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Townsend, Mr. C. A. H., C.I.E., L.C.S., Financial Commissioner and Secretary to Government, Punjab,

Revenue Department, Lahore.

Craik, Henry Duffield, C.S.I., I.C.S., Chief Secretary to Government, Punjab, Lahore.
Dobson, Mr. Bernard Henry, C.B.E., I.C.S., Home Secretary to Government, Punjab, Lahore.
Emerson, Mr. Herbert William, C.I.E., C.B.E., I.C.S., Secretary to Government, Punjab, Finance

Department, Lahore.

Cowan, H. M., I.C.S., Senior Secretary, Financial Commissioners, Punjab, Lahore.
Beazley, Mr. J. G., L.C.S., Secretary to Government, Punjab, Transferred Departments, Lahore.
Anderson, Sir George, Kt., C.I.E., Director of Public Instruction, Punjab, Lahore.
Bhide, Mr. Mahadeva Vishnu, L.C.S., Legal Remembrancer and Secretary to Government, Punjab,

Legislative Department, Lahore.

Dorman. Mr. W. S., M.I.C.E., Officiating Chief Engineer, P.W.D., Buildings and Roads Branch, Punjab, Lahore.

Smith, Mr. Joseph Benjamin George, C.I.E., Secretary to G. P., P. W. D., Irrigation Branch, Northern Canals.

Forster, Lieutenant-Colonel W. C. H., M.B., D.P.H., I.M.S., Director of Public Health, Punjab, Lahore. Muzaffar Khan, Khan Bahadur Nawab, Director, Bureau of Information, Punjab, Lahore.

NOMINATED.
Non-officials.

Roberts, Mr. Owen, care of Clements Robson & Co., Hall Road, Lahore.
Rattan Chand, R. B., Lala, O.B.E., Honorary Magistrate, Amritsar.
Sheo Narayan Singh, Sardar Bahadur Sardar, B.I.E., Jullundur.
Maya Das, Mr. Ernest, Β.Δ., Secretary, District Board, Ferozepore.
Abdul Kadir, Sir Khan Bahadur Seikh, Kt., Bar-at-Law, Lahore.
Dalpat Singh, Honorary Captain, S.B., I.O.M., M.V.O., Rohtak.
Keyas Byrne, Mr. Fredrick, Bar-at-Law, Lahore.
Ghani, M. A., Bar-at-Law, Lahore.

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Chhotu Ram, Rai Sahib, Chaudhri, B.A., LL.B... | South East Rohtak (Non-Muhammadan), Rural.

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East and West Central Towns (Non-Muhammadan), Urban.

Punjab Industries.

East and West Central Towns (Muhammadan),
Urban.

Karnal (Non-Muhammadan), Rural.

Dera Ghazi Khan (Muhammadan), Rural.

Ferozepore (Sikh), Rural.

Gujrat East (Muhammadan) Urban.
South-East Towns (Muhammadan), Urban.
Ambala-cum-Simla (Non-Muhammadan), Rural.
North-West Towns (Non-Muhammadan), Urban.
Lahore and Ferozepore cum-Sheikhupura (Non-
Muhammadan), Rural.

Punjab Chamber of Commerce and Trades Asso-
ciation, Commerce.

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South-East Towns (Non-Muhammadan), Urban. Lyallpur (Sikh), Rural.

Amritsar cum-Gurdaspur, (Non-Muhammadan), Rural.

Amritsar City (Non-Muhammadan), Urban.

Sheikhupura (Muhammadan), Rural.

Hoshiarpur and Kangra (Sikh), Rural.

Rawalpindi Division and Lahore Division North

(Non-Muhammadan), Rural.

Amritsar (Muhammadan), Rural.

North-East Towns (Non-Muhammadan), Urban.

Ludhiana (Sikh), Rural.

Jhang (Muhammadan), Rural.
Muzaffargarh (Muhammadan), Rural.
Jullundur (Muhammadan), Rural.

West Punjab Towns (Muhammadan), Urban.
Attock (Muhammadan), Rural.

Shahpur West (Muhammadan), Rural.

Montgomery (Muhammadan), Rural.
Lahore City (Muhammadan), Urban.
Baloch Tumandars (Landholders).

Multan West (Muhammadan), Rural.

Amritsar City (Muhammadan), Urban.
Mianwali (Muhammadan), Rural.

Hoshiarpur (Non-Muhammadan), Rural.
Rawalpindi Division and Gujranwala (Sikh)

Rural.

Punjab Landholders (General).

Rawalpindi (Muhammadan), Rural.

Jullundur (Sikh), Rural.

Ambala Division, North-East (Muhammadan), Rural.

Kangra (Non-Muhan:madan), Rural.

Lyallpur South (Muhammadan), Rural.

Amritsar (Sikh), Rural.

Multan Division (Non-Muhammadan), Rural.

Lyallpur North (Muhammadan), Rural.

(Muhammadan) Landholders.

Jhelum (Muhammadan), Rural.

Lahore City (Non-Muhammadan), Urban.

Sikh (Urban).

Gujrat, West (Muhammadan), Rural.

Gurgaon-cum-Hissar (Muhammadan), Rural,

Sialkot (Muhammadan), Rural.

Burma.

The Province of Burma lies between Assam on the North-West and China on the NorthEast, and between the Bay of Bengal on the West and South-West and Siam on the South East. Its area is approximately 263,000

jacket on his body and a long skirt or longyi tied round his waist, reaching to his ankles. The Burmese women, perhaps the most pleasing type of womanhood in the East, lead a free and open life, playing a large part in the household eco

in at the side instead of being tied in front. A well dressed and well groomed Burmese lady would, for grace and neatness, challenge com. parison with any woman in the world.

Communications.

square miles, of which 184,000 are under nomy and in petty trading. Their dress is direct British Administration, 16,000 are unad somewhat similar to the men's minus the silk ministered and 63,000 belong to semi-indepen-kerchief on the head, and the longyi is tucked dent Native States. The main geographical feature of the country is the series of rivers and hills running fan-like from North to South with fertile valleys in between, widening and flattening out as they approach the Delta. Differences of elevation and rainfall produce great variations in climate. The coastal tracts The Irrawaddy, and to a less extent the of Arakan and Tenasserim have a rainfall of Chindwin, afford great natural thoroughfare s about 200 inches, the Deltaless than half that to the country. At all seasons of the year amount. The hotseason is short and the mon- these rivers, especially the Irrawaddy, are full soon breaks early. The maximum shade tem- of sailing and steam craft. In the Delta the perature is about 96°, the minimum about 60°. net-work of waterways is indeed practically North of the Delta the rainfall decreases rapidly the only means of communication. The Irrato 30 inches in the centraldry zone which lies waddy Flotilla Company, with a fine fleet of in a "rain shadow" andhas a climate resembl- mail, cargo and ferry boats, gives the Irrawaddy ing that of Bihar. The maximum temperature and the Delta rivers and creeks a splendid river is twenty degrees higher than in the wet zone, service.

but this is compensated by a bracing cold season. The Burma Railways Company has a length To the north and east of the dry zone lie the of 1,679 miles open line. The principal lines Kachin hills and the Shan plateau. The aver- are from Rangoon to Mandalay; from Sagaing age elevation of this tableland is 3,000 feet to Myitkyina, the most northern point in the with peaks rising to 9,000. Consequently it system; the Rangoon-Prome line; and the enjoys a temperate climate with a rainfall of Pegu-Martaban line, which serves Moulmein about 70 inches on the average. Its area is on the further bank of the Salween River.

Industry.

over 50,000 square miles. There is no other region of similar area in the Indian Empire so well adapted for European colonization. The magAgriculture is the chief industry of the pro. nificent rivers, the number of hilly ranges (Yo- vince and supports nearly three-fourths of the mas) and the abundance of forests, all combine population. The nett total cropped area to make the scenery of Burma exceedingly is 16 million acres of which nearly million varied and picturesque.

The People.

The total population of Burma at the census of 1921 was 13,169,099. There were 8,382,335 Burmans, 1,017,987 Shans, 1,220,356 Karens, 146,845 Kachins, 288,847 Chins, 300,700 Arakanese, 323,509 Talaings and 122,257 Falaungs. There is also a large alien population of 149,060 Chinese and 887,877 Indians, while the European and Anglo-Indian population numbered 25,005, and Indo-Burmans,

120,271.

The Burmans, who form the bulk of the population, belong to the Tibetan group and their language to the Tibeto-Chinese family. They are essentially an agricultural people, 80 per cent, of the agriculture of the country being in their hands. The Burmese, and most of the hill tribes also, profess Buddhism, but Arimism, or the worship of nature spirits, is almost universal. The interest taken by the Burmese in the course of the war, their response to the call for recruits and their generous contributions to war loans and charitable funds seem to show that their apathy towards the government of the country is giving way to an intelligent loyalty to British rule.

acres are cropped more than once. Irrigation works supply water to nearly 1 million acres. India is very largely dependent on Burma for her supplies of kerosene, benzine and petrol which rank second to rice in order of importance. Teak wood is exported in large quantities from Burma to India.

Forests play an important part in the industrial life of the Province. The forest reserves cover some 31,714 square miles, while unclassed forests are estimated at about 116,093 square miles. Government extracts some 64,403 tons of teak annually, private firms, of whom the Bombay Burma Trading Corporation and Steel Brothers are the chief extract over 441,374 tons. Other timber extracted by licensees amounts to over 449,683 tons and firewood over 1,011,798

tons.

Tin and wolfram are found chiefly in the Tavoy and Mergui Districts. Wolfram and tin are found together in most mining areas in Tavoy, the proportion varying from almost pure tin to almost pure wolfram. The rise in the price of tin has revived the tin mining industry in the Tavoy and Mergui Dis.

Owing to a depression in the market, most of the wolfram mines have closed down. Silver, lead and zine ore are extracted by

In appearance the Burman is usually somewhat short and thick set with Mongolian the Burma Corporation at Bawdwin in the features. His dress is most distinctive and Northern Shan States. Copper in small quantities exceedingly comfortable. It consists of a silk is also found there. There are small deposits of ha ndkerchief bound round his forehead, a loose Molybdenite in Tavoy and Mergui and of plati

conforms to the provinces recreated un de the Act of 1919 (q.v.). The main difference is in the size of the electorate. Under the franchise accepted, the rural electorate is estimated at 1,738,871 and the urban electorate has been put as high as 82,478. The Legislative Council consists of 104 members, of which 79 are elected and the balance nominated. Owing to the special status of women in Burma, female franchise was dopted from the beginning.

num in Myitkyina. The output of precios stones from the ruby mines has declined. Gold dredging in the Myitkyina District has proved unprofitable and the company has been wound up. From the mines in the Hukong valley jade and amber are own. The oldest and largest oil field in the province is at Yenangyaing in Magwe district where the Burma Oil Company has its chief wells. But borings in other districts have shown that the oilbearing strata extend over a large part of the dry zone, and the output from the smaller fields in Pakokku and Minbu districts is now considerable, while the wells sunk in Thayetmyo district are also showing satisfactory returns. Two-thirds of the total production | Commissioner, Federated Shan States, who is

comes from the Yenangyaung and Singu fields. The Burma Oil Company take their oil to the refineries at Rangoon by pipe line from Singu and Yenangyaung. Other companies take it down by river flats. The area under rubber s 86,000 acres.

Manufactures.

There are 981 factories, over three-fifths of which are engaged in milling rice and over one-sixth are sawmills. The remainder are chiefly engineering works, cotton ginning mills, oil mills for the extraction of oil from groundnuts, and oil refineries connected with the petroleum industry. The average daily number of operative is over 100.000. At the Census of 1921, 1,935,729 ог 2-848 per cent. of the total population were engaged outside agriculture and production.

ous.

As is the case in other parts of the Indian Empire, the imported and factory made article is rapidly ousting the home-made and indigenBut at Amarapura in the Mandalay District a revival has taken place of hand silkweaving. Burmese wood-carving is still famous and many artists in silver still remain, the finish of whose work is sometimes very fine. Bassein and Mandalay parasols are well known and much admired in Burma. But perhaps the most famous of all hand-made and indigenous industrial is the lacquer work of Pagan with its delicate patterns in black, green, and yellow traced on a ground-work of red lacquer over bamboo. A new art is the making of bronze figures. The artists have gone back to nature for their models, breaking away from the conventionalized forms into which their silver work had crystallized and the new figures display a vigour and life that make them by far the finest examples of art the province can produce.

Administration.

Burma is divided administratively into Upper Burma (including the Shan States and Chin Hills) and Lower Burma. The Shan States are administered by the Chiefs of the States, subject to the supervision of the

also Superintendent for the Southern Shan States, and the Superintendent of the Northern Shan States. The Northern and Southern Shan States were formed into a Federation on the 1st October 1922, and are designated the F. S. States. The other Shan States in Burma are subject to the supervision of the Commissioner, Sagaing Division. The Civil Criminal and Revenue administration is vested in the Chief of the State, subject to the restrictions contained in the sanad. The law administered is the customary law of the State.

Under the Governor are eight Commissioners of divisions, three in Upper, four in Lower Burma and one in the Federated Shan States.

Justice.

The administration of Civil and Criminal Justice is under the control of the High Court ot Judicature at Rangoon, which consists of a Chief Justice and ten other permanent Judges. The Superior Judicial Service consists of District and Sessions Judges; there are also separate Provincial and Subordinate Judicial Services.

All village headmen have limited magisterial powers and a considerable number are also invested with civil jurisdiction to a limited extent.

In pursuance of the policy of decentralization steps were taken in 1917 to restore to the village headmen the power and influence which they possessed in Burmese times before the centralizing tendencies of British rule made them practically subordinate officers of the administration. Public Works.

This Department is administered by two Chief Engineers. There are 11 permanent Superintending Engineers (i.e., 7 for Buildings and Roads and 4 for Irrigation) and 87 Executive Engineers and Assistant Executive Engi

Burma, which was at that time administered | neers. A temporary Chief Engineer for Roads

as a Lieutenant-Governorship, was deliberately excluded from the operation of the Reform Act of 1919. It was felt that the Province differed so markedly from the other Provinces in the Indian Empire that its requirements should be separately considered. After repeated discussions the questions was referred to a special Burma Reforms Committee, which in 1922 recommended that all the essential provisions of the Reform Act should be applied to the Province. This recommendation was accepted and sit proposals became law. Under this Act Burma became a Governor's Province, with an executive council and ministers, and

in the Province has been appointed for a period of two years. There are also a Consulting Architect, Electrical Inspector, Water and Sewerage Engineer (Specialist posts) and a River Training Expert, the incumbents of which stationed at Headquarters.

Police.

are

The Police Force is divided into Civil, afilitary and Rangoon Town Police, The first two are under the control of the Inspector-General of Police, the latter is under the orders of the Commissioner of Police, Rangoon, an officer of the rank of

a

Deputy Inspector-General. There is Dy. Inspector-General, Administration, in charge of administrative detail of the Civil Police, and five other Deputy Inspectors General, one each for the Northern, Southern and Western Ranges, one for the Railway and Criminal Investigation Department and one for the Military Police.

A special feature of Burma is the Military

Police. Its officers are deputed from the Indian Army. The rank and file are recruited

from natives of India with a few Kachins, Karens and Shans. The experiment of recruiting Burmese on a small scale has been successful. The organisation is military, the force being divided into battalions. The object of the force is to supplement the regular troops in Burma. Their duties, apart from their military work, is to provide escorts for specie, prisoners, etc., and guards for Treasuries, Jails and Courts.

Education.

At the head is the Director of Public Instruction with an Assistant Director, both belonging to the Indian Educational Service. There are nine Inspectors of Schoolsdrawnfrom the Indian Educational Service, while the Burma Educational Service provides seven Assistant Inspectors. There is also an Inspectress of Schools. There is a Chief Educational Officer for the Federated Shan States.

A centralized, teaching and residential Unitversity for Burma, has been established in Rangoon. It now provides courses in Art, Science, Law. Education, Economics, Engineering, Medicine and Forestry.

A remarkable feature of education in Burma s the system of elementary education evolved, generations ago, by the genius of the people. Nearly every village has a monastery (hpoongyikyaung); every monastery is a village school and every Burman boy must, in accordance with his religion, attend that school, shaving bis head and fer the time wearing the yellow robe. At the hpoongyi-kyaungs the boys are taught reading and writing and an elementary native system of arithmetic. The result is that there are very few boys in Burma who are not able to read and write.

Among special institutions, the Government Technical Institute, Insein, provides courses in Mechanical, Civil and Electrical Engineering and the Agricultural College, Mandalay, courses in Agriculture.

A liberal scheme of State Scholarships provides for the despatch of 12 scholars to Europe each year.

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THE FINANCES OF BURMA.

In common with the other Provinces of India, the financial arrangements between the Government of India and the Government of Burma underwent a remodelling in consequence of the reconstitution of the Province on the lines of the other Indian Provinces. The Provinces obtained substantial financial independence. The present position is set out in the following statement:

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