(b) Other Members. Abbas All Khan Bahadur, Bar-at-Law. M. R. Ry. Sami Venkatachalam Chetti Garu. M. R. Ry. Chittoor Srinivasa Govindaraya Mudaliyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. B. S. Mallayya Avargal. M. R. Ry. P. Bhaktavatsulu Nayudu Garu. M. R. Ry. Laguduva Kuppier Tulasiram Avargal. M. R. Ry. Ummaheswara Ayyar Ramaswami Ayyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Chavali Rama Somayajulu Garu. M. R. Ry. Ankitam Venkata Bhanoji Rao Garu. M. R. Ry. Tinnevelly Chavadi Kuthanainar Pillai Subrahmanya Pillai Avargal, M. R. Ry. Battini Narayana Reddi Garu. M. R. Ry. T. Adinarayana Chettiyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. M. A. Manikkavelu Nayakar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Coya Venkatarangam Nayudu Garu. M. R. Ry. Kayappakkam Sitarama Reddiyar Avargal. M. B. By. Ramanuja Srinivasa Ayyangar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Kannuswami Padayachi Ramachandra Padayachi Avargal. M. R. Ry. Arcot Ranganatha Mudalyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Pulamati Siva Rao Garu. M. R. Ry. Kallipattu Krishnaswami Nayakar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Chembarambakkam Nattu Muthuranga Mudalyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Rao Bahadur Bollini Muniswami Nayudu Garu. M. R. Ry. Comandur Ramakrishnarajupet Parthasarathi Ayyangar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Rao Bahadur Conjeeveram Sadasiva Mudaliyar Ratnasabha pati Mudliar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Sangarandam palaiyam Vanavudaiya Goundar Vanavudalya Goundear Avargal. M. R. Ry. Coimbatore Venkatesa Ayyangar Venkataramana Ayyangar Avargal. M. R. Ry. K. Koti Reddi Garu. M. R. Ry. Arcot Parasurama Rao Garu. Sriman Biswanath Das Mahasyo. M. R. Ry. Varada Kameswara Rao Nayudu Garu. The Hon'ble Rao Bahadur Sir Annepu Parasuramdoss Patro, Kt. M. R. Ry. Kandula Veeraraghavaswami Garu. M. R. Ry. Bikani Venkataratnam Garu. M. R. Ry. Dandu Narayana Raju Garu. M. R. Ry. Mothay Narayana Rao Garu. M. R. Ry. Jagarlamoody Kuppuswamy Garu. M. R. Ry. Diwan Bahadur Paidupati Cooresooloo Nayudu Ethirajulu Nayudu Garu. M. R. Ry. Pillalamarri Anjaneyulu Pantulu Garu. M. R. Ry. Attavar Balakrishna Chetty Avargal. M. R. Ry. Kota Ramakrishna Karant Avargal. ELECTED MEMBERS-(contd.) M. R. Ry. Mirjapuram Raja Garu alias Venkataramayya Apparao Bahadur Garu. M. R. Ry. G. Harisarvothama Rao Garu. M. R. Ry. Konatham Sarabha Beddi Garu. M. R. Ry. Ponnambala Tyaga Ranjan Avargal. M. R. Ry. Kadayam Ramabhadra Ayyar Venkatarama Ayyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Vadamalai Tiruvanatha Sevuga Pandiya Tevar Avargal, Zamindar. M. R. Ry. Karuthodiyil Madhavan Nayar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Diwan Bahadur Mannath Krishnan Nayar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Venkatagiri Kumara Raja Velugoti Sarvagnya Kumara Krishnaya chendra Bahadur Garu. M.R.Ry. Bezwada Ramachandra Reddi Garu. M. R. Ry. Diwan Bahadur Arunachala Murugappa Murugppay Chettiyar Avargal. M.R.Ry. Tirupullani Chellam Ayyangar Srinivasa Ayyangar Avargal M. R. Ry. Dharmalinga Appavu Chettiar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Rao Sahib Sankaram Chettiyar Ellappa Chettiyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. S. Muthia Mudaliyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. C. Marudavanam Pillai Avargal. M. R. Ry. K. S. Sivasubramania Ayyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Diwan Bahadur Subbarayaulu Kumaraswami Reddiyar Avergal. M. R. Ry. Manatattai Rangatnam Ayyar Seturatnam Ayyar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Pusapati Cumara Venkatapathi Raju Garu. M. R. Ry. Rao Bahadur Chintapati Venkata Surya Narasimha Raju Garu. Abdul Hamid Khan Sahib Bahadur. Abbas Ali Sahib Bahadur. Janab Munshi Abdul Wahab Sahib Bahadur. Mohamad Khadir Sahib Mohideen Sahib Bahadur. Janab K. Abdul Hye Sahib Bahadur. Saidapet Khadir Hussain Abdul Razack Sahib, Khan Bahadur. Basheer Ahmad Sayeed Sahib Bahadur. Syed Tajudin Sahib Bahadur. K. P. V. S. Muhammad Meera Rowther Bahadur. Nattam Dubash Kadir Sahib Syed Ibrahim Sahib Bahadur. Kottal Uppi Sahib Bahadur. T. M. Moidoo Sahib Bahadur. Muhammad S'Chamnad Sahib Bahadur. M. R. Ry. V. Ch. John Avargal. Mr. Jerome Antony Saldanha. M. R. Ry. Savarimuttu Arpudaswami Udayar Avargal. M. R. Ry. Daniel Thomas Avargal. Sir Alexandra MacDougall, K. Mr. John Albert Davis. Sri Ramachandra Mardaraja Deo, Zamindar of Kallikota and Attagada Estate. ELECTED MEMBERS-(concld.) The Hon'ble Sir Panaganti Ramarayaningar, Raja of Panagal. M. R. Ry. Baskara Rajarajeswara Setupati alias Muthuramalinga Setupati Avargal, Raja o Ramnad. M. R. Ry. Kumaran Raman alias Kavalappara Moopil Nayar Avargal. M. R. Ry. S. Satyamurthi Avargal. Mr. Cecil Ralph Townshend Congreve. Mr. Charles Edgar Wood. Mr. Kenneth Kay. Mr. J. Mackenzie Smith. M. R. Ry. Chengalath Gopal Menon Avargal. M. R. Ry. Alagappa Chettiyar Arunachalam Chettiyar Narayanan Chettiyar Avargal. NOMINATED MEMBERS. M. R. Ry. Madras Varadaraja Gongadhara Siva Avargal, Medical Practitioner, Cuddapah, M. R. Ry. Lakkepogu Cotappah Guruswami Avargal. M. R. Ry. Vellesa Iyyaswami Muniswami Pillai Avargal, Ootacamund. M. R. Ry. Gudipati Premayya Garu. M. R. Ry. Rao Bahadur Mylai Chinnathambi Rajah Avargal. Swami Sahajanandam, Nandanar School, Chidambaram. M. R. Ry. Namasivayam Siva Raj Avargal, B.A., B.L., Madras. M. R. Ry. Rao Sahib Retamalay Srinivasan Avargal. M. R. Ry. Sappanai Mooppanar Subrahmanya Mooppanar Avargal, Headman of Chintamani, Trichinopoly Fort. M. R. Ry. Rao Sahib Parasurama Venkatachala Subbaraya Sundaramurti Pillai Avargal, Maharaja Sir Ramachandra Deo, Raja of Jeypore. Dr. (Mrs.) Muthulakshmi Ammal. M. R. Ry. Jakkamsetti Bheemiah Garu, Member, District Board, West Godavari. M. R. Ry. S. N. Dorai Rajah Avargal of Pudukkottai, Trichinpoly. M. R. Ry. Ramanatha Goenka Avargal, The Bombay Company, Madras. M. R. Ry. Rao Sahib Midattala Hampayya Garu, Guntakal, M. R. Ry. Kotieth Krishnan Avargal, B.A., B.L., Tellicherry. M. R. Ry. R. Gaganna Gowd Garu, Hospet. Subadar Major Nanjappa, late 61st Pioneers, Salem. M. R. Ry. Rao Bahadur Olappamanna Manakkal Narayanan Nambudripad Avargal. M. R. Ry. W. P. A. Soundara Pandya Nadar Avargal. Khan Bahadur Muhammad Bazi-ullah Sahib Bahadur, C.I.E., Q.B.E., Director of Industries. Mr. George Townsend Boal, I.C.S., Secretary to Government, Finance Department. Mr. Cecil Bernard Cotterell, C.I.E., I.C.S., Secretary to Government, Local Self-Government Department, Acting Second Secretary to Government. Mr. Vombatkere Pandrang Rao, 1.C.S., Secretary to Government, Development Department, M. R. Ry. Gnanavaram Pillai, P. J., Negapatam. The Presidency of Bengal, as constituted on the 1st April 1912, comprises the Burdwan and Presidency divisions and the district of Darjee ling, which were formerly administered by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal; and the Rajshahi, Dacca and Chittagong divisions which by the under the administration of the Lieutenantpartition of the old Province had been placed Governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam. The area of the Presidency is 82,277 square miles, and it possesses a population of 47,592,462 persons; included within this area are the two Indian States of Cooch Behar and Tripura; which are now placed in direct political relations with the Government of India. The Governor of Bengal in Council acts as Agent to the GovernorGeneral of India for these States. The area of the British territory is 76,843 square miles. Bengal comprises the lower valleys and deltas of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, and in the main consists of a great alluvial plain intersected in its southern portion by innumerable waterways. In the north are the Himalayan mountains and submontane tracts of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri, and on the south-east the hills in Tripura and Chittagong, while on the west the Chota Nagpur plateau is continued by an undulating tract running through the western portions of Midnapur, Bankura, Burdwan and Birbhum. The general range of the country however is very low and a great fertile plain extends southward from Jalpaiguri to the forests and swamps known as the Sunderbans, which lie between the area of cultivation and the Bay of Bengal. The People. Of the inhabitants of the Presidency 25,488,124 or 53 55 per cent. are Mahomedans and 20,809,148 Hindus. These two major religions embrace all, but 2.73 per cent. of the population, Christians, Buddhists and Animists combined, number 1,278,873. Bengali is spoken by ninety-two per cent. of the population of the Presidency and Hindi and Urdu by 3.8 per cent. The Oriya-speaking people number 298,372 and Nepali is the tongue of 93,060 persons principally residents in the Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts. The great majority of the speakers of the Munda Languages are Santals in West and North Bengal. Industries. According to the returns of the Census of 1921 nearly 37 millions or over 77 per cent. of the population derive their support from pasture and agriculture, and of these more than 30 millions are cultivators, and more than 4 millions farm servants and field labourers. The area under jute in 1925 is estimated at 2,552,936 acres against 2,390,103 in 1924. Bengal is the most important rice-producing area in Northern India, and it is computed that about 85 per cent. of the cultivated area of the Presidency is devoted to its production. Other crops include barley, wheat, pulses and oil-seeds, the area devoted to the last named in 1924 being 1,040,000 acres. Sugar is produced both from the sugar-cane and from the date-palm, and tobacco is grown for Jocal consumption in nearly every district of Bengal. The area under tea in 1924 was 181,833 acres. There were 327 plantations employing a daily average of 148,820 permanent and 9,574 temporary hands, Manufacture and Trade. the in addition to the agricultural industry are the The main industries in this part of India jute mill industry, the tea industry (largely an Assam in dustry) and coal mining. The jute Presidency. From 1st April to 31st December mills in and around Calcutta constitute the principal manufacturing industry of 1921 all jute mills worked four days per week. shift mills worked four days of 134 hours each From 1st January to 31st March 1923, multiple per week, single shift mills five days per week, namely four days of 11 hours each and one day of 10 hours. There were 85 mills at work during the year 1924-25 with 49,780 looms and 1,053,821 spindles. The average number of persons employed daily was 3,36,936. The labour supply of mills during the year has been fair, but there have been many value of the exports of Raw Jute by sea from days lost through strikes at different mills. The Calcutta during 1925-26 increased from Rs. 27,45 lakhs to Rs. 55,99 lakhs. The quantity imported was less than in the preceding year by 45,400 tons benefited the Calcutta Improvement Trust to the and amounted to 615,500 tons. The Jute cess extent of Rs. 10 44 lakhs, while Rs. 9.72 lakhs were collected in the preceding year. The ed more than half of Calcutta's exports during exports of raw and manufactured Jute representcotton were India's premier exports in that 1925-26 and those with the exception of twist and yarn, silk yarn year. Other principal industries were cotton and cloth, handmade cloth, sugar, molasses and Eleven paper. cotton mills were at work during 1924-25 employing daily on an average 12,000 persons. The silk weaving industry continues to decline. There was only one working during 1924-25 which employed silk mill hands. The manufacture of tea is carried on an extensive scale in Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri. The capital employed by joint stock companies in the industry in India amounted to Rs. 8 crores and about 21 million pounds sterling and the daily average labour force 811,595 during 1924. In 1925 the number of coal mines under the scope of the Indian Mines Act worked in Bengal was 224, The total output for Bengal was 4,913,852 tons against 5,031,655 tons raised in 1924, while and Orissa, and Assam amounted to 18,852,361 the output of all the mines in Bengal, Bihar tons. The paid up capital of joint stock coal companies only in the industry employed in these provinces is approximately Rs. 10,81 lakhs. Three paper mills produced 21,618 tons of paper valued at Rs. 1,22,24,040 in 1923. 130 to In 1925-26 the foreign sea-borne trade of Bengal (excluding treasure but Government including stores) amounted to Rs. 238 crores of which 84 crores imports and represented Rs. 154 crores the total exports. Of foreign trade of per cent. was the share of Calcutta. The Bengal, 94 six chief exports from Bengal are in order of importance; jute (raw and manufactured), tea, lac, hides and skins (raw seeds, grain (pulse and flour) and the six leading imports are cotton goods, metals and ores, millwork, railway plant and rolling stock, sugar, machinery and and oils. Administration. of death passed by Sessions Courts. Calcutta has five Presidency Magistrates including a Temporary Magistrate, two Municipal Magistrates and also a number of Honorary Magistrates and it possesses a Court of Small Causes with Judges who dispose of cases of the class that are usually heard in County Courts in England. Courts have been established in selected rural In addition a number of Union Benches and reas for the di posal by honorary agency of petty criminal cases and civil disputes. Local Self-Government. On its appellate side, the High Court disposes of The present form of administration in Bengal appeals from the order of a Court of Session, and dates from January 1921. In 1912 the Govern- it also confirms, modifies or annuls sentences ment of the Province underwent an important change, when, in accordance with the Proclama tion of His Majesty the King-Emperor at Delhi, the Province was raised from the status of a Lieutenant-Governor to that of a Governor-inCouncil, thus bringing it into line with the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay. In 1921, under the Reform Scheme, the Local Government was reconstituted, certain of the depart ments being placed under the control of Ministers appointed from among elected member of the Legislative Council. There are normally four members of the Executive Council, who are in charge of the "reserved subjects,' and three Ministers, who are in charge of the "transferred subjects," but in 1924, owing to political reasons, there were only two ministe s, and these had to resign owing to the refusal of the Legislative Council to vote their salaries. On their resignation, the transferred subjects were carried on by the members of the Execu tive Council. Two ministers were appointed by H. E. the Governor in March 1925 for the administration of the transferred subjects, but owing to the refusal of the Legislative Council to vote their salaries they resigned their offices in the same month. The administration of transferred subjects was thereupon assumed by H. E. the Governor of Bengal and subsequently the Secretary of State ordered the suspension of transfer of all transferred subjects in Bengal until the 21st January 1927. In the course of 1927, two Ministers were again appointed. This time the salaries were voted by a small majority and the administration is thus being carried on as originally intended. Bengal is administered by five Commissioners. the divisions being those of the Presidency, Burdwan, Rajshahi, Dacca and Chittagong. The unit of administration is the District Magistrate and Collector. As Collector be supervises the ingathering of the revenue and is the head of all the Departments connected with it, while as District Magistrate he is responsible for the administration of criminal justice in the dis trict. The immediate superior of the District Magistrate is the Divisional Commissioner. Commissioners are the channels of communication between the local officers and the Government, In certain revenue matters they are, in their turn, subject to the Board of Revenue in Calcutta: in other matters they are under the direct control of Government. Justice. The administration of Justice is entrusted to the High Court of Calcutta which consists of the Chief Justice who is a Barrister and 16 Puisne judges including two additional judges who are Barristers, Civilians or Vakils. Below the High Court are the District and Additional Judges, the Small Causes Court and Subor dinate Judges and Munsifs. Of these officers, the District and Additional Judges and a certain number of subordinate Judges are also endowed with the powe s of a Criminal Court while the remainder have jurisdiction in Civil matters only. Criminal Justice is administered by the High Court, the Courts of Session and the Courts of the various classes of Magistrates. By Bengal Act Ill of 1884 woich regulates municipal bodies in the interior and its subsequent amendments the powers of Commis sioners of municipalities have been increased and the elective franchise has been extended. Municipal expenditure now comprises a large number of objects, including veterinary institutions, employment of Health Officers and Sanitary Inspectors and the training and employment of female medical practitioners. The Commissioners also have large powers in regard to the watersupply and the regulation of buildings. The municipal Government of Calcutta is governed by Act III of 1923. This Act, which replaced Act III of 1899, makes the Corporation paramount in matters relating to municipal admini-tration. The Act provides for the appointment of a Mayor, who replaces the Chairman of the old Act, a Deputy Mayor, an Executive Officer, and Deputy Executive Officers, all elected by the Corporation. The appointment of the Chief Executive Officer is subject to the approval of Government. The total number of councillors is 85, with 5 aldermen, lected Ten of he councillors by the councillors. are nominated by Government, and by the special constituencies. There are general or constituencies for separate Mahomme dans. In order to improve the insanitary and congested areas of the city, the Calcutta Improvement Trust has been created with extensive powers. In the mofussil, District and Local Boards exercise considerable powers, with regard to Public Works. Education and Medical relief and Union Committees have been formed which deal for the most part with the control of village roads, sanitation and water-supply Bengal Act V of 1919 introduced the new system of self-government by a creation of village authorities vested with the power and duties necessary for the management of communal village affairs and entrusted with rewers of self-taxation. The new village authority, to be called the Union Board, will replace the existing Chaukidari panchayats and the Union Committee and will deal with the village police, village roads, water supply, sanitation, primary schools and dispensaries. The Act also empowers Government to create out of the members of the Union Boards Village Benches and Courts for the trial of petty criminal and civil cases arising within the union. The Act has been extended to all Districts in the Presidency except Darjeeling, Chittagong, and Malda and in 1923 over 2,000 Union Board were sanctioned, of which nearly 1,400 were actually constituted. |