour being less yellow and more green and red. PALAS.-See DHAK. PHULKARI.-An embroidered sheet; lit. flower-work. bronze PICE, paisa.-A copper or coin worth one farthing; also used as a generic term for money. bucket for irrigation, Southern India; syn. PICOTTAH.-A lever for raising water in a dhenkul or dhenkuli, or dhikli, Northern India. PIPAL.-A sacred tree, FICUS RELIGIOSA. PIR. A Mahomedan religious teacher or saint PLEADER.-A class of legal practitioner. PONGYI.-A Buddhist monk or priest, Burma. POSTIN, poshteen.-A coat or rug of sheepskin tanned with the wool on, Afghanistan. PRANT. An administrative sub-division in Maratha States, corresponding to a British District (Baroda) or Division (Gwalior); also in Kathiawar. PRESIDENCY.—A former Division of British India. PRINCE.-Term used in English courtesy for Shahzada," but specially conferred in the 3. case of" Prince of Arcot " (called also" Armin-i-Arcot "). 3 PROTECTED.-Forests over which a considerable degree of supervisionis exercised, but less than in the case of 'reserved' forests. PROVINCE.-One of the large Divisions British India. PUJA-Worship, Hindu. PUJARI-The priest attached to a temple. RICKSHAW.-A one or two seat vehicle on two wheels drawn by coolies, used in the hills. RISALDAR.-Commander of a troop of horses. ROHU. A kind of fish, LABEO ROHITA. RYOTWARI. The system of tenure in which land revenue is imposed on the actual occupants of holdings. SADR, sudder.-Chief (adjective). Hence the headquarters of a District: formerly applied to the Appellate Courts. SAFA JANG-A long-handled battleaxe carried by Jat Sikhs. SAFFLOWER. A thistle which yields a yellow dye from its petals and oil from its seeds (CARTHAMUS TINCTORI US), ver. kardai, kushanti. SAHEB. The Native Hindu term used to or of a European (" Mr. Smith "would be mentioned as "Smith Saheb," and his wife "Smith of Mem-Saheb," but in addressing it would be "Saheb," fem." Saheba," without the name); occasionally appended to a title in the same way as Bahadur,' but inferior (=master). The unusual combination "Nawab Saheb" implies a mixed population of Hindus and Mohammedans. PURANA.-Lit. old' Sanskrit (1) applied to eertain Hindu religious books, (2) to a geological 'group'; (3) also to 'punch-marked coins. PUROHITA domestic chaplain or spiritual guide, Hindu. PWE.-An entertainment, Burma. PYALIS-Bands of revellers who accompany the Muharram processions. QILLA. A Fort. RABL-Any crop sown after the main SouthWest monsoon. RAGI (ELEUSINE COROCANA).-A small millet used as a food-grain in Western and Southern India; syn. marua, Nagli Nachni. RAJA. A Hindu Prince of exalted rank, but Inferior to "Maharaja ". The feminine of Rani (Princess or Queen), and it has the variations Raj, Rana, Rao, Rai, Rawal, Rawat, Raikwar, Raikbar and Raikat. The form Rai is common in Bengal, Rao in S. & W. India. RAJ RAJESHWAR.-King of Kings. BAMOSHI-A caste whose work is watch and ward in the village lands and hence used for any chaukidar (q. v.). " SAHIBZADA.-Son of a person of consequence. SAID, SAYID, SAIYID, SIDI, SYED, SYUDVarious forms for a title adopted by those who claim direct male descent from Mohammed's grandson Husain. SAL. A useful timber tree in Northern India SHOREA ROBUSTA. SAMBAR.--A deer, CERVUS UNICOLOR; syn. sarau. SAN.-Bombay hemp, CROTALARIA JUNCEA. SANAD (1) A charter or grant, giving its name to a class of States in Central India held under a sanad, (2) any kind of deed of grants. movement which aims at unity and the knowSANGATHAN.-Literally tying together. A ledge of the art of self defence among Hindus. Roughly similar to Fascismo. SANNYASI.-A Hindu mendicant. BARI.-A long piece of cloth worn by women as a shawl. SARANJAM:-Land held revenue free or on & reduced quit-rent in consideration of political services rendered by the holder's ancestors. SARDAR (corrupted to SIRDAR).-A leading RANA. A title borne by some Rajput chiefs, Government official, either civil or military, equivalent to that of Raja. RANI. The wife or widow of a Raja. RAO.-A title borne by Hindus, either equivalent to, or ranking below, that of Raja. REGAR.-Name for a black soil in Central and Southern India, which is very retentive of moisture, and suitable for growing cotton. REGULATION.-A term formerly applied to certain provinces to show that the Regulations or full code of legislation applied to them. even a Grand Vizier. Nearly all the Punjab Barons bear this title, It and Diwan " are like in value and used by both Hindus and Mohammedans. So, but Mohammedans only, are "Wali," "Sultan," Amir, " Mir,' Mirza," Mian," and "Khan." SARKAR.-(1) The Government; (2) a tract of territory under Muhammadan rule, corresponding roughly to a Division under British administration. SARSUBAH. An officer in charge of a Division REH.-Saline or alkaline efflorescences on in the Baroda State corresponding to Comthe surface of the soil, Northern India. RESERVED.-Forests intended to be main. tained permanently. missioner of British territories. SATI. Suicide by a widow, especially on the funeral pyre of her husband. |