PRINCE.-Term used in English courtesy for RICKSHAW. A one or two seat vehicle on two wheels drawn by coolies, used in the hills. RISALDAR. Commander of a troop of horses. ROHU. A kind of fish, LABEO ROHITA. RYOTWARI.-The system of tenure in which land revenue is imposed on the actual occupants of holdings. SADR, sudder. - Chief (adjective). Hence the headquarters of a District; formerly applied to the Appellate Courts. SAFA JANG-A long-handled battleaxe carried Shahzada," but specially conferred in the by Jat Sikhs. case of Prince of Arcot" (called also" Armin-i-Arcot "). PROTECTED. - Forests over which a considerable degree of supervisionis exercised, but less than in the case of 'reserved' forests. SAFFLOWER. - A thistle which yields a yellow dye from its petals and oil from its seeds (CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS), ver. kardai, kushanti. SAHEB. The Native Hindu term used to or of a European ("Mr. Smith" would be mentioned as "Smith Saheb," and his wife "Smith PROVINCE. One of the large Divisions of Mem-Saheb," but in addressing it would be British India. PUJA.-Worship, Hindu. PUJARI-The priest attached to a temple. PUNDIT. See Pandit. PURANA.-Lit. 'old' Sanskrit (1) applied to certain Hindu religious books, (2) to a geological 'group'; (3) also to 'punch-marked coins. PUROHIT-A domestic chaplain or spiritual guide, Hindu. PWE.-An entertainment, Burma. PYALIS-Bands of revellers who accompany the Muharram processions. QILLA.-A Fort. RABL-Any crop sown after the main SouthWest monsoon. RAGI (ELEUSINE COROCANA). -A small millet used as a food-grain in Western and Southern India; syn. marua, Nagli Nachni. RAJA. A Hindu Prince of exalted rank, but Inferior to "Maharaja". The feminine of Rani (Princess or Queen), and it has the variations Raj, Rana, Rao, Rai, Rawal, Rawat, Raikwar, Raikbar and Raikat. The form Rai is common in Bengal, Rao in S. & W. India. RAJ RAJESHWAR.-King of Kings. RAMOSHI-A caste whose work is watch and ward in the village lands and hence used for any chaukidar (q. v.). "Saheb," fem." Saheba," without the name); occasionally appended to a title in the same way as "Bahadur," but inferior (=master). The unusual combination "Nawab Saheb " implies a mixed population of Hindus and Mohammedans. SAHIBZADA.-Son of a person of consequence. SAID, SAYID, SAIYID, SIDI, SYED, SYUDVarious forms for a title adopted by those who claim direct male descent from Mohammed's brandson Husain. SAL. A useful timber tree in Northern India SHOREA ROBUSTA. SAMBAR.-A deer, CERVUS UNICOLOR; syn. sarau. SAN.-Bombay hemp, CROTALARIA JUNCEA. SANAD-(1) A charter or grant, giving its name to a class of States in Central India held under a sanad, (2) any kind of deed of grants. SANGATHAN.- Literally tying together. A movement which aims at unity and the knowledge of the art of self-defence among Hindus. Roughly similar to Fascismo. SANNYASI.- A Hindu mendicant. BARI. A long piece of cloth worn by women as a shawl. SARANJAM:- Land held revenue free or on a reduced quit-rent in consideration of political services rendered by the holder's ancestors. RANA. A title borne by some Rajput chiefs, Government official, either civil or military, equivalent to that of Raja. RANI. The wife or widow of a Raja. RAO.-A title borne by Hindus, either equivalent to, or ranking below, that of Raja. REGAR.-Name for a black soil in Central and Southern India, which is very retentive of moisture, and suitable for growing cotton. REGULATION.-A term formerly applied to certain provinces to show that the Regulations or full code of legislation applied to them. REH.-Saline or alkaline efflorescences on =the surface of the soil, Northern India. RESERVED.-Forests intended to be maintained permanently. SARDAR (corrupted to SIRDAR). -A leading even a Grand Vizier. Nearly all the Punjab Barons bear this title, It and "Diwan" are like in value and used by both Hindus and Mohammedans. So, but Mohammedans only, are "Wali," " Sultan," "Amir," "Mir," "Mirza," "Mian," and "Khan." SARKAR.-(1) The Government; (2) a tract of territory under Muhammadan rule, corresponding roughly to a Division under British administration. SARSUBAH.- An officer in charge of a Division in the Baroda State corresponding to Commissioner of British territories. SATI. Suicide by a widow, especially on the funeral pyre of her husband. SATYAGRAHA.-(lit.) One possessed by the truth; one who follows the truth wherever it may lead. (Commonly used to denote the passive resistance movement.) SAWAL. A Hindu title implying a slight distinction (fit. one-fourth better than others). SAWBWA.-A title borne by chiefs in the Shan States, Burma. SEMAL or cotton tree. A large forest tree with crimson flowers and pods containing a quantity of floss, BOMBAY MALABARICUM. antelope, NEMOR SEROW, sarau.-A goat HAEDUS BUBALINUS. SETTLEMENT.-(1) The preparation of A CATECHU. cadastral record and the fixing of the Govern ment revenue from land; (2) the local inquiry made before Forest Reserves are created; (3) the financial arrangement between the Government of India and Local Governments. SUPERINTENDENT.-(1) The chief police officer in a District; (2) the official in charge of a hill station; (3) the official, usually of the Indian Medical Service, in charge of a Central Jail. SURTI.-Native of Surat, specially used of persons of the Dhed or Mahar caste who work as house servants of Europeans, and whose house speech is Gujarati. SWAMI. A Hindu religious wanderer. SYED, SYUD.-More variations of "Said." TALUKDAR.-A landholder with peculiar tenures in different parts of India. (1) An official in the Hyderabad State, corresponding to the Magistrate and Collector (First Talukdar) or Deputy Magistrates and Collectors holder with a peculiar form of tenure in Gujarat. SOLA.-A water-plant with a valuable pith, (Second and Third Talukdars); (2) a land AESCHYNOMENE ASPERA. SOWAR.-A mounted soldier or constable. SRI OR SHRI.- Lit. fortune, beauty, Sanscrit term used by Hindus in speaking of a person much respected (never addressed to him; nearly =" Esquire"): used also of divinities. The two forms of spelling are occasioned by the intermediate sound of the 8 (that of s in the German Stadt). STUPA or tope.-A Buddhist tumulus, usually of brick or stone, and more or less hemispherical, containing relics. SUBAH (1) A province under Mahomedan rale; (2) the officer in charge of a large tract in TALPUR. The name of a dynasty in Sind. TAMTAM, tumtum. - A North Indian name for a light trap or cart. TANK.-In Southern, Western, and Central India, a lake formed by damming up a valley, in Northern India, an excavation holding water. TANZIM.-Literally" organization." A movement among the Mahomedans which aims at securing better education and a closer approach to unity among Mahomedans in India. TAPEDAR.- See PATWARI, TARAI.-A moist swampy tract; the term especially applied to the tract along the foot of the Himalayas. TARI, toddy-The sap of the date, palmyra, or cocoanut palm, used as a drink, either fresh or after fermentation. In Northern India the juice of the date is called Sendhi. TASAR, tussore. - Wild silkworms, ANTHERAEA PAPHIA; also applied to the cloth made from their silk. SEOLUS MUNGO). USAR.-Soil made barren by saline efflorescence, Northern India. sub-division, with both executive and magisVAHIVATDAR.-Officer in charge of a revenue terial functions, Baroda; syn. tahsildar. practising the Hindu system of medicine. VAID or baidya, Bengal. A native doctor VAKIL.-(1) A class of legal practitioner; (2) an agent generally. VIHARA. A Buddhist monastery. demarcated by survey, corresponding roughly VILLAGE. Usually applied to a certain area to the English parish. VILLAGE UNION. An area in which loca affairs are administered by a small committee. WADA OF WADI.-(1) An enclosure with houses built round facing a centre yard; (2) private enclosed land near a village. table endowment. WALI.-Like Khelat is so termed, whilst the Chiefs of Cabul "Sardar." The Governor of are both" Wali" and" Mir." WAO. A step well. WATAN.-A word of many senses. In Bombay Presidency used mostly of the land or cash allowance enjoyed by the person who performs some service useful for Government or to the village community. WAZIR. The chief minister at a Mahomedan WET RATE. The rate of revenue for land assured of irrigation. TIL.-An oilseed, SESAMUM INDICUM; also court. known as gingelly in Madras. TINDAL, tandel. A foreman, subordinate officer of a ship. YOGI.-A Hindu ascetic who follows the yoga system, a cardinal part of which is that it confers TIPAI, Teapoy. - A table with 3 legs, and hence complete control over the bodily functions ised of any small European style table. TOLA. A weight equivalent to 180 grains (troy). TONGA.-A one or two horsed vehicle with a covered top; syn. SHIGHRAM. TSINE.-Wild cattle found in Burma and to the southward, BOS SONDAICUS; syn. hsaing and banteng. TUMANDAR.-A Persian word denoting some Office. UMARA.-Term implying the Nobles collectively. - UMBAR.-A wild pig-(FICUS GLOMERATA). UNIT. A term in famine administration denoting one person relieved for one day. URIAL. A wild sheep in North-Western India, OVIS VIGNEI. enabling the practiser, for instance to breathe in through one nostril and out at the other. YUNANI. Lit. Greek; the system of medicine practised by Mahomedans. ZAMINDAR.-A landholder. ZAMINDARI.-(1) An estate; (2) the right of a landholder, zamindar; (3) the system of tenure in which land revenue is imposed on an individual or community occupying the position of a landlord. ZANANA. The women's quarters in a house hence private education of women. ZIARAT.-A Mahomedan shrine, NorthWestern Frontier. ZILA.-A District, It is ravintial to bear in mind, when dealing putans and in Bihar and represented in its u wins the people of India, that it is a costat per strata by the Hindustan Brahmin and in rather than & Suntry. Nowhere is the compower by the chamar. Probadly the result of t enarwiter of Indians more casarly eximputed The people of the Indian Empire are divided by bar Heary Kisley (Caste, Tribe and Race. Indian Census Report, 1901; the Gazetteer of India, Ethnology and Caste, Vorme I, Chapter 6) into seven main physical types. There would be eight if the Andamanese were included, but this tiny group of Negritos may be disregar ded. The Tarko-Iranian, represented by the Baroon, Brainii and Aignans of Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier Province. Probably formed by a fusion of Turki and Persian elements in watch the former predominate. Stature above mean; complexion fair; eyes mostly dark but occasionally grey; hair on face plentiful; head brovi, nose moderately narrow, prominent, and very long. The feature in these people that strikes one most prominently is the porten tous length of their noses, and it is probably this pecullarity that has given rise to the tradi tion of the Jewish origin of the Afghans. The Indo-Aryan occupying the Punjab, Rajputana, and Kashmir, and naving as its characteristic members the Kajputs, Khattris, and Jats. This type, which is readily distinguish able from the Turko-Iranian, approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Aryan colonists of India. The stature is mostly tall; complexion fair; eyes dark; hair on face plentiful, head long; nose narrow, and prominent, but not specially long. intermit ze, ia varying proportions, of the In Aryan and Dravillan types. The head-form inzwith a tendency to meram; the complexi Varas from ighrish brown to black; the no rass from medium to beat, being alwa betaler than aming the Indo-Aryans; stature is biwer than in the litter group, a usually below the average atering to the sea The higher representatives of this type appros the Indo-Aryans, while the lower members s in many respects os very far removed fre the Dravifans, The type is essentiaily mixed one, yet its characteristics are read definable, ani DO 052 would take even a upper class Hiniustani for a pure Indo-Arya or a Chamar for a genuine Dravidian. distinctive feature of the type, the charact which gives the real clue to its origin and stam the Aryo Dravidian as reriaily different fro the Indo-Aryan is to be found in the proportion of the nose. 1 The Mongolo-Dravidian, er Bengali typ of Lower Bengal and Orissa, comprising th Bengal Brahmins and Kayasthas, the Mahe medans of Eastern Rengal, and other group peculiar to this part of India. Probably a blen of Dravidian and Mongoloid elements, with strain of Indo-Aryan blood in the higher groups The head is broad: complexion dark; hair o face usually plentiful: stature medium; nos medium with a tendency to broad. This is on of the most distinctive types in India, and it members may be recognised at a glance through out the wide area where their remarkable apt tude for clerical pursuits has procured ther employment. Within its own habitat the typ extends to the Himalayas on the north and t Assam on the east, and probably includes th bulk of the population of Orissa; the wester limit coincides approximately with the hill country of Chota Nagpur and Western Bengal. 0 The Mongoloid type of the Himalayas Nepal, Assam, and Burma, represented by th Kanets of Lahuland Kulu; the Lepchas Darjeeling and Sikkim: the Limbus, Murmis an Gurungs of Nepal: the Bodo of Assam; and th Burmese. The head is broad complexion dark with a yellow tinge; hair on face scanty; statur short or below average; nose fine to broad, fac characteristically flat; cyelids often oblique. The Scytho-Dravidian, comprising the Mar- The Dravidian type exten ling from Ceyla atha Brahmans, the Kunbis, and the Coorgs of Western India. Probably formed by a mixture of Scythian and Dravidian elements. This type is clearly distinguished from the TurkoIranian by a lower stature, a greater length of head, a higher nasal index a shorter nose, and a lover orbito-nasalindex. All of these characters, except perhaps the last, may be due to a varying degree of intermixture with the Dravidians. In the higher groups the amount of crossing seems to have been slight; in the lower Dravidian elements are more pronounced. The Aryo-Dravidian or Hindustani, found in the United Provinces, in parts of Raj to the valley of the Ganges, and pervadin Madras, Hyderabad, the Central Provinces, mos of Central India and Chora Nagpur. Its mos characteristic representatives are the Paniyan of Malabar and the Santals of Chota Nagpu Probably the original type of the populatio of India, now modified to a varying extent b the admixture of Aryan, Scythian, and Mongo loid elements. In typical specimens the statur is short or below mean; the complexion ver dark, approaching black; hair plentiful, with a occasional tendency to curl: yes dark; hea long: nose very broad, sometimes depressed a the root, but not so as to make the face appe Pat. This race, the most primitive of the Indian types, occupies the oldest geological formation in India, the medley of forest-clad ranges, terraced plateau, and undulating plains which stretch roughly speaking, from the Vindhyas to Cape Comorin. On the east and the west of the peninsular area the domain of the Dravidian is conterminous with the Ghats, while further north it reaches on one side to the Aravallis, and on the other to the Rajmahal Hills. Where the original characteristics have been unchanged by contact with Indo Aryan or Mongoloid people, the type is remarkably uniform and distinctive. Labour is the birthright of the pure Dravidian whether hoeing tea in Assam, the Duars, of Ceylon, cutting rice in the swamps of Eastern Bengal or doing scavenger's work in the streets of Calcutta, Kangoon and Singapore, he is recognizable at a glance by his black skin, his MAIN STATISTICS OF The Indian Empire has an area of 1,805,332 square miles, about 3,000 square miles being added at the last census owing to the enumeration by estimate of certain tracts in Burma which had been excluded from previous censuses. Of the total area 1,094,300 square miles, or 61 per cent. lie in British Territory, while the Indian States cover an area of 711,032 square miles, or 39 per cent. The total population is 318,942,480, British Territory containing 247,003,293 persons, or 77 per cent., and the Indian States 71,939,187 persons, or 23 per cent. of the whole population. It is usual to illustrate squat figure, and the negro-like proportion, of his nose. In the upper strata of the vast social deposit which is here treated as Dravidian these typical characteristics tend to thin and disappear, but even among them traces of the original stock survive in varying degrees. The areas occupied by these various types do not admit of being defined as sharply as they must be shown on an ethnographic map. They melt into each other insensibly; and although at the close of a day's journey from one ethnic tract to another, an observer whose attention had been directed to the subject would realise clearly enough that the physical characteristies of the people had undergone an appreciable change, he would certainly be unable to say at what particular stage in his progress the transformation had taken place. THE INDIAN EMPIRE. these figures by comparison with the countries of Europe and in respect of area and population the Indian Empire has been frequently compared to Europe without Russia. The war has, however, considerably altered the national and political distribution of countries and the new political map of Europe is perhaps hardly yet sufficiently familiar to form a graphic contrast. Turning further west we find that India with an area about half that of the United States has a population almost three times as large. The most important statistics are set out in the following table: 1,561 755 .. .. .. 65,198,389 58,433,375 318,942,480 286,467,204 163,995,554 146,150,306 154,946,926 2,316 685,665 498,527 187,138 50,441,636 14,756,753 6,765,014 5,046,820 1,718,104 45,394,816 13,038,559 247,003,293 71,939,187 32,475,276 25,044,368 7,430,908 221,958,925 64,508,279 126,872,116 37,123,438 17,845,248 13,971,136 3,874,112 112,900,980 33,249,326 120,131,177 4,815,749 1,073,232 3,556,796 109,057,945 31 258 953 |