(Β) Anomalous Use of particular Tenses.

(1) Anomalous use of the Future.

342 The following are examples of the passive use of the so-called future middle:

ἄρξομαι, “ shall be ruled."
ἁλώσομαι, “ shall be taken.”

ἀνιάσομαι, “ shall be grieved."

δηλώσομαι, “ shall be shown.”

ἐάσομαι, “ shall be suffered."

καλοῦμαι for καλέσομαι, “ shall be called.”

(also κεκλήσομαι, but κληθήσομαι is of rare occurrence in Attic Greek).

343 Sometimes the paulo-post future is used without any distinction of meaning for the passive future; thus we have βεβλή σομαι, κεκλήσομαι, μεμνήσομαι, in the same sense as βληθήσομαι, κληθήσομαι, μνησθήσομαι.

344 Some active verbs always employ the middle form of the future in an active signification. The following is a list of these verbs:

γελάω, “ laugh,” generally γελάσομαι, but also γελάσω.

γηράσκω, “ grow old,” γηράσομαι.

γιγνώσκω, “ come to know,” γνώσομαι.

γρύζω, “ grunt,” γρύξομαι, but also γρύξω.

δαρθάνω, “ slumber,” δαρθήσομαι.

διδράσκω, “ run away,” δράσομαι.

ἐσθίω, “ eat,” ἔδομαι and φάγομαι (Hellenistic: see

Lobeck ad Phryn. p. 327).

θαυμάζω, “ wonder,” άσομαι.

θέω, “ run,” θεύσομαι.

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τρέχω, “ run,” θρέξομαι and δραμοῦμαι.

τρώγω, “ nibble,” τρώξομαι.

φεύγω, “ Hee,” φεύξομαι and -ξοῦμαι.

φθάνω, “ am first,” φθήσομαι.

χαίνω or χάσκω, “ yawn,” χανοῦμαι.

χωρέω, “ 80, χωρήσομαι: but the active form also

occurs in the compounds, as in προσχωρήσω. Thucyd. II. 80.

345 The following employ both forms :

ἁρπάζω, “ seize,” -άσομαι and -άσω.

διώκω, “ pursue," ώξομαι and -ώξω.

ἐπαινέω, “ praise,” έσομαι, but also -έσω : likewise παραινέσω.

Soph. Cd. Col. 1181.

ζάω, “ live,” ζήσομαι and ζήσω.

θιγγάνω, “ touch," θίξομαι and θίξω.

κολάζω, " chastise,” κολάσομαι, κολῶμαι, and κολάσω, κολώ. κωκύω, “ utter wailings,” -ύσομαι and -ύσω.

λάσκω, “ sound,” λακήσομαι and -ήσω.

ναυστολέω, “ navigate,” -ήσομαι and -ήσω.

πνέω, breathe or blow,” πνεύσω and πνεύσομαι, σοῦμαι.

ποθέω, “ long for," έσομαι and -έσω.

τίκτω, “ bring forth," τέξομαι and τέξω.
φροντίζω, “ cogitate,” -ίσομαι and -ίσω.

(2) Anomalous uses of the Aorist and Perfect.

346 The 2 aorist middle occasionally occurs in a passive sense; for example, in some compounds of σχέσθαι, as κατασχέσθαι, ovoxóμevos. But it may be laid down that the 1 aorist middle is always confined to its proper middle or deponent signification. Thus, though πράξεσθαι might be passive, πράξασθαι must be middle.

347 There is a by no means inconsiderable number of active verbs which use their second perfect in a passive signification, and, perhaps on this account, the old grammars have erroneously classed this form of the perfect with the middle voice, supposing, for example, that Térola means "I have persuaded myself." Such are

Obs. There is no direct evidence to show whether this anomaly springs from the absorption of a passive ectasis, or from the cause suggested above, in the case of corηKа (316). Such phrases as exei kadŵs, when the Romans said bene se habet, may indicate the possibility of a change of usage without a change of form, and the peculiar case of yкw, "I am come," used as the perfect of epxoμai, but obviously derived, like ἵκω (comp. ἡμέρα, ἱμέρα), from ἧκα the aor., or more probably from εἶκα, the perfect of inu, "I send," and subsequently furnished with passive inflexions in ἱκνέομαι, ἱκόμην, &c., shows that there was a good deal of caprice in these changes of application. In fact, as the perfect indicates the state consequent upon an action, its passive application in certain verbs springs rather from a habit of mind common to all nations than from any peculiarity in the Greek language. In almost all the cases, in which we find this transition in Greek, we find something similar in English. Compare, for example, the double use of laivo with the English, the clouds drive; and кw from in, with the intransitive, I have shot across the river; TÉTevya, "I am here at this moment" (Herod. III. 14), with such phrases as, I have just made the mouth of the river; and the intransitive exo with our auxiliary, I have gone, walked, &c. Conversely, but for the same reason, some neuter verbs become active: thus, ávépxoua, lit. "I go up," means "I recount" (Eurip. Heracl. 200; Pind. Ol. VIII. 54).

348 The same phenomenon is observable in the second aorist as well as in the perfect and pluperfect of certain verbs. Thus ornμ, "I set up, or cause to stand," dúw, "I put on," púw, "I produce," make ἔστην, ἕστηκα, εἱστήκειν, “I stand or stood;” ἔδυν, δέδυκα, "I have gone or am gone into;" еpʊv, πépüка, "I am born or am by nature." Also from oßévvvμu, "I extinguish," σxéλw, "I dry," we have the intransitive second aorists eoßny, "I was extinguished," σkλŋy, "I was dried up." The verbs ȧpapioko and opvuμ, besides the intransitive perfects mentioned above, have the intransitive aorists ἤραρον, ὤρορον, and we have also ἐρείπω, "I dash down," йρiπоν, "I fell." The intransitive Baivo, "I go," has the transitive 1 aor. eßnoa, "I caused to go," and the intransitive 2 aor. eßny, "I went." But this and other Greek verbs have duplicate forms for the transitive and intransitive meanings of the present; thus we have Baivw, "I go," but ßißálw, "I cause to go;" dúvw, "I go in," but duw, "I cause to go in;” èxπíçw, I hope," but λπ, "I cause to hope;" μelów, "I get drunk," but μεúσк, "I intoxicate;" πivw, "I drink," but ππíσкw, “I give to drink;" now, "I am full," but wiμmλnue, "I fill;" &c. πλήθω,

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349 It is hardly correct to speak of such usages as oida, "I know," from Fid, "to see;" dédoрка, "I see," from déρxw, "I try

κέκτημαι,

to get sight of;" кéктημаι, "I possess," from Twμai, "I acquire," &c. &c. as anomalies; for they spring from the primary signification of the perfect tense, as denoting the state consequent on an act; and in this way μéμvnpai, "I remember," i. e. "I have been reminded," is strictly analogous to the Latin memini. But there is a singular anomaly in the 1 aor. pass. èμvýoony, which is used, like the 1 aor. mid. éμvnoáμnv, in the sense "I mentioned," as Thucyd. I. 10: ἄλλων μεγέθους πέρι ἐν νεῶν καταλόγῳ οὐκ ἐμvnoon, he has not made mention of the others in regard to their size in the catalogue of the ships;" cf. Hom.Il. 11.491: ei μn Moûσai μνησαίαθ ̓ ὅσοι ὑπὸ Ἴλιον ἦλθον, " unless the Muses (goddesses of memory) were to remind me how many came to the siege of Troy;" Dem. de Coron. 270, 7: àторŵ тоû πрÓтоν μvŋoðŵ, “I am at a loss which to mention first;" Hypereides, Orat. Funebr. col. 4, 1. 26: νῦν δὲ πόθεν ἄρξωμαι λέγειν ἢ τίνος πρώτου μνησθῶ; “but now whence shall I begin to speak, or of what shall I first make mention ?” Mid. col. 5, 1. 14: ἀλλὰ περὶ τῆς παιδείας αὐτῶν ἐπιμνησθῶ; "shall I mention besides their education?" Pind. Ol. VII. 60: μνασθέντι δὲ Ζεὺς ἁμ πάλιν μέλλεν θέμεν, “Jupiter was proceeding to cast lots again for him, when he mentioned it." This anomaly can only be explained from the opposition between the perfect as indicating a state, and the aorist as predicating a single act, which is discussed in the Syntax. And this case is not at any rate more remarkable than the usage of páceobai as passive, but of πρáğaσbaι as active (see on Pind. Pyth. IV. 243). In Thucyd. ν. 41, § 2: οὐκ ἐώντων Λακεδαιμονίων μεμνῆσθαι περὶ αὐτῆς, it almost seems as if the perfect was used as the passive of the aorist, for the meaning must be, "the Lacedæmonians not allowing mention to be made of it." We may perhaps compare with éμvýἐμνήon the isolated use of yvócopat, "I will celebrate," in Pind. ΟΙ. ΧΙΙΙ. 3 : γνώσομαι τὴν ὀλβίαν Κόρινθον.

350 Deponent middle verbs sometimes use a perfect of the passive form, with both an active and passive signification; the following are examples: elpyaoμai, "I have done" and "I have been done," from epyáčoμai, "I do;" the pass. tense is particularly emphatic in the phrase ὡς ἐπ ̓ ἐξειργασμένοις, “ when things are throughly done and cannot be undone;" кeктημévos means both "possessing" and "possest," and even катакéxρηтai, which governs the dative, is used in a passive sense. Isocr. Panegyr. 74. So