180 K.C.I.E. Sir William H. H. Vincent, G.C.I.E., K.C.S.I. HIGH COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE. The High Commissioner, Sir A. C. Chatterjee, Secretary, J. C. B. Drake, C.I.E., O.B.E. Chief Accountancy Officer, G. H. Stoker, o.B.E. General Department: Assistant Secretary, R. E. Montgomery. Indian Trade Commissioner, H. A. F. Lindsay, Joint Secretaries for Indian Students, N. C. Sen, Store Department Depot at Belvedere Director-General. Lieut.-Col. S. S. W. Paddon, Deputy Director, R. R. Howlett. Sir Robert Erskine Holland, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., Superintendent of Depot, F. E. Benest, M.I.E.E. C.V.O. Sir Campbell W. Rhodes, C.B.E. S. N. Mallik, C.I.E. Dr. R. P. Paranjpye, M.A., B. Sc. Sir Henry Wheeler, K.C.S.t., K.C.I.E. Clerk of the Council, S. F. Stewart, O.S.I., c.1.E. Assistant Private Secretaries, J. P. Gibson Political A.-D.-C. to the Secretary of State, Lieut.- Heads of Departments. SECRETARIES, Financial, W. Robinson, C.B.E.; C.H. Kisch, C.B. Ditto (Joint), S. K. Brown, c.v.o. Director-in-Chief of the Indo-European Tele- Accountant-General, F.I.A. Sidney Turner, also Director of Funds and Official Agent to India. Administrators-General in RECORD DEPARTMENT.-Superintendent of Records, W. T. Ottewill, M.B.E. Auditor, W. A. Sturdy. Miscellaneous Appointments. Government Director of Indian Railway Com- Librarian, Fredk. C. A. Story, M.A. Historiographer-Sir W. Foster, C.I.E. President of Medical Board for the Examination C.B., C.I.E. Member of the Medical Board, Lt.-Col. Sir L. Legal Adviser and Solicitor to Secretary of State, Inspector of Military Equipment and Clothing, Ordnance Consulting Officer, Col. C. J. D. Freeth. Secretaries of State for India. Lord Stanley (a) Sir Charles Wood, Bart. (b) Assumed charge. 1858 1859 The Duke of Argyll, K.T. .. Sir Richard Assheton Cross, G.O.B., The Earl of Kimberley, K.G. (3rd time).. 1892 Lord George F. Hamilton St. John Brodrick (i) John Morley O.M. (j) The Earl of Crewe, K.G. The Earl of Crewe, K.G. (k) Lord Olivier 1894 1895 1903 1905 1910 1911 1911 1915 1917 1922 1924 1924 (a) Afterwards (by succession) Earl of Derby. (by creation) Halifax. (by creation) Marquess of Ripon. (by succession) of Salisbury. (by creation) Iddesleigh. Marquess Earl of (by creation) Earl Cranbrook. (by succession) Duke (b) Viscount Devonshire. (by creation) of Viscount Wolverhampton, Q.C.S.I. succession) Viscount (by Midleton. (by creation) Viscount Morley of Blackburn; o,M. (by creation) Marquess of Crewe, K.G. The area enclosed within the boundaries of India is 1,773,168 square miles, with a population of 315,132,537 of people-nearly one-fifth of the human race. But of this total a very large part is not under British Administration. The area covered in the Indian States is 675,267 square miles with a population of seventy millions. The Indian States embrace the widest variety of country and jurisdiction. They vary in size from petty states like Lawa, in Rajputana, with an area of 13 square miles, and the Simla Hill States, which are little more than small holdings, to States like Hyderabad, as large as Italy, with a population of thirteen millions. They include the inhospitable regions of Western Rajputana, Baroda, part of the Garden of India, Mysore, rich in agricultural wealth, and Kashmir, one of the most favoured spots on the face of the globe. Relations with the Paramount Power. So diverse are the conditions under which the Indian States were established and came into political relation with the Government of India, that it is impossible even to summarise them. But broadly it may be said that as the British boundaries expanded, the states came under the influence of the Government and the rulers were confirmed in their possessions. To this general policy however there was, for a brief period, an important departure. During the regime of Lord Dalhousie the Government introduced what was called annexation through lapse. That is to say, when there was no direct heir, the Government considered whether public interests would be secured by granting the right of adoption. Through the application of this policy, the states of Satara and of Nagpur fell in to the East India Company, and the kingdom of Oudh was annexed because of the gross misgovernment of its rulers. Then came the Mutiny. It was followed by the transference of the dominions of the East India Company to the Crown, and an irrevocable declaration of policy toward the Indian States. In the historic Proclamation of Queen Victoria it was set out that "We desire no extension of our present territorial possessions; and while we will permit no aggression on our dominions or our rights to be attempted with impunity, we shall allow no encroachments on those of others. We shall respect the rights, dignity and honour of the Native Princes as our own; and we desire that they, as well as our own subjects, should enjoy that prosperity and that social advancement which can only be secured by internal peace and good government." Since the issue of that proclamation there has been no encroachment on the area under Indian rule by the Government of India. On the contrary, the movement has been in the opposite direction. In 1881 the State of Mysore, which had been so long under British administration that the traditions of Native rule were almost forgotten, was restored to the old Hindu ruling house. In 1911 the Maharajah of Benares, the great taluqdar of Oudh, was granted ruling powers over his extensive possessions. On many occasions the Government of India has had to intervene, to prevent gross misgovernment, or to carry on the administration during a long minority; but always with the undeviating intention of restoring the territories as soon as the necessity for intervention passed. Almost all states possess the right of adoption in default of heirs. Rights of Indian States. The rights and obligations of the Indian States are thus described by the Imperial Gazetteer. The Chiefs have, without excep tion, gained protection against dangers from without and a guarantee that the protector will respect their rights as rulers. The Paramount Power acts for them in relation to foreign Powers and other Indian States. The inhabitants of the Indian States are the subjects of their rulers, and except in case of personal jurisdiction over British subjects, these rulers and their subjects are free from the control of the laws of British India. Criminals escaping to an Indian State must be handed over to it by its authorities; they cannot be arrested by the police of British India without the permission of the ruler of the State. The Indian Princes have therefore a suzerain power which acts for them in all external affairs, and at the same time scrupulously respects their in ternal authority. The suzerain also intervenes when the internal peace of their territories is seriously threatened. Finally they parti cipate in all the benefits which the protecting power obtains by its diplomatic action, or by its administration of its own dominions, and thus secure a share in the commerce, the railways, the ports, and the markets of British India. Except in rare cases, applied to maritime states, they have freedom of trade with British India although they levy their own customs, and their subjects are admitted to most of the public offices of the British Government. Obligations of Indian States. On the other hand, the Indian States are under an obligation not to enter into relations with foreign nations or other states; the authority of their rulers has no existence out side their territories. Their subjects outside their dominions become for all intents and purposes British subjects. Where foreign interests are concerned, the Paramount Power must act so that no just cause of offence is given by its subordinate allies. All Indian States alike are under an obligation to refer to the British every question of dispute with other states. Inasmuch as the Indian States have no use for a military establishment other than for police, or display, or for co-operation with the Imperial Government, their military forces, their equipment and armament are prescribed by the Paramount Power. Although old and unaltered treaties declare that the British Government will have no manner of concern with any of a Maharajah's dependents or servants, with respect to whom the Maharajah is absolute, logic and public opinion have endorsed the principle which Lord Canning set forth in his minute of 1860, that the "Government of India is not precluded from stepping in to set right such serious in a Native Government as may threaten any part of the country with anarchy or disturb ance, nor from assuming temporary charge of a Native State when there shall be sufficient reason to do so." Of this necessity the Governor-General in Council is the sole judge subject to the control of Parliament. Where the law of British India confers jurisdiction over British subjects or other specified persons in foreign territory, that power is exercised abuses it. The by the British courts which possess subjects of European Powers and the United States are on the same footing. Where can tonments exist in an Indian State, jurisdiction both over the cantonment and the station is exercised by the suzerain power. Political Officers. civil are The powers of the British Government who, as exercised through Political Officers In the a rule, reside in the states themselves. larger states the Government is represented by a Resident, in groups of states by an Agent to the Governor-General, assisted by local Residents or Political Agents. These Officers beform the sole channel of communication Government tween the Indian States and the of India and its Foreign Department, with the officials of British India and with other Indian States. They are expected to advise adminisand assist the Ruling Chiefs in any trative or other matters on which they may be consulted. Political Agents are similarly employed in the larger States under the Provincial Governments but in the petty scattered over British India the duties of the Agent are usually entrusted to the Collector or Commissioner in whose district they lie. All questions relating to the Indian States Suare under the special supervision of the preme Government, and in the personal charge of the Governor-General. Closer Partnership. states now es Events have tended gradually to draw the Paramount Power and the Indian States into closer harmony. Special care has been deof Ruling voted to the education of the sons Chiefs, first by the employment of tutors, and afterwards by the establishment of special colleges for the purpose. These are tablished at Ajmere, Rajkot, Indore and Lahore. The Imperial Cadet Corps, whose headquarters are at Dehra Dun, imparts military training to the scions of the ruling chiefs and noble families. The spread of higher educaIndian tion bas placed at the disposal of the States the products of the Universities. In these ways there has been a steady rise in the character of the administration of the Indian States, approximating more closely to the British ideal. Most of the Indian States have also come forward to bear their share in the burden of Imperial defence. Following on the spontaneous offer of military assistance are new when war with Russia appeared to be inevi- one of "Our policy is with rare exceptions, non-interference in the internal affairs of the Native States. But in guaranteeing their internal independence and in undertaking their protection against external aggression it naturally follows that the Imperial Government has assumed a certain degree of responsibility for the general soundness of their administraindirect instrument of misrule. tion and could not consent to incur the reproach of being an There are also certain matters in which it is necessary for the Government of India to safeguard the interests of the community as a whole as well as those of the paramount power, such as railways, telegraphs and other services of an Imperial character. But the relationship of the Supreme Government to the State is one of suzerainty. The foundation stone of the whole system is the recognition of identity of interests between the Imperial Government and Durbars and the minimum of interference with the latter in their own affairs. HYDERABAD. The Nizam exercises full sovereignty within his dominions, grants titles and has the power of life and death over his subjects. Before 1919, the Government consisted of a Prime Minister responsible to the Nizam, with Assistant Ministers, but in this year, an Executive Council con sisting of seven ordinary and one extraordinary member under a President was established. legislative Council consisting of 20 members of whom 12 are official, 6 non-official and extraordinary is responsible for making laws. The A administration is carried on by a regular system service and stamps for internal purposes. The Nizam maintains his own army consisting of 19,523 troops of which 5,876 are classed as regular troops and 12,580 as irregular. In addition to these, there are two battalions of Imperial Service Troops, 1,067 strong. FINANCE.-Hyderabad State is far the wealthicat of the Indian States, having a revenue in its own currency of over 7 crores, which is approximately the same as that of the Central Provinces and Bihar and Orissa and double that of any other State. After many vicissitudes, its finances are at present in a prosperous condition and it enjoys a large annual surplus of revenue from which a reserve of 15 crores has been built up. This is being used partly as a sinking fund for the purchase of the State railways and partly for the development of the resources of the State. The budget estimates for the present year show a revenue of 768 lakhs under service heads and an expenditure of 734 lakhs, inclusive of large sums set aside for development, famine insurance and reserve for re-organisation and development. The capital expenditure programme provides for an expenditure of 136 lakhs, which includes 63 lakhs for the large irrigation project known as Sagar" and other sanctioned projects and 67 lakhs for the completion of the KazipetBellarshah line, which is the last link in the direct route between Madras and Delhi, and for the construction of feeder ilnes. The year opened with a cash balance of 495 lakhs which is expected to increase to about 520 lakhs by the end of the year. The Government loans stand at 106 for short term and 116 for long term issues. "Nizam PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRY.-The principal industry of the State is agriculture, which maintains 57 per cent. of the population. The common system of land tenure is ryotwari. About 55 per cent. of the total area is directly administered by the State. The rest consists of private estates of His Exalted the Nizam, which comprise about one-tenth of the total area of the State, and the estates of the Jagirdars and Paigah nobles. The total land revenue is over 3 crores. The principal food crops are millet and rice; the staple money crops cotton, which is grown extensively on the black cotton soils, and oilseeds. Hyderabad is well-known for its Gaorani cotton which is the longest staple indigenous cotton in India. The total area under cotton exceeds 3 million acres. Hyderabad possesses the most southerly of the Indian coal measures and the whole of southern India is dependent on it for such coal as is transported by rail. The chief mine is situated at Singareni, which is not far from Bezwada junction on the Calcutta-Madras line. The chief manufacturing industry is based on the cotton produced in the State. There are five large mills in existence and others are likely to be established, while about one-third of the cloth worn in the Dominions is produced on local hand-looms. There are about 250 ginning and pressing factories in the cotton tracts and also a number of tanneries and flour mills. The Shahabad Cement Co. which has been established at Shahabad on the Great Indian Peninsula Railway line, not far from Wadi, supplies the whole of southern India with cement and has at present an annual output of about 40,000 tons. TAXATION.-Apart from the land revenue which as stated above brings in about 3 crores, the main sources of taxation are excise and customs. The receipts from each are estimated for the present year at 159 and 132 lakhs respectively. After these come interest on invest ments (43 lakhs), railways (33 lakhs) and Berar rent (29 lakhs). The customs revenue is derived from an ad valorem duty of 5 per cent. on all imports and exports. COMMUNICATIONS.-One hundred and thirtyseven miles of broad gauge line from Bombay to Madras traverse the State. At Wadi, on this section, the broad gauge system of the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway takes off and running east through Hyderabad City and Warangal reaches the Calcutta-Madras line at Bezwada, a total length of 330 miles. From Kazipet, near Warangal on this line, a new link to Bellarshah strikes, north. Trains are now running as far as Ramagundam, a distance of nearly 58 miles, and the rest of the line will be opened during the present year. From Secunderabad, the metre gauge Godaveri Valley railway runs north-west for 386 miles to Manmad on the main line of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway to Calcutta. A metre gauge line also runs south from Secunderabad through Mahbubnagar nearly to the border and is now being linked up with Kurnool on the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway. Thus, with branch lines, there are now 525 miles of broad gauge and 581 of the metre gauge in the State. The Barsi Light Railway also owns a short extension from Kurdwadi on the Bombay-Madras line to Latur in Osmanabad District. The Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway is worked at present by a Company, but H. E. H.'s Government has provided a large proportion of the capital outlay and has the option of purchase at stated intervals, the earliest of which is in the year 1934. The road system is incomplete at present, but is being rapidly extended on a well-considered programme. EDUCATION.-The Osmania University at Hyderabad imparts instruction in all the faculties through the medium of Urdu, English being taught as a compulsory language and it has one First Grade College and four Intermediate Colleges. The Nizam College at Hyderabad (first grade), is, however, affiliated to the Madras University. In 1924-25 the total number of Educational Institutions rose from 3,556 (191819) to 4,001, the number of Primary Schools in particular having been largely increased. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL:-Raja Rajayan Rajah Sir Kishen Pershad Maharaja Bahadur, Yaminus Saltanath, G.C.I.E., President; Nawab Waliud Dowlah Bahadur, Education, Medical and Military Departments Member; Nawab Nizamat Jung Bahadur, C.I.E., O.B.E., Political Member; Nawab Hydar Nawaz Jung Bahadur, Finance and Railway Member; Lt.-Col. Chenivix Trench, C.I.E., O.B.E., Revenue and Police Member; Dr. Nawab Sir Amin Jung Bahadur, K.C.I.E., C.S.I.. LL.D., Law Member; Nawab Aqeel Jung Bahadur,. Public Works Member; and Nawab Sir Faridoon Mulk Bahadur, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., C.B.E., Extraordinary Member. P. Barton, K.C.I.E., 0,8,I, MYSORE. The State of Mysore is surrounded on all sides by the Madras Presidency except on the north and the north-west where it is bounded by the districts of Dharwar and North Canara respectively and towards the south-west by Coorg. It is naturally divided into two regions of distinct character; the hill country (the malnad) on the west and the wide spreading valleys and plains (the maidan) on the east. The State has an area of 29,469 square miles excluding that of the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore and a population of 5,978,892 of whom over 92 per cent. are Hindus. Kannada is the distinctive language of the State. an HISTORY.-The ancient history of the country is varied and interesting. Tradition connects the table land of Mysore with many a legend enshrined in the great Indian epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Coming down to historical times, the north-eastern portion of the country formed part of Asoka's Empire in the third century B.C. Mysore then came under the rule of the Andhra dynasty. From about the third to the eleventh century A.D. Mysore was ruled by three dynasties, the northwestern portion by the Kadambas, the eastern and northern portions by the Pallavas and the central and the southern portions by the Gangas. In the eleventh century, Mysore formed part of Chola dominion, but the Cholas were driven out early in the twelfth century by the Hoysalas, indigenous dynasty with its capital at Halebid. The Hoysala power came to an end in the early part of the fourteenth century. Mysore was next connected with the Vijayanagar empire. At the end of the fourteenth century Mysore became associated with the present ruling dynasty. At first tributory to the dominant empire of Vijayanagar, the dynasty attained its independence after the downfall of Vijayanagar in 1565. In the latter part of the eighteenth century the real sovereignty passed into the hands of Hyder Ali and then his son, Tippu Sultan. In 1799, on the fall of Seringa patam, the British Government restored the State comprised within its present limits, to the ancient dynasty in the person of Maharaja Sri Krishnaraja Wadayar Bahadur III. Owing to the insurrections that broke out in some parts of the country the management was assumed by the British Government in 1831. In 1881 the State was restored to the dynasty in the person Wadayar Bahadur of Sri Chamarajendra under conditions and stipulations laid down in the Instrument of Transfer. That ruler with the assistance of Mr. (afterwards Sir) K. Seshadri Iyer, K.C.S.I., as Dewan, brought Mysore to a State of great prosperity. He died in 1894, and was succeeded by the present Maharaja Sri Krishnarajendra Wadayar Bahadur, G.O.S.I., G.B.E., who was installed in 1902. In November 1913 the Instrument of Transfer was replaced by a Treaty which indicates more appropriately the relation subsisting between the British Government and the State of Mysore. Colonel Sir ADMINISTRATION.-The City of Mysore is the Capital of the State, but Bangalore City is the Administrative headquarters. His Highness the Maharaja is the ultimate authority in the of in Dewan and State, and the administration is conducted under his control, by the three Judges is the highest three Members of Council. The Chief Court There are in the State. consisting of the State Judicial tribunal two constitutional Assemblies in the Representative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Representative Assembly was established in 1881 by an executive order of Government, and its powers and functions have been increased from time to time by similar orders of Government. Under the scheme developments announced constitutional October 1923 the Representative Assembly ha been placed on a statutory basis and given definite place in the constitution by the promu 1 gation of the Representative Assembly Regulation XVIII of 1923. The franchise has been extended and the disqualification of women on the ground of sex, from exercising the right t vote has been removed. The privilege of moving resolutions on the general principles and policy underlying the budget and on matters of public administration has been granted in addition to those already enjoyed of making representations about wants and grievances and of interpellating Government. The Assembly is also to be consulted on all proposals for the levy of new taxes and on the general principles of all measures of legislation before their introduction into the Legislative Council. Besides the Budget Session (formerly Birthday Session) and the Dasara Session, provision has been made for one or more special sessions of the Assembly to be summoned by Government when the State or public business demands it. The strength of the Legislative Council has been raised from 30 to 50, of whom 20 are official and 30 are non-official members. The Council which exercised the privileges of interpellation, discussion of the State Budget and the moving of the resolutions on all matters of public administration is, under the reformed constitution, granted the powers of voting on the demands for grants. The Dewan is the Exofficio President of both the Representative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Council has also a Public Accounts Committee which examines all audit and appropriation reports and brings to the notice of Council all deviations from the wishes of the Council as expressed in its Budget grant. STANDING COMMITTEES.-With a view to en large the opportunities of non-official representatives of the people to influence the every day administration of the State three Standing Committees consisting of Members of the Representative Assembly and the Legislative Council, have been formed, one in connection with Railway, Electrical and P. W. Departments, one in connection with Local Self-Government and the Departments of Medicine, Sanitation and Public Health and the third in connection with Finance and Taxation. All the important branches of the administration are controlled by separate Heads of Departments. The combatant strength of the Military Force at the end of 1926-27 was 2,270 of which 501 were in the Mysore Lancers, 132 in the |