in the eastern half of the province and in the Kangra and throughout the plains generally. extreme north-west. In organisation they The production of hides and skins is also an closely resemble the Jats and are often absorbed important industry.

Industries.

The mineral wealth of the Punjab is small

into that tribe. There are many minor agricultural tribes, priestly and reiigious castes (Brahmans, Sayads and Kureshis), most of whom are landholders, the trading castes of the Hindus (Khatris, Aroras and Banias) and rock salt, saltpetre and limestone for road

trading castes of the Mahomedans (Khojas; Parachas and Khakhas), and the numerous artisan and menial castes. There are also vagrant and criminal tribes, and foreign elements in the population are represented by the Baluchis of Dera Ghazi Khan and neighbouring districts in the west, who number about half a million and maintain their tribal system, and the Pathans of the Attock and Mianwali districts. Pathans are also found scattered all over the province engaged in horsedealing, labour and trade. A small Tibetan element is found in the Himalayan districts.

Languages.

building being the most important products. There are some small coal mines in the Jhelum, Shahpur and Mianwali districts with an output of about 75,000 tons a year, and gold washing is carried on in most of the rivers not without remunerative results. Iron and copper ores are plentiful but difficulties of carriage and the absence of fuel have hitherto prevented smelting on a large scale. The Punjab is not a large manufacturing country, the total number of factories being only 563 the majority of which are cotton ginning and pressing factories. Cotton weaving as a domestic industry is carried on by means of hand looms in nearly every village. The Salvation Army and the five Government Weaving Schools have shown considerable enterprise in improving the hand-weaving industry. Blankets and woollen rugs are also produced in considerable

The main language of the province is PunJabi, which is spoken by more than half the population. Western Punjabi may be classed as a separate language, sometimes called quantities and the carpets of Amritsar are famLahndi, and is spoken in the north and west. ous. Silk weaving is also carried on and the The next most important languages are West- workers in gold, silver, brass, copper and earthenern Hindi, which includes Hindustani, Urdu ware are fairly numerous and ivory carving (the polished language of the towns) and other is carried on at Amritsar and in the Patiala Hindi; Western Pahari, which is spoken in State and Muzaffargarh District. Mineral Oil the hill tracts; and Rajasthani, the language is being extracted and refined in the Attock of Rajputana. Baluchi, Pushto, Sindhi and District and a cement industry has been started Tibeto-Burman languages are used by small

proportions of the population.

Agriculture.

Administration.

Prior to the passing of the Indian Reform Act of 1919 the system of administration was

Agriculture is the staple industry of the that of a Lieutenant-Governor, drawn from the province, affording the main means of sub-ranks of the Indian Civil Service. Under that sistence to 56 per cent. of the population. It Act the Province was raised to the status of is essentially a country of peasant proprietors. a Governorship, with an Executive Council About one-sixth of the total area in British and Ministers, the Governor in Council being districts is Government property, the remain in charge of the Reserved Subjects and the Going five-sixths belonging to private owners. vernor with his Ministers of the Transferred But a large part of the Government land is Subjects. The general system of provincial so situated that it cannot be brought under administration under this scheme is sketched cultivation without extensive irrigation. Thus in the section Provincial Governments (q. e.) the Lower Chenab Canal irrigates nearly where is also given a list of the Reserved and 2,000,000 acres of what was formerly waste Transferred Subjects. Associated with the land and the Lower Jhelum Canal, 400,000 Governor and the Council and Ministers is an acres, and the Lower Bari Doab Canal, enlarged Legislative Council, with wide powers, when the colonisation scheme is completed, whose scope and authority are given under will add 1,580,000 acres to this total. the Legislative Councils (q. v.), the system Large areas in the hills and elsewhere which being common to all the major Provinces. The are unsuited to cultivation are preserved as business of Government is carried on through forest lands, the total extent of which is about the usual Secretariat which consists of five 8,700 square miles. Of the crops grown, wheat Secretaries, designated (1) Chief, (2) Home, is the most important and the development (3) Finance, (4) Revenue Secretaries and Secof irrigation has led to a great expansion of retary, Transferred Departments, one Deputy the wheat area. Next in importance to wheat Secretary, two Under-Secretaries and two is gram. Other important staples are barley, Assistant Secretaries. In the Public Works rice, millets, maize, oilseeds (rape, toria and Department, there are also three sesamum), cotton and sugarcane. Cotton is

Secretaries (Chief Engineers), one in

grown generally throughout the province. On the Buildings and Roads Branch and the Canal irrigated areas the Cotton grown is two in the Irrigation Branch. The heads chiefly American but elsewhere it is the short of the Police and Educational Departments stapled variety, known as 'Bengals.' The are also Under-Secretaries to Government. country being preponderantly agricultural, a The Government spends the winter in Lahore considerable proportion of the wealth of the and the summer (from the middle of May to people lies in its live-stock. Large profits are the middle of October) in Simla. Under derived from the cattle and dairy trades and wool the Governor, the province is adminisis a staple product in the south west in Kulu and tered by five Commissioners (for Am

bala, Jullunder, Lahore, Rawalpindi Multan) who exercise general control over the Deputy Commissioners-29 in number-each of whom is in charge of a district.

and

Police.

The Police force is divided into District and Railway Police. The combined force is under the control of the Inspector-General, who is a member of the Gazetted force and has under in him three Deputy Inspector-Generals and a

The principal heads of Department the province are the two Financial Com- fourth Deputy Inspector-General in charge missioners (who are the highest Court of of Criminal Investigation Department and Revenue jurisdiction, and heads of the Finger Print Bureau at Phillaur. There is departments of Land and Separate Revenue a Police Training School at Phillaur controlled and of Agriculture and the Court of Wards), by a Principal of the rank of Superintendent of the three Chief Engineers, the Inspector-General Police. The Railway Police are of Police, the Director of Public Instruction, Assistant Inspector-General. The the Inspector-General of Prisons, the Inspector- Police are controlled by Superintendents, each General of Civil Hospitals, the Director of Public of whom is in charge of a district and has under Health, the Chief Conservator of Forests, the him one or more Assistant Superintendents Directors of Agriculture and Industries, the or Deputy Superintendents.

Inspector-General of Registration, the Registrar of Co-operative Credit Societies and Joint Stock Companies and the Legal Remembrancer.

Justice.

The administration of justice is entrusted to a High Court, which is the final appellate

authority in civil and criminal cases, has powers of original criminal jurisdiction in cases where European British subjects are charged with serious offences and original civil jurisdiction in special cases. The Court sits at Lahore and is composed of a Chief Justice and

six puisne judges (either Civilians or barristers),

and four additional judges. Subordinate to the High Court are the District and Sessions Judges (22 in number) each of whom exercises civil and criminal jurisdiction in a civil and sessions division comprising one

or more districts. In districts in which the Frontier

Crimes Regulation is in force the Deputy Commissioner on the finding of a Council of Elders (Jirga) may pass sentence up to four years' imprisonment.

Local Self-Government.

Local Self-Government is secured in certain branches of the administration by the constitu

Education.

under an District

The strides which have been made in the past decennium, especially in the concluding years of the period, have brought the Punjab into line with the older and more forward provinces. The advance has not been confined to any one

form of education but is spread over all grades

and varieties. In addition to institutions main

tained in all parts of the province by private enterprise, Government itself maintains ten arts colleges, (including one for Europeans and another for women), one central training college, twelve separate schools and a number of training

classes for teachers of both sexes, 86 secondary

schools for boys and girls, a reformatory school and 40 centres for vocational training. Apart from these institutions for general education, Government maintains ten higher grade professional institutions, viz., the medical and

veterinary colleges and the arts and technical the agricultural college at Lyallpur, the Enschools at Lahore, the medical school at Amritsar, gineering college at Mughalpura and school

at Rasul, and the Institute of Dyeing and Calico printing and the Model tannery at Shahdara. In addition a hosiery institute has been established at Ludhiana and a central weaving tion of District Boards. each exercising authority institute at Amritsar; while there are sixteen over a district of Municipal, Small Town, and Notified Area Committees each exercising of the Minister for Education who is assisted in The Department of Education is in charge authority over an Urban area, and of Pancha

industrial schools scattered over the province.

yats, each exercising authority over a revenue the work of administration by the Director estate or a compact group of revenue estates. of Public Instruction. The Punjab Univer

The funds of District Boards are derived from

a cess on the land revenue of the district supplemented by Government grants, profession taxes and miscellaneous fees. and those of Municipal, Small Town, and Notified Area Committees from octroi and in some cases other forms of taxation and Government grants. The Panchayat is an attempt to revive the traditional village community, the elected committee or Panchayat possessing certain powers in respect of taxation, local option, civil and criminal justice an 1 other matters. The elective principle is now practically universal in all classes of local self-governing bodies. Under

sity controls higher education.

Forests.

Large areas in the hills and elsewhere which are unsuited to cultivation are preserved as forest lands, the total extent of which is about 8,700 square miles.

Medical.

The

the Inspector-General of Civil Hospitals (a The Medical Department is controlled by member of the Indian Medical Service). Department of Public Health is controlled by Director of Public Health (also a member of the Indian Medical Service) who for the present has under him two Assistant Directors of Pubas Technical

the reformed system of Government the public lic Health and is advised by the Sanitary Board, has begun to show considerable interest in with the Sanitary Engineer elections.

Adviser.

Administration.

MISCELLANEOUS DEPARTMENTS,

Governor, H. E. Sir William Malcolm Hailey, Director of Industries, R. C. Rawlley, м.л., м.

K.C.S.I., C.I.E., I.C.S.

Sc., D.S.O., (Lond.).

Director of Agriculture, D. Milne, B. Sc., (Agri.)
(Aberdeen.)

Director of Land Records and Inspector General of
Registration, Rai Sahib Lala Arjun Das, M.A.,

LL.B.

Director of Public Instruction, Sir George Ander-
son, Kt., Μ.Α., C.Ι.Ε.

Inspector General of Police, G. A. Cocks, C.B.E.
Chief Conservator of Forests, W. Mayes, F.C.H.
Inspector General of Civil Hospitals, Colonel
C. R. Bakhle, I.M.S.

Director of Public Health, Lt. Col. W. H. C.
Forster, M.B., D.P.H., I.M.S.

Inspector General of Prisons, Lt. Col. F. A.
Barker, C.B.E., I.M.S.

Accountant-General, J. G. Bhandari, M.A.
Postmaster-General, J. R. T. Booth.

LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF THE PUNJAB,

Sir John Lawrence, Bart. G.C.B..

Sir Robert Montgomery, K.C.B..

Donald Friell, McLeod, c.в.

Major-General Sir Henry Durand,

K.C.S.I., C.B., died at Tonk, January
1871.

..

1856

1859

1865

1870

R. H. Davies, C.S.I.

1871

R. E. Egerton, C.S.I.,

1877

Sir Charles U. Aitchison, K.C.S.L., C.I.E.,..

1882

James Broadwood Lyal

1887

Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick, K.C.S.I. ..

1892

William Macworth Yound, C.S.I...

1897

PUNJAB LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

The Hon'ble Khan Bahadur Chaudhri Shahab-ud-Din, B.A., LL.B.-President.

Sardar Buta Singh, B.A., LL.B.-Deputy President.

MEMBERS AND MINISTERS.

Ex-Officio.

The Hon'ble Khan Bahadur Sir Abdul Kadir, Kt., Bar-at-Law.

The Hon'ble Sir Geoffrey de Montmorency, K.C.V.Ο., Κ.Ο.Ι.Ε., C.B.E., I.C.S.

The Hon'ble Sardar Jogendra Singh, Minister for Agriculture, (Sikh), Landholders.

The Hon'ble Mr. Manohar Lal, M.A., Minister for Education, Punjab University.

The Hon'ble Malik Firoz Khan, Noon., Minister for Local Self-Government, Shahpur East (Muhammadan), Rural.

NOMINATED.
Officials.

Barron, Mr. Claud Alexander, C.S.I., C.I.E., C.V.O., L.C.s., Financial Commissioner and Secretary to Government, Punjab Development Department.