ζ, ἑπτά, seven.

ή, ὀκτώ, eight.

θ', ἐννέα, nine.

ί, δέκα, ten.

ια', ἕνδεκα, eleven.

ιβ', δώδεκα, δυώδεκα, and δυοκαίδεκα, twelve.

ιγ', τρισκαίδεκα and δεκατρεῖς, thirteen.

ιδ', τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα and τεσσαρακαίδεκα, fourteen.
ιέ, πεντεκαίδεκα, fifteen.

ις', ἑκκαίδεκα, sixteen.

ιζ', ἑπτακαίδεκα, seventeen.

ιή, ὀκτωκαίδεκα, eighteen.

ιθ', ἐννεακαίδεκα, nineteen.

κ', εἴκοσι(ν), twenty.

κα', εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-one.

1 Instead of " eighteen” or “ nineteen,” the Greeks frequently said “twenty wanting two" or one: e. g. νῆες δυείν or μιᾶς δέουσαι είκοσι, twenty ships wanting two or one, i. e. 18 or 19 ships; and so for 28, 29, 38; and this applies to detailed numbers, as in Thucyd. VII. 3t: τετρακόσιοι καὶ δυοῖν δέοντες πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες, “four hundred and forty-eight men;” and to hundreds as well as to tens; thus we have in Thucyd. II. 31: τριακοσίων ἀποδέοντα μύρια, " nine thousand seven hundred.”

2 In the composition of two numbers, if the smaller precedes, the two are joined by καί ; if the greater, the conjunction is omitted: as πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι, Herod. ; είκοσι πέντε, Demosth. In Pindar, Οl. I. 128, we have the two numbers combined by τε καί.

frequently used as adjectives than the others, and for this reason would have inflexions, which the others, whose use would be more adverbial, might omit without so much inconvenience. The same remark applies to the corresponding fact in regard to the numerals of the Romans, whose fundamental number was three.

247 Numerals are divided into two classes: A. Cardinals, B. Ordinals. The former express a definite number. The latter express the position of the objects in a succession of numbers. So that although the cardinal is by its origin a positional word, it includes in its meaning all the positions up to that which it designates for this is the process in counting.

248 All ordinals are declined like adjectives of three genders.

249 A. Cardinal Numbers (answering to the question "How

ιβ', δώδεκα, δυώδεκα, and δυοκαίδεκα, twelve.

ιγ', τρισκαίδεκα and δεκατρεῖς, thirteen.

ιδ', τεσσαρεσκαίδεκα and τεσσαρακαίδεκα, fourteen.
ιέ, πεντεκαίδεκα, fifteen.

ις', εκκαίδεκα, sixteen.

ιζ', ἑπτακαίδεκα, seventeen.

ιή, ὀκτωκαίδεκα, eighteen.

ιθ', ἐννεακαίδεκα, nineteen.

κ', εἴκοσι(ν), twenty.

κα', εἷς καὶ εἴκοσι", twenty-one.

1 Instead of " eighteen” or “ nineteen,” the Greeks frequently said " twenty wanting two" or one:" e. g. νῆες δυείν or μιᾶς δέουσαι εἴκοσι, twenty ships wanting tuo or one, i. e. 18 or 19 ships; and so for 28, 29, 38; and this applies to detailed numbers, as in Thucyd. VII. 31: τετρακόσιοι καὶ δυοῖν δέοντες πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες, “four hundred and forty-eight men ;" and to hundreds as well as to tens; thus we have in Thucyd. II. 31: τριακοσίων ἀποδέοντα μύρια, “ nine thousand seven hundred.”

2 In the composition of two numbers, if the smaller precedes, the two are joined by καί ; if the greater, the conjunction is omitted: as πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι, Herod. ; εἴκοσι πέντε, Demosth. In Pindar, Οl. I. 128, we have the two numbers combined by τε καί.

κβ', δύο καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-two.
κγ', τρεῖς καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-three.
κδ', τέσσαρες καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-four.
κέ, πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-five.
κ5', ἓξ καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-six.
κζ', ἑπτὰ καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-seven.
κή, ὀκτὼ καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-eight.
κθ', ἐννέα καὶ εἴκοσι, twenty-nine.

λ', τριάκοντα, thirty, Ionie τριήκοντα.

μ', τεσσαράκοντα, forty, Ionic τεσσαρήκοντα.
ν, πεντήκοντα, fifty.

ξ', ἑξήκοντα, sixty.

ό, ἑβδομήκοντα, seventy.

π', ὀγδοήκοντα, eighty, Ionic ὀγδώκοντα.

2, 4, or 4, ἐνενήκοντα, ninety.

ρ', ἑκατόν, a hundred.

σ', διακόσιοι, two hundred, Ionic διηκόσιοι, declined thus:

τ', τριακόσιοι, three hundred.
υ, τετρακόσιοι, four hundred.
φ', πεντακόσιοι, five hundred.
χ', ἑξακόσιοι, six hundred.
ψ', ἑπτακόσιοι, seven hundred.
ω', ὀκτακόσιοι, eight hundred.

7, ἐνακόσιοι (ἐννακόσιοι), nine hundred.

α, χίλιοι, a thousand lit. " as in a heap of fodder").

α

β, δισχίλιοι, two thousand.

γ, τρισχίλιοι, three thousand.

In the Odyss. XVI. 249, we ought perhaps to read πίσυρες καὶ Γείκοσι for πίσυρές τε καὶ είκοσι. The cardinal numbers compounded with σύν signify:

Together," σύνδυο, two together.

2 "At a time," or the distribution of a whole number into equal aliquot parts, σύντρεις, three at a time.

The same meaning may be expressed by ȧvá and els, the latter being used of the array of soldiers, as εἰς ὀκτώ, " eight deep."

δ, τεσσαρακισχίλιοι, four thousand.

P, pupio, ten thousand (lit. "as in drops of water").

Obs. 1 The following are the alterations observable in the cardinal numbers:

(a) In Homer we find ἴα, τῆς for μία, μιής, and even iῷ once for ἑνί (Il. vi. 422). The forms μín, ovdeμíny are hyper-Ionic, and are found only in Hippocrates.

(b) Homer and the later epic poets write Sotós, doin, Solov, in addition to δύω and δύο. In Herodotus we find δυῶν, δυοῖσι; in Dorie δυῶν, and in olic, according to Eustathius, δύεσιν (δύεσσιν).

(e) In old Doric inscriptions we have τρῖς for τρεῖς ; and τριοῖσι for rpuri is quoted from Hipponax.

(d) For Téσσapes, which is the form adopted by the old Ionic, by Thucydides, and the tragedians, we have TérTapes in newer Attic, réorepes in Herodotus, rérepes in Doric and in Hesiod, Op. et D. 698, and πίσυρες οι πέσσυρες in Holic.

(e) The Æolic form of Tévre was Téμne, from which come the Homeric and Attic derivatives πεμπάς, πεμπάζω, &c., and the common ordinal πέμπτος. Κ. Ο. Müller has proposed to write πέμπων for the gen. pl. in an admirable emendation of Alcæus, ap. Strab. p. 617.

(f) Homer writes Fείκοσι and εείκοσι. The Doric forms are εἴκατι, FIKATI, Feikari, Beíkari (Ahrens, Dor. Dial. p. 279), and the initial letter is retained in the Latin viginti.

(g) It will be observed that the formative a in Tplákovтa, &c. is always long after a vowel, but otherwise short or changed into ŋ. In epic and Ionic Greek we have τριήκοντα and even τριηκόντων (Hesiod, Op. et D. 694). For Teoσapákovтa the Doric dialect gives TETρÓKоVTа (Ahrens, Dor. Dial. p. 280).

(h) As far as can be determined from the variations of the MSS., it is best to write ἐνενήκοντα and ἐνακόσιοι with a single v.

(1) For χίλιοι the Lesbians wrote έλλιοι, the Boeotians χείλιοι, and the Doric xλo (Ahrens, Dor. Dial. p. 281).

(j) It was customary to distinguish between μúpio, "ten thousand," and pvpíos, "infinitely numerous." Homer has always pupíos both in the singular and in the plural, and always uses the word in the indefinite signification. With the definite value, as an indication of number, the singular is used with collective nouns in the historical writers; thus we have pupía donis in Xenophon for "ten thousand heavy-armed men;" similarly χιλίη ἵππος, “ a thousand cavalry,” in Herodotus; and διακοσία TOS, "two hundred horsemen," in Thucydides.

Obs. 2 In statements of considerable and detailed numbers, it is common to begin with the digits and so ascend to the tens, hundreds, &c. Thus the number 63,974 will be expressed Téttapa kai éßdoμÝKOVтa καὶ ἐνακόσια καὶ τρισχίλια καὶ ἑξακισμύρια. But the reversed order is often adopted, especially when the sum consists of only two numbers;