thus we have in Xenophon, Anab. v. 5, § 4: σταθμοὶ ἑκατὸν εἴκοσι δύο, παρασάγγαι ἑξακόσιοι καὶ εἴκοσι, στάδιοι μύριοι καὶ ὀκτακισχίλιοι καὶ ἑξαKOOLOL Very large numbers are frequently expressed by multiples of the substantive pvpiades, to which the smaller amounts are added; thus we have δέκα μυριάδες, 100,000; τρισχίλια καὶ πέντε μυριάδες, 53,000; μivpiákis μúpiai μvpiádes, "a billion." We have also colloquial exaggerations, such as appaкóoto in the comedians and Athenæus, p. 671 A. Obs. 3 In combining the numerical signs, which are indicated before each number, only the last of the same series bears the appropriate accent; thus we write K, 27; oέ', 260; awve', 1859; B, 53,682. Obs. 4 Besides the cyphers given above, there is an older method of expressing numbers by the initial letters of los for εἷς, Πέντε, Δέκα, Ἡεκατόν, Χίλιοι and Μύριοι. According to this method I is l, II 2, ΙΠ 3, ΙΙΙ 4; Π is 5, ΠΙ 6, ΠΙΙΙΙ 9; Δ is 10, ΔΙ 11, ΑΠ 15, AIIIII 18, and so on; AA is 20, ▲▲▲▲ 40, and so on. In the same way H is 100, HH 200, X 1,000, XX 2,000, M 10,000. There were also abbreviated combinations of II and other letters; thus 50 was written F, F, i.e. TeνTáκis déкa; 500 was written H or H, i.e. TEVTÁKIS ¿karóv; 5,000 was written H, F, i.e. πevtákis xídioi, &c. Similarly they β expressed multiples of 10,000; thus 20,000 was M, 100,000 was M, 3 , με was written K5 In the Y' 49 works of the Greek mathematicians there are abundant examples of these numerical signs. Obs. 5 The rhapsodies of Homer, the symbols of the Heliaste, and other conventional numbers, were indicated by the letters of the alphabet, counted a—=1-24. For recollecting the place of a letter in the alphabet the combination T, indicating the first letters of the last three hexads, furnishes a convenient memoria technica. 254 Ordinal Numbers (answering to the question "Which of the number?") πрŵτos, first. δεύτερος, second. TρíTOS, third. τέταρτος and τέτρατος, fourth. πέμπτος, fifth. ἕκτος, sixth. ἕβδομος, seventh. I oydoos, eighth. evatos, ninth. δέκατος, tenth. évdékaтos, eleventh. δωδέκατος and δυοκαιδέκατος, twelfth. τρισκαιδέκατος and τρίτος καὶ δέκατος, thirteenth. τεσσαρακαιδέκατος and τέταρτος καὶ δέκατος, fourteenth. EiKOσTÓS, twentieth. EiKOσTÓS πρÔTоs, twenty-first. TρiakоσTós, thirtieth. τεσσαρακοστός, fortieth. πεντηκοστός, fiftieth. ἑξηκοστός, sixtieth. ἑβδομηκοστός, seventieth. oydoŋkooτós, eightieth. ἐνενηκοστός, ninetieth. ExaтOOTÓS, hundredth. SiakoσLOσTÓS, two-hundredth. трiaкоσloσтós, three-hundredth. Tεσσаракоσιοσтós, four-hundredth. μvpioσrós, ten-thousandth. And so on. Obs. 1 The ordinals are used idiomatically to denote broken numbers. (a) When the fraction only is expressed, we have a compound of the ordinals Tpíros, TéraρTOS, &c. with the word uóptov, "a part;" thus τρίτος, τέταρτος, μόριον, TрITημóριov, "one-third;" Terapтnμópiov, "one-fourth," &c. The adjective ἥμισυς expresses "one-half;" and for definite magnitudes we have compounds with ἡμι-, e. g. ἡμιτάλαντον, " half a talent,” ἡμιώβολον οι ἡμιωβόλιον, "half an obol." We may also express a fraction by saying TV Tévτe ai dúo μoîpai or τŵv téνтe μepŵv тà dúo, i.e. “two-fifths" (Thucyd. I. 10'; Arist. Pol. II. 6), or тŵv eέ ai тpeîs μoîpaɩ, i. e. "three-sixths." Or if the denominator exceeds the numerator by one only, we may omit the former, as ra dúo μépn, "two-thirds." (b) When a whole number is expressed as well as its fractional part, we may either use cardinal numbers, as Téνte ýμitáλavta, “two talents and a half;" or ordinals, as ßdoμov μiтáλavrov, "six talents and the seventh a half talent," i. e. 64 talents; and as σmaμn is half a πŷxus, we have in Herodotus, II. 106, πεμπτῆς σπιθαμής, " four cubits and a half.” Compare the Latin sestertius, &c. 1 There is no reference in this passage to the usual and territorial divisions of the Peloponnesus, which were six and not five, but it is merely a computation of the relative extent of territory belonging to the Lacedæmonians. Obs. 2 Móvos, "alone," "only," i. e. "one-ly," Ionic poûvos, is of the nature of an ordinal, and is connected with the first numeral in its original form μείς, μία, μέν. Obs. 3 The ordinals are sometimes combined with cardinals, as in the phrase τῇ ὀγδόῃ καὶ ἐνάτῃ ἐπὶ δέκα, and the like. Obs. 4 The following are epic forms of the ordinals: πρόμος, τρίτατος, τέτρατος, ἑβδόματος, ὀγδόατος, εἶνατος, by the side of which the ordinary forms also are used. We have, besides, devraros, "the last." The Doric dialect has πρᾶτος by the side of πράν for πρώαν, and τέρτος is given by Choroboscus, Cramer. Anecd. 11. p. 275, 23, as the Eolic form of τρίτος. 255 From the feminine of the ordinal may be formed a secondary ordinal expressing the day on which an event happened; a3 τριταῖος ἀπέθανεν, “ he died on the third day, i. e. τρίτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, πεμπταῖοι ἤλθομεν, “we came on the fifth day. Also the interrogative Tоσтiaos; "on what day?" "after how many ποστιαῖος; days?" 256 We have also (a) multiple adjectives, áπλóos (-oûs), "single," diλóos (-oûs), “double,” τρɩπλóos (-oûs), "treble," &c. (for the declension see above, 205). Rarer forms are dipários, τριφάσιος, &c. (b) Proportional adjectives are such as Sinários, "twice as much," TρIπλáσios, "thrice as much," πоλλaπλáσios, “many times as much." These answer to the question ποσαπλάσιος. Obs. The difference between the adjectives in -óos and those in -άσιος is thus given by Ammonius (de diff. p. 43): διπλοῦς κατὰ μέγεθος, διπλάσιος κατ ̓ ἀριθμόν, i. e. διπλούς, duplex, defines the number of parts into which the whole is divided; dirλáotos, duplus, how many times a given number contains another in itself; thus Plato says (Charm. p. 168 c): ov yap éσтí пov äλλov diλáσiovμiocos, but (Cratyl. 408 c): διπλοῦς ὁ λόγος ἀληθής τε καὶ ψευδής. 257 Numeral adverbs are such as (a) Sixa, "in two ways," Tρixa, "in three ways,' answering to the adjectives in -πλoûs, and answering to the adjectives in -Tλáσios, probably formed from those in -λoûs (above, 107). We have also more general adverbs of the same kind; as ισάκις, πολλάκις, πλεονάκις, &c.; the interrogative ποσάκις, and the correlatives τοσάκις, ὁποσάκις. 258 Numeral substantives, besides μupiás, which has been already mentioned, are such as μovás, "unity," dvás, duality," τριάς, τετράς, πεμπάς (later πεντάς, or even πεμπτάς), ἑξάς, ἑπτάς, ὀκτάς, ἐννεάς, δεκάς, δωδεκάς, &c. ; εἰκάς, τριακάς, τεσσερακοντάς, &c. ; ἑκατοντάς, χιλιάς. § VI. Adverbs. 259 When some case of a declinable word-whether substantive, adjective, or pronoun-has fixed itself absolutely for the expression of certain secondary predications (see Syntax, 435), it is called an Adverb. The prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, which are generally regarded as distinct parts of speech, are, in regard to their origin and primitive use, neither more nor less than adverbs. Their right to a separate place in the grammar of an inflected language depends upon their syntactical functions only. The preposition is an adverb of place, specially defined by the apposition of the case of a noun; the conjunction is an adverb of manner, specially defined as the relative or antecedent in some connected sentences; the interjection is the vocative case of a noun, or some single sound, used as an exclamatory adverb. 260 We may treat of adverbs, as they are generally understood, with reference either to their meaning or to their form. a. With regard to their meaning, adverbs are divided into (a) Adverbs of quality or manner; as kaupiws, "opportunely;" πρεπόντως, “ becomingly;” βαρβαρικώς, " barbarously;” ταυρηδόν, "like a bull;" avapavdóv, "openly;" ovoμaorí, "by name, naming ly," nominatim; èžaípvns, “suddenly;" ỏdağ, “bitingly ;" λíav, "excessively;" πроîxa, "gratuitously," &c. (B) Adverbs of place; as očko@ev, "from home;" 'OXvμπiale, "to Olympia;" IIvooî, "at Delphi ;" éréρwσe, "in a different direction;" evdoɩ, "within," &c. (7) Adverbs of time; as πpív, "before;" Tóre, "then;" víka, "when;" μos, "while;" réws, "so long as ;" TóтE; "when?" &c. 261 6. With reference to their form (a), sometimes the adverb corresponds exactly to some existing case of the noun; as Dat. Koμion, "with abundance," i. e. "very much;" so also dnμooía, "publicly;" idia, "privately;" Kow, "in common;" μοσίᾳ, πεζῇ, σπουδῇ, Tε, "on foot;" σπovồn, “zealously;" pt, "in the spring;" ipi, "violently;" enт, "willingly," &c. Acc. apyn or τǹv ȧpxýv, “at the beginning," i. e. “at all,” "wholly," "entirely;" so also anμnv, "at the point," 66 “ hardly ;” δωρεάν or προίκα, “gratis or in vain;” μακράν, "far;" πépav, "on the other side;" and especially neuter πέραν, adjectives; as xaλóv, "beautifully;" Bpaxéa, "briefly;" ȧvriπaλov, “correspondingly" (Thucyd. 1. 3, § 4, vI. 23, § 1), &c. And sometimes to a noun with its preposition; as πараxрñμа, "along with the business," i. e. "on the spot,' "directly." KAÐάTEρ = KAð å πep, "according to which things in particular," i. e. "like." προύργου = πρὸ ἔργου, “ for the business," ἐκποδών = ἐκ ποδῶν, " out of the way.” advantageously." ἐξαπίνης οἱ ἐξαίφνης = ἐξ ἀπινῆς (later αἰπεινῆς), ex præcipiti, " on or a sudden." ἐνσχερώ and ἐπισχερώ = ἐν σχερῷ, ἐπὶ σχερῷ, “ in order.” The irregular forms výkтwp and eurodov are contractions for νυκτὸς ὥρα and τὸ ἐν ποσὶν ὅν (cf. τὰ ἐν ποσὶ εἱλεύμενα. Herod. II. 76). 1 We should expect νύχθωρ, but it might be connected with ώρα, like φρυκτωρός. Rosen (Rig-Veda, Annot. p. v.) has compared the termination with the Vaidik vas-tar mane. But the 7 belongs to the crude form of vÚKT-s, and if the generally-received etymology, which is given in the text, is to be rejected, we must conclude that vÚKTWP is a corruption of vúkтws, formed from the genitive (ablative) like the other adverbs in -es. |