Administration. The present form of administration in Bengal dates from January 1921. In 1912 the Government of the Province underwent an important change, when, in accordance with the Proclama tion of His Majesty the King-Emperor at Delhi, the Province was raised from the status of a trates and also a number of Honorary Lieutenant-Governor to that of a Governor-inCouncil, thus bringing it into line with the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay. In 1921, under the Reform Scheme, the Local Govern ment was reconstituted, certain of the departments being placed under the control of Ministers appointed from among elected member of the Legislative Council. There are normally four members of the Executive Council, who are in charge of the "reserved subjects," and three Ministers, who are in charge of the "transferred subjects," but in 1924, owing to political reasons, there were only two ministers, On its appellate side, the High Court disposes of appeals from the order of a Court of Session, and it also confirms, modifies or annuls sentences of death passed by Sessions Courts. Calcutta has five Presidency Magistrates including a Temporary Magistrate, two Municipal MagisMagistrates and it possesses a Court of Small Causes with Judges who dispose of cases of the class that are usually heard in County Courts in England. In addition a number of Union Benches and Courts have been established in selected rural areas for the di posal by honorary agency of petty criminal cases and civil disputes. Local Self-Government. By Bengal Act Ill of 1884 watch regulates municipal bodies in the interior and its subsequent amendmente the powers of Commissioners of municipalities have been increased and and these had to resign owing to the refusal the elective franchise has been extended. Muniof the Legislative Council to vote their salaries. cipal expenditure now comprises a large number On their resignation, the transferred subjects of objects, including veterinary institutions, were carried on by the members of the Executive Council. Two ministers were appointed by H. E. the Governor In March 1925 for the administration of the transferred subjects, but owing to the refusal of the Legislative Council to vote their salaries they resigned their offices in the same month. The administration of transferred subjects was thereupon assumed by H. E. the Governor of Bengal and subsequently the Secretary of State ordered the suspension of transfer of all transferred subjects in Bengal until the 21st January 1927. In the course of 1927, two Ministers were again appointed. This time the salaries were voted by a small majority and the administration is thus being carried on as originally intended. Bengal is administered by five Commissioners, the divisions being those of the Presidency, Burdwan, Rajshahi, Dacca and Chittagong. The unit of administration is the District Magistrate and Collector. As Collector he supervises the ingathering of the revenue and is the head of all employment of Health Officers and Sanitary Inspectors and the training and employment of female medical practitioners. The Commissioners also have large powers in regard to the watersupply and the regulation of buildings. The municipal Government of Calcutta is governed by Act III of 1923. This Act, which replaced Act III of 1899, makes the Corporation paramount in matters relating to municipal ad. mini-tration. The Act provides for the appointment of a Mayor, who replaces the Chairman of the old Act, a Deputy Mayor, an Executive Officer, and Deputy Executive Officers, all elected by the Corporation. The appointment of the Chief Executive Officer is subject to the approval of Government. The total number of councillors is 85, with 5 aldrmen, lected the Departments connected with it, while as areas of the city, the Calcutta Improvement District Magistrate he is responsible for the administration of criminal justice in the district. The immediate superior of the District Magistrate is the Divisional Commissioner. Commissioners are the channels of communication between the local officers and the Government, In certain revenue matters they are, in their turn, subject to the Board of Revenue in Calcutta: in other matters they are under the direct control of Government. by the councillors. Ten of he councillors are nominated by Government, and by the general or special constituencies. There are separate constituencies for Mabomme dans. In order to improve the insanitary and congested Trust has been created with extensive powers. In the mofussil, District and Local Boards exercise considerable powers, with regard to Public Works, Education and Medical relief and Union Committees have been formed which deal for the most part with the control of village roads, sanitation and water-supply new Bengal Act V of 1919 introduced the system of self-government by a creation of village authorities vested with the power and duties necessary for the management of communal village affairs and entrusted with pewers of self-taxation. The new village authority, to be called the Union Board, will replace the existing Chaukidari panchayats and the Union Committee and will deal with the village police, village roads, water supply, sanitation, primary schools and dispensaries. The Act also empowers Government to create ont of the members of the Union Boards Village Benches and Courts for the trial of petty criminal and civil cases arising within the union. The Act has been extended to all Districts in the Presidency except Darjeeling, Chittagong, and Malda and in 1923 over 2,000 Union Board were sanctioned, of which nearly 1,400 were actually constituted. 1 ! 1 1 The Marine Department deals with all questions connected with the Bengal Pilot Service, merchant shipping, the administration of ports, and inland navigation. Police. The Bengal Police force comprises the Military Police, the District Police, the Railway Police, and the River Police. The Bengal Police are under ment is always held by a member of the Indian Medical Service, while the latter post is not so reserved. There is also a Chief Engineer, Public Health Department, Bengal. In the districts the Civil Surgeons are responsible for medical work. There are 26 hospitals in Calcutta, 10 of which are supported by the Government and 416,019 persons were treated at these institutions of whom 40,775 were in patients. In the mofussil districts there are 914 hospitals and dispensaries; the number of patients treated in them was 7,082,603 including 61,975 in-patients. Education. In the Presidency of Bengal education is imparted partly through Government agency and partly through private bodies, assisted to some extent by Government grants-in-aid. Government maintains three Arts Colleges in Calcutta (of which one is a college for women and one the Sanskrit College), one at Hughli, one at Krishnagar, three at Dacca, one at Rajshahi and one at Chittagong. It also maintains two training colleges, one at Calcutta and one at Dacca, for teachers who teach in secondary schools through the medium of English, and 5 normal schools, one in each division, for the traming of teachers in secondary schools through the medium of the vernacular; also an engineering college at Sibpur and an engineering school the control of the Inspector-General of Police, at Dacca, two medical colleges, a veterinary the present Inspector-General being a member of the Imperial Police Service. Under him are Deputy Inspectors-General, for the Dacca Range the Rajshabi range, the Presidency range, the Burdwan range and the Bakarganj range and also one Deputy Inspector-General in charge of the C. I. D. and the Intelligence Branch. Each district is in charge of a Superintendent, and some of the more important districts have an additional Superintendent. The Railway Police is divided into three distinct charges each under a Superintendent. The River college, a school of art and a commercial school in Calcutta, and a weaving school at Serampore. It also provides at the headquarters of all districts, except Burdwan and Midnapore, and also at certain other mofussil centres, English high schools for the education of boys, while to some Government Arts Colleges high schools are attached. In Calcutta there are four Government high schools for boys, two of which are attached to the Presidency College and one to the Sanskrit College. Government high schools for girls exist only in the headquarters Police is also under a Superintendent. The stations of Calcutta, Dacca, Mymensingh, and Chittagong. The other secondary schools, cadre comprises Assistant Superintendents, with the exception of a few middle schools Deputy Superintendents, Inspectors, SubIn-pectors, Sergeants, Assistant Sub-Inspectors, managed either by Government or by munihead constables and constables. There is also cipal and district boards, are under private control. The administration of primary a Village Police, composed of daffadars and chowkidars, who receive a monthly salary which education in all areas, which are not under is collected from the villages or unions by the Panchayat or Union Board. There is a training college and school at Sardah, in the district of Rajshahi where newly appointed gazetted officers, and constables of the Bengal police learn their duties. The Calcutta City Police is a separate force maintained by Government under a Com municipalities, rests with the district boards, grants being given from provincial revenues to the boards, which contribute only slightly from their own funds. Only in backward missioner who is responsible direct to Govern- 25 institutions called Guru Training Schools are ment. The Commissioner has under him Deputy Commissioners, Assistant Commissioners, Inspectors, Sub-Inspectors, Sergeants, Assistant Sub-Inspectors, head constables and constables, A school for the training of recruits for the Calcutta Police force has been established at Calcutta. The annual cost of the Police is over 184 lakhs. Medical. localities are such schools either entirely managed, or directly aided, by Government. Apart from the institutions referred to above, maintained by the Department for the training of primary school teachers. For the education of Mahomedans, there are senior madrasas at Calcutta, Dacca, Chittagong and Hughli, and one junior madrasa at Rajshahi which are managed by Government. There are also certain Govern ment institutions for technical and industrial education. All institutions for technical and industrial education (except B. E. College, the Alisanullah School of Engineering, Dacca, the Government Commercial Institute and the Government School of Art, Calcutta) are now under the control of the Director of The head of the Medical Department is the Surgeon-General with the Government of Benzal, and Sanitation is in charge of the Director of Public Health, the former appoint- Industries. A large proportion of creational work of every grade is under the control of various missionary bodies, which are assisted by Government grants-in-aid. The municipalities are required to expend a certain proportion of their ordinary income on education. They are mainly responsible for primary education within their jurisdiction, but schools in these areas are eligible also for grants from Government. These bodies maintain a high school at Burdwan, a high school at Santipur and a high school at Chittagong. In 1926-27 there were in the Presidency:-- Universities Arts Colleges Professional Colleges .. Institu. Scholars. tions. 2 certain number of Additional or Second Inspectors and Assistant Inspectors for Mahommedan Education according to the requirements of the several divisions. Similarly the administrative charge of the primary education of each district is in the hands of a District Inspector assisted by Sub-Divisional inspectors and Sub-Inspectors of Schools, the latter class of officers being in some instances helped by officers of humbler status called Assistant Sub Inspectors and Inspecting Pandits and Maulvis. Higher education is con trolled by the Universities of Calcutta and Dacca established in 1857 and 1921, respectively, administered by the Chancellor (the Governor of Bengal), the Vice-Chancellor (appointed by Government) and a number of ex-officio elected and nominated fellows. The University of Cal1,621 cutta maintains a Law College, called the University Law College, Calcutta, Dacca 24,122 University also has a Law Department attached 7,001 to it. Calcutta University is mainly an 255,851 examining body, but it has now made itself responsible for advanced teaching for which 144,109 purpose it employs an agency which is mainly 37,221 1,333,674 distinct from the staffs of the affiliated colleges. The percentage of scholars to the total popu 38 16 998 1,670 2,745 97,001 High Schools Middle Schools Primary Schools Special Schools RECOGNISED INSTITUTIONS FOR FEMALES. Arts Colleges Professional Colleges High Schools Middle Schools Primary Schools Special Schools 4 301 Males Females 44 13,822 341,601 The University at Dacca is of the residential type. There is a Board for Secondary and 1,528 Intermediate Education at Dacca. It conducts the Matriculation and Intermediate Examinations for the students of institutions at Dacca and also the Islamic Matriculation UNRECOGNISED SCHOOLS. 1,175 43,247 and Intermediate Examinations. 6,588 The Department is administered by a Director of Public Instruction, assisted by an Assistant Director and an Assistant Director for Muhammadan Education. Each division is in charge of a Divisional Inspector assisted by a The education of Europeans is mainly conducted by private agency, assisted by Government grants. Government however maintain a special Inspector, and also a school for boys, a school for girls (both residential) at Kursey, and attached to the latter a Training College (for women only). Irrigation, Navigation, Embankment and Drainage Works for which Capital Accounts are kept (Net) Irrigation, Navigation, etc., for which no Capital Accounts are kept Interest Administration of Justice Jails and Convict Settlements Police Ports and Pilotage Education .. .. .. Scheduled Taxes Interest on works for which capital accounts are kept Irrigation-Other revenue expenditure financed from ordinary revenue Construction of Irrigation, Navigation Embankment and Drainage works Interest on ordinary debt Reduction or avoidance of debt General Administration Administration of Justice Jails and Convict Settlements Police Ports and Pilotage 15 14,45 .. 1,90 94,38 85,02 34,16 1,72,25 7,67 Miscellaneous 4,42 Contributions and Assignments to the Central Government by Provincial Govern ments Total 9,31,85 Forest capital outlay not charged to revenue Construction of Irrigation Navigation, Embankment and Drainage works (not charg 1,36,13 GRAND TOTAL 11,10,79 Administration. GOVERNOR AND PRESIDENT IN COUNCIL. His Excellency Lt. Col. the Rt. Hon. Sir Francis Stanley Jackson, P.C., G.O.I.E. PERSONAL STAFF. Private Secretary, H. Graham, 1.0.8 Surgeon, Major H. Hingston, I.M.S. Aide-de Camp, Captain R. Allhusen; Lt. G. R. E. Blois; Lt. J. C. A. Battye, and Lieut. J. A. Gascoigue. Hony. Aide-de-Camp, Lt. Col. L. Drysdale, V.D. (Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles); Major R. L. Bliss (Assam-Bengal Railway Battalion); and Sardar Bahadur S. W. Laden La (Indian Police). Indian Aide-de-Camp, Risaldar Mal Singh, 4th Duke of Cambridge's Own (Hodson's Horse). Commandant, H. E. the Governor's Body Guard, Major W. R. P. Henry, 5th K.E.O. (Probyns Horse). Adjutant, H.E. the Governor's Body Guard, Captain J. H. Wilkinson, 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse). Conservator of Forests, E. O. Shebbeare. I.M.S. Collector of Customs, Calcutta, G. S. Hardy, B.A., I.C.S. Commissioner of Excise and Salt, G. P. Hogg, Μ.Α., Ι.Ο.8. Accountant-General, (Offig.) Jagat Prasad, M.A., B.SC. Inspector-General of Prisons, Lt. Col. W. G. Postmaster-General, A. J. Hughes, C.I.E. Director of Agriculture, R.S. Finlow, B.SC., F.I.O. Superintendent, Royal Botanic Gardens, Charles Cumming Calder, B.Sc., F.L.8. LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF BENGAL. Frederick J. Halliday 1854 .. .. .. 1859 .. .. .. .. Cecil Beadon William Grey Georg. Campbell Director of Public Instruction, Edward Farley The Rt. Hon. Baron Carmichael of |