3 As a termination of the second declension, a is always short, except in the plural of contracted neuters; e. g. ὀστᾶ instead of ὀστέα, χρυσᾶ instead of χρύσεα.

4 a is also short in the termination of the third declension, with the following exceptions: (a) the word kάpā (a head)—(b) the accus. sing. in -ea of words in -eus; e.g. iepéā (from iepeús): also the accus. sing. when formed by contraction from -ea, which always happens with words in -ŋs, having a vowel preceding their termination; e.g. vya instead of vyéa (from vyns)-(c) the neut. plur. of words in -as, gen. -aos, and of some in -os with an e preceding, for these are formed by contraction from -aa and -ea; e. g. κέρα instead of κέραα (from κέρας), κλέα instead of κλέεᾶ (from κλέος). The Epic writers, however, in the first of these frequently, and in the latter usually, make the a short-(d) the dat. sing. of neuters in -as, gen. -aos ; e.g. γήρα instead of γήραϊ (from γήρας).

5 of adverbs with a long in the final syllable, we have all those taken from datives of the first declension, as dnpooía, idia, together with λάθρα, πέρα, and the Doric κρυφᾷ, παντᾷ, which are frequently, though as it seems erroneously, written without the subscript. In all other adverbs, as well as in numerals and prepositions, the termination a is always short.

6 Also as a verbal termination, a is long only when formed by contraction; e. g. γέλα instead of γέλας, γελᾷ instead of γελάει. In all other cases it is invariably short.

II. Termination -āv.

1 In the first declension, the termination -av of accusatives sing. is long in those words which have a long in their nom., consequently in all ending with -a, which are given in 162, a, and in those in -as; e. g. χώραν, λείαν, φιλίαν, also νεανίαν (from νεανίας) Πυθαγόραν, &c. But if the nominative ends in a short, as is the case with the words of this termination given in 162, b, then the accus. also has av short; e. g. ảλýθειαν, &c. The Doric termination -âv of genitives plur. is long; e. g. Νυμφᾶν instead of Νυμφών.

2 As a nominative termination of the third declension, -av is long only in masculines; e. g. matāv, and in the single neut. πâv.

3 Adverbs ending in -av have a short, with the exception of ǎyāv, λίαν, πέραν.

4 -av, as a verbal termination also, is always short, except in the infin. of verbs in -áw, where a is formed by contraction from -ae and is

usually written with the subscript; e. g. yeλav, or yeλav. This termi

nation remains long even when it is lengthened in Epic into -aav; e.g. αντιᾶᾶν, οι ἀντιαν.

III. Termination -ap.

The final -ap, which occurs only in the third declension, is short, except in monosyllables, as yap. In oréap (tallow) and spéāp (a well), the lengthening of a is peculiar to the Attic writers; the Epic poets, on the contrary, make it short.

IV. Termination -as.

1 As a nominative termination of the first declension, -as is invariably long, e. g. raμíās, IIvṭayópās. In the accus. plural of the first declension -as is always long, except in the Doric poets, who have avrás, &c. (Theocr. III. 2).

2 In the third declension, a is long in (a) words in -as, gen. -aVTOS; e. g. yiyās, iμás, and all participles of this termination (b) the two adjectives μέλας and τάλας(c) compound adjectives in -κρᾶς, gen. -κρᾶτος; e.g. xaλkóκpās, and the like, against the express testimony of Arcadius, p. 21, 5; p. 22, 18; Anecd. Bekk. p. 1226.

Obs. Accusatives plural of the third declension have the a always short; e. g. Owpakăs, Makedóvãs, &c. Only in -eas of subst. in -eus it is long; e.g. lepéas (from lepeús), innéas (from iTTEús), because the -a of the accus. sing. is long also (above, 39).

3-as is always short in the final syllable of verbal inflexions, except where it is lengthened by contraction; e. g. ἐγέλας for ἐγέλες.

B. Long à of penultimate syllables in declension and conjugation.

1 In the first declension, Doric and poetic genitives in -ão and -āwv have a long; e. g. Ατρείδαο, παρειάων, θεάων, &c. Also fem. participles in -āσa from masc. in -as; e. g. yedάoãoa.

2 Before the case-ending of the third declension, a is long

(a) in the oblique cases of subst. in -av, gen. -āvos; e. g. παιάν, παιâνos, ̓Ακαρνάν, -ᾶνος, &c.

(b) in the oblique cases of many words in -ag, namely, (a) monosyllabic masc., and the fem. ῥάξ ; e. g. Θράξ, or Θραξ, Θρᾷκός, βλάξ, βλακός, páž, pāyós—(B) dissyllabic masc. in -ag, if the preceding syllable is by nature long, and all polysyllables with this ending; e. g. Oupaέ, -ākos, ot̃aέ, -άκος, σύρφαξ, -άκος, ὀρθίαξ, άκος, ἱέραξ, άκος-(γ) all masc. words of reproach and diminutives which take a vowel before -aέ; e. g. véag,

-ākos (a youth), pλvaέ, -ākos (a prattler)—(8) the following single words: πάσσαξ, στόμφαξ, φέναξ, φόρταξ, all having -akos in the genitive.

Obs. I Of words in -ag, all feminines (except þág) and the dissyllabic masc. whose penultima is not long by nature, keep a short before the case-ending; e. g. ǹ σráž, στἄγος, ἡ αὖλαξ, αὐλάκος, ὁ φύλαξ, ἄκος.

Obs. 2 Yet these rules do not hold free from all exception, as some dissyllabic masc. in -a, whose penultima is not long by nature but by position, also retain the long vowel in the oblique cases. Such are κόνδαξ, κόρδαξ, πόρπαξ, all forming -άκος in the gen.

(c) of words in -as, the oblique cases retain the long vowel in o KPÁΣ, gen. κpāтós (a head), and o λâs, gen. Aãos or λāós (a stone); also in compound adjectives in -κρας, gen. -κράτος, as χαλκόκρας, gen. χαλκόκρᾶτος.

(d) Those in -as, gen. -avros, have a long in the dat. plural only; e. g. ἱμᾶσι (from ἱμάς), γράψασι (from γράψας).

3 In the inflexions of verbs, the a of the penultima is invariably long in -ão, which is used for the 3 pers. plur. perf. act., and in verbs in - for the 3 pers. plur. pres.; e. g. eiλýpāσɩ, didóāσi, žāσi. In all other verbal terminations it is short; e.y. - μεν, άμην, -ἄτε, -ἄσαν, -άτο, &c.

4 In the last syllable of the root, a is long before the verbal termination

(a) in the aor. 1 act. and med. of verbs in -aívw; e. g. πιαίνω), γράνα (from ὑγραίνω).

ἐπίνα (from

(b) in the perf. 2, where the a is retained unchanged; e. g. aya (from άγνυμι), ξάδα (from ανδάνω), κέκραγα (from κράζω).

Obs. An exception to this rule is found in the Epic forms of the perf. 2 of vowelverbs, which have the a always short; e. y. βέβαα, γέγαα, μέμα.

(c) of words in -ávw, only ixávw (I come), has always a long a in the penultima; Kiɣávw (I find) and 40ávw (I anticipate) have the a long in the Epic writers, but are used short by the Attics. All others with this termination have the a short.

(d) In verbs in -aw, a is long when the preceding syllable is long, and short when it is short ; e. g. πεινάω, διψάω, ὁράω, γελάω, χαλάω. Also it is long in the two Attic forms kaw (I burn) and law (I weep) instead of kaiw and kλaíw. Respecting the quantity of a, when it remains unchanged in the future and derivative tenses of verbs in -aw, see below, 333, (1), (a).

C. Long à in the middle syllables of derivative words.

1 In derivative words a is usually long, when followed by a vowel; namely,

(a) in adjectives derived from verbs in -aw; e. g. in all in -āŋs, as δυσᾶης, ἀχρᾶής, &c.

(b) in substantives in -āων, gen. -aovos or -aωνος; e.g. ὀπάων, Ποσειδιών, σε

2 Before consonants in derivative words, a is long

(a) in substantives and adjectives terminating in -αμα, τασις, -ατης, -ατήριος, -ατικός, -ατος, -ασιμος, and derived from verbs in aw, which have a long in the derivative tenses; e.g. θέαμα, θεατής, θεατός, ὁρᾶτός, ἴασις, θηράσιμος, θηρᾶτικός.

Obs. On the contrary, derivatives of this kind retain the short a when they come from verbs in -άζω, - άσσω, and -αμαι, and from such in -aw as have the a short in derivative tenses ; e. g. ἐργατής (from ἐργάζομαι), πλάσις (from πλάσσω), δυνατός (from δύναμαι), ἐλατήρ (from ἐλάω, future ἐλάσω).

(b) in proper names in -aτης, which are either derived from substantives in a, or formed independently, as Σπαρτιάτης, Τεγεάτης, Εὐφράτης, &c.

Obs. Except, as short, the compounds of this kind, formed from verbal roots, as Σωκράτης, and all terminating in -βάτης and -φάτης, as also the following words: Γαλάτης, Δαλμάτης, Σαρμάτης, &c.

(c) in proper names in -avós, which are accented on the final syllable; e. g. ̓Ασιανός, Γερμανός, &c.

Obs. On the contrary, proparoxytones of this termination have the short a, as Σίκανος, Δάρδανος, &c.

(d) in compounds ending in -άνωρ, -άνορια, and -κρᾶνος, and in those beginning with καρά-, κερά-, and κρεᾶ-, (from κάρα, κέρας, and κρέας); e. g. Βιάνωρ, τρίκρανος, καραδοκεῖν, καρατόμος, κρεᾶνόμος.

(e) in compounds derived from the verbal roots ay- and ad- (ayw, I lead, ἄγνυμι, I break, ανδάνω, I please); e. g. λοχαγός, κυνηγέτης, ναυαγεῖν, ναυαγία, αυθάδης, οπαδός, and others of this kind.

(f) As special examples of derivative words, with long a in middle syllables, the following also must be observed: ἄκρᾶτος, ἀνιαρός, διάκονος, νεανίας (with the words belonging to these last two), σιαγών, σίναπι, τιάρα, φάλαρος, φλύαρος, and its derivatives.

Also the proper names: "Αμασις, "Ανάπος, ̓́Αρᾶτος, Θεανώ, Ιάσων, Μιθριδάτης, Πρίαπος, Στύμφαλος, Συράκουσαι and Συρακόσιος, Φάρσαλος.

D. Long à in the first syllable of Greek words.

In the first syllable of primitive words, a is to be considered long in the following cases:

(1) dissyllabic substantives in -aos, as dāós, vāós, πpâos, and all their derivatives, as Μενέλαος, Λαομέδων, λαοσσόος, &c.

Obs. In Tăús (a peacock) the a of the penultima is always short.

(2) dissyllabic words in -āvós, whose final syllable is accented; e. g. δανός, πανός, τρανός, φανός, and their derivatives.

Obs. The same rule respecting quantity is also given for dissyllabic oxytones in -aλós; although of this termination, besides daλós (a firebrand), which has the a long. we find only xaλós (beautiful), in which the Epic writers almost invariably make the a long, but the Attics short.

(3) The following are to be observed as special examples of a long in the initial syllable:

ảyý, “a shore,” to be distinguished from ǎyn, “surprise,” aŋp, and all its derivatives beginning with αερ-, αετός and its compounds, ἀέναος, ἀίδιος, αιθαλής, αϊκή, and aif, together with all its compounds in -af; ἀμητήρ, ἄμητος, ἀρητήρ, άτη, with ἀτήριος and ἀτηρός, ἀθάνατος, ακάματος, δαγύς; δραπέτης, καβαξ, κάραβος and καρίς, λαρινός (fat), λαρινός (a fish), λαρός (sweet), payos, besides all its derivatives and compounds, as, e. g. evπpāyía, and generally also pâpos, with its compounds.

Obs. 1 It is self-evident that a, when used in Doric for n, is long; e.g. dâuos and its compounds, as 'Apxidãuos, &c. Similar forms, however, have passed also into the Attic and common language, and are therefore always long; e.g. 'Atáva for *Αθηνᾶ, ῥᾴδιος (Ion. ῥηΐδιος), σφραγίς (Ion. σφρηγίς), τραχύς (Ion. τρηχύς), φράτρα (Ion. φρήτρη), and others.

Obs. 2

That a is long in forms where it arises by contraction, or has subscript, is already known from the general rules (see above, 39); e.g. in 'A0ŋvâ for 'A0ŋvda, άκων for ἀέκων, δᾄδοῦχος, &c.

(2) Long i in Greek words.

A. Long in the final syllable.

I. Termination -7, when not followed by consonants.

(1) In declension, the termination is long only in the Ionic form of the dat. sing. of subst. in -is, where is contracted from u; e.g. ȧkoíti instead of ἀκοίται,

(2) is also long when appended to demonstrative pronouns and some adverbs, to strengthen their signification; e. g. ovrooi, vuvi, &c. (below, 239, note).

เ

Obs. In those adverbs also, which are formed, by means of the termination -, from other words, is to be regarded as originally and properly long. Only those in -aori and -uri are decidedly short. The shortening of the final in the others is to be regarded as a poetical license; thus Sophocles has both doтakri and doTakri in the same play (Ed. C. 1646. 1251).