§ IV. (B) Classification of Derivatives.

(a) Derived Substantives.

361 Substantives are derived (1) from verbs, (2) from adjectives, (3) from other substantives.

(1) Substantives derived from Verbs.

(a) Substantives denoting the agent or person who carries out the action of the verb.

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a

(aa) The most common termination is -7ns (gen. -Tov), fem. -τρις (gen. -τριδος), -τρος (gen. -τρου), -τωρ (gen. -τορος) οι -τρια (gen. -τριας) or -τις (gen. -τιδος); less common is -τηρ (gen. -τηρος), fem. -Teipa (gen. -Teipas). These nouns are formed in the same way as the verbals in -Tós and -Téos, and there is no doubt that the terminations are connected. Thus we have αὐλήτης, “a fute player” (from αὐλεῖν), fem. αὐλητρίς and αὐλήτρια; κελευστής, commander" (from keλevw); μaðnτýs, “a disciple" (from μa-vθάνειν), fem. μαθητρίς; ὀρχήστης and poet. ὀρχηστήρ, " a dancer (from ὀρχεῖσθαι), fem. ὀρχήστρια; δράστης οι δρηστήρ, “a labourer (from δρᾶν), fem. δρῆστις; προδότης, “ a traitor” (from προδιδόναι), fem. προδότις; ἰατρός, “ a healer” (from ἰᾶσθαι); σωτήρ, “ a saviour” (from σαοῦν, σώζειν), fem. σώτειρα; εὐναστήρ, εὐνητήρ οι εὐνατήρ, “ a husband” (from εὐνᾶν, εὐνά-ζειν), fem. εὐνάστειρα, εὐνάτειρα, εὐνήτειρα, εὐνήτρια; ῥήτωρ, “ an orator" (from the root of εἴ-ρη-κα); and secondary derivatives like ἀπάτωρ, ἀμήτωρ from πατήρ, μήτηρ. Words formed with the ending -της have sometimes, but rarely, a passive sense; thus yevérns means "a son" (Soph. Ed. T. 470); aríτns, "dishonoured" (Esch. Agam. 72); Kiσσodéтηs, "bound with ivy" (Pind. Fr. 45, 9). κισσοδέτης,

evvýtpia;

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Obs. With regard to the accentuation of these derivatives, it is to be observed (a) that the nouns in -rns are paroxytone when they are proper names, when they are dissyllable, or when, being polysyllable, they have a short penultima ; thus we find Ορέστης, ψεύστης, δεσπότης. But if the penultima is long, the word is oxytone; thus we find wointýs, δικαστής. Exceptions : κριτής (but in compounds with any other word than a preposition it draws back its accent, as in ὀνειροκρίτης), εὑρετής, Suvάorns; and in Attic Greek derivatives from liquid verbs, as vaλrýs, TOIKIλTÝS, &c. (b) The nouns in -Tηp and -7pɩs are oxytones. (c) Those τρια and -Teipa are proparoxytones.

in

(bb) The terminations -ns (gen. -ov) from verbs in -éw, -as (gen. -ov) from verbs in -áw, and -os (gen. -ov) from consonantal

verbs, are less common and are generally confined to compounds; such are σιτοπώλης, “a corn-factor" (from πωλεῖν); ὀρνιθοθήρας, "a fowler" (from Onpâv); σтρaτnyós, "a general" (from ayew); but we have simple nouns, such as тpopós, "a nurturer" (from τρέφω); ταγός, “ a marshaller (from τάσσω); πομπός, “a conductor” (from πέμπειν); ἀοιδός, “ a singer” (from ἀείδειν).

Obs. Nouns in -ns and -as are paroxytone, but verbal derivatives in -os are oxytone, perhaps to indicate the loss of a consonant affix; this distinguishes them from words like ζωγράφος and λιθοβόλος, which, a we shall see, are not derived from γράφω and βάλλω, but from γραφή and βολή.

(cc) It is difficult to decide whether the nouns of agency in -cús are derivatives from verbs, or from other nouns; according to their meaning they are verbal derivatives; thus iπe's, though it is anterior to ἱππεύω and ἱππεία, cannot come immediately from Tos, but must involve some derivative verb, now lost; similarly σκαφεύς, " a digger” (from σκάπτειν); κναφεύς, “α fuller” (from κνάπτειν); γραφεύς and γραμματεύς, “ a writer;" πоμжεÚя, "an attendant" (cf. Toμπós1), &c., bear verbal significations quite as immediate as the corresponding verbals in -ŋ or -eía (below, (hh)). See however (3), (d), (aa).

(b) Substantives denoting the action or result of the action.

(aa) Nouns in -σis (-ĝis, -pis) and -σía (all fem.) denote generally the action itself, as incomplete or in progress; thus we have πράξις, “the doing” (from πράσσειν); αὔξησις, “the increasing" (from avžávew); Ovoía, "the sacrifice" (from Oveu); αὐξάνειν); Sokiμaσía, "the scrutiny" (from Soxiμáče). But some of these denote the result of the action, as dóous, which means both “ gift" and "a giving" (cf. the English "dose").

(bb) Nouns in -σa (fem.) have the same meaning as those in -σις. Compare δόξα with δόκησις, both from δοκεῖν.

(cc) Nouns in -Tɩs and -Tus (all fem.) correspond in meaning and in origin with those in -ous and -Tns, only they are rarer and more poetical; of these we have páris, "a speaking" (from þávai); μῆτις, “a thinking" (from μαίεσθαι); πύστις, “ an inquiring" (from πυνθάνεσθαι); ἐδητύς, “ an eating” (from ἐσθίειν); ἐπητύς,

Πομπεύς, in the sense one who goes in a procession," is found only in d. VI. 58.

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“ a friendly speaking” (from εἰπεῖν, cf. ἐπητής); ὀρχηστές, σε dancing” (from ὀρχεῖσθαι, cf. ὀρχηστής).

a

(dd) Nouns in -μos (all masc.) generally and properly express the action itself, but, like some of those in -ois, denote also the result of the action; thus we have Siwy-μós, both "a pursuit or pursuing" and "a being pursued" (from dikeiv); Oeσ-μós, “a laying down" or "the law as laid down" (from Ti0évai); σeio-μós, "a shaking" or specifically "an earthquake" (from σeiew); σñao-μós, σείειν); σπασμός, "a drawing" or "cramp" (from σπâν); σтal-μós, “a standing" or σταθμός, "station" (from iσтávαi); πорl-uós, "a passing" or "place for passing," "a ferry" (from Telρew). By the side of these we seem to have nouns of agency in -μýv or -μáv, as тoι-μýv, “a shepherd;" πυθμήν, “ a depth;” ἡγεμών, " a leader;" κηδεμών, “ one who cares for;" SaiTv-μáv, "a feaster;" yvó-pwv, "an indicator;" beδαιτυμών, γνώ-μων, sides many adjectives, simple and compound (below, 362, (2), (c)).

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(ee) Nouns in μa-т=μevт (all neuter) denote sometimes the result of an action, sometimes the product of the act, and sometimes the object which causes the verbal state; and they seem to be formed from the nouns of agency in -μεν (-μην) οι -μον (-μων) which have just been mentioned: thus we have Tрâуμа, "a deed” "result of action" (from Tрáσσewv), compare ȧ-πрάɣ-μwν, πολυπράγμων, &c.; ποίημα, “ a poem” or “product of com“a position" (from πоιîv); μvñμа, "a memorial" or "that which causes ποιεῖν); μνῆμα, remembrance” (from μιμνήσκειν), compare μνήμων; κώλυμα, “ a hindrance" or "what hinders" (from κwλúew); vónμa, “that which is perceived” (from νοεῖν), compare νοήμων.

or

(ff) Nouns in -un (all fem.) correspond in meaning rather to the neuters in -μar than to the masculines in -pos; thus we have yрaμμń, "a line drawn" (from yрápew), cf. vpáμμa, "a thing written;" déoμn, "a bundle" (from deîv), cf. deoμós, “a binding, a band, bond or fetter;" Tuń, "honour, price" (from tíew); þýμn, "a report" (from pávai); μvýμn, "record," "memory μνήμη, μιμνήσκειν), cf. μνῆμα, " a memorial.”

memory" (from

Obs. It will be observed that the accentuation of these derivatives is not consistent, and the attempts to explain the inconsistency are not in accordance with the facts, or with a correct view of etymological analysis. One of these explanations is that nouns derived from the perf. pass., 2 perf., and 2 aor. act. are oxytone; but this does not apply to μvýμn, or explain πυγμή, δεσμή, σπιθαμή, &c. Another explanation is that the

accent remains on the root syllable when it is strengthened by some special ectasis; but this again does not apply to riun. It seems to us that the variations spring from an original but no longer obvious difference of form. Thus τιμή is formed from τι-μα-έα, involving the affix μα = ματ ; whereas μνήμη, γράμμη, &c. are merely parallel to the forms in -μar-, with which they are nearly synonymous, and do not presume their intervention.

(99) Nouns in -os = 0т- (gen. -eos, -ous), which are necessarily neuter, stand on precisely the same footing as the nouns in -μar, with which, as we have seen (above, 182), they ultimately agree in flexion. They denote the result or product of the action; thus we have xndos, "sorrow" κήδος, (from κndew); yévos, "birth" (from yiyνεσθαι); φάος, φώς, “light” (from φαίνειν); τεῖχος, “a wall” (from τεύχειν, cf. τεῦχος, τοῖχος); ψεῦδος, “a lie” (from ψεύδε σθαι).

(hh) Nouns in -os (masc.) and -n or -a (fem.) express the action of the verb, and sometimes the result also; as Xoyos, "a speaking or discourse" (from Xéyew); ypapń, “a writing or painting," both as the act and as the result or production (from ypáφειν); φυγή, “ a feeing or exile” (from φεύγειν); μονή, “ a remaining," also "an abode" (from μéveiv); σπóρos and σжоpά, "a sowing" and "the seed" (from σπeiρew); popá, “carrying,' "bringing," "motion," but pópos, "the thing brought" (from pépew). The ending -a is confined to nouns of this class derived φέρειν). from verbs in -evew, as Baoiλeía, "a reigning" (from Baσiλeveiv) ; μαντεία, “ a prophesying” (from μαντεύεσθαι).

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Obs. The rule for the accentuation of these nouns is generally suggested by the fact that involves a special affix with a consonantal initial, so that η= ιᾶ= γασα; thus while we have σπόροs we have σπορ-ά = σπορ-γάσα, while we have εύχος (gen. -ous) we have εὐχή = εὐχ yára. But there are many words in -7 in which this affix must have represented ι = σᾶ; compare δόξα, μοῦσα with δίκ-η, νίκ-η, κόμη, τύχη, βλάβη.

(2) Substantives derived from Adjectives.

Abstract nouns corresponding to our words in -ness, -dom,. -hood, &c., are formed in -ia (-eia, -oia), -тns (gen. -τηTOS), -σvvn, -as (gen. -ados)-all feminines-and -os (gen. -ovs), necessarily neuter-from the corresponding adjectives; thus we have σopía, "wisdom" (from σopós); anbela, “truthfulness" (from aλnens);

a, "kindness" (from evvovs); Вpadurns, " slowness" (from

βραδύς); μικρότης, “littleness” (from μικρός); δικαιοσύνη, “ righteousness" (from Sixalos); σwppooúvn, "sound-mindedness" (from σώφρων); μόνας, “ oneness, unity, an unit” (from μόνος); τάχος, 'temporary swiftness," and TaxʊTýs, "habitual swiftness" (from ταχύς).

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Obs. 1 Nouns in -Tηs, -TηTOs are generally paroxytone; the following are oxytone: ποτής, δηϊοτής, βραδυτής, ταχυτής, ἀνδροτής ; but τραXurns and κovporns are so accentuated only in the Attic dialect.

Obs. 2 Nouns in -σvvy are generally derived from adj. in -wv, and Sikaloσúvn is the only word in common use formed from an adj. in -os. Some few of these are formed from substantives; such are deσoovn from δεσπότης, θεμιστοσύνη from θέμις, κλεπτοσύνη from κλέπτης, μαν τοσύνη from μάντις, παλαισμοσύνη from πάλαισμα, τεχνοσύνη from τέχνη.

(3) Substantives derived from other Substantives.

or

(α) From nouns of agency in της and -τηρ (-τρος), -εύς, we have other substantives in -τηριον, -τρον, -τρειον, τρᾶ, signifying the place, means, or instrument of action; thus from Tórηs we have ποτήριον, " a cup;” from ἐργάστης οι ἐργάστηρ we have ἐργαστήριον, a workshop;" from akéστns, "a mender," we have ȧkéσTρa, "a darning-needle;" from larpós, "a surgeon or phyἀκέστρα, sician," we have laтpeîov, "a surgery." So also we have тpopelov, "the pay for nurture," from Tpopeús; λoyeîov, "the speakingplace" (the stage), from Xoye's; Kovρeîov, "a barber's shop," from κουρεῖον, κουρεύς.

(b) From nouns of action in -σus, -os, -n, and the like, we have formations in -tov, -elov of the same meaning as the last named; thus from γύμνασις, “exercise, we have γυμνάσιον, we have γυμνάσιον, " a school for exercise;" from Xóryos, "speaking," we have Xoytov, "an oracle;" from φθόρος or φθορά we have φθόριον, “ a means of destruction," &c. In the case of compounds this formation is very common; thus we have συμπόσιον, κυνηγέσιον, ναυάγιον, κατηγόριον, ἀρχαιρέσιον, λειποτάξιον, &c.

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(c) Feminine designations are derived from the masculine nouns, as mentioned above (151, cf. 361, (a), (aa)).

(d) Personal designations signifying locality (gentile names) or parentage (patronymics) are thus derived from their primitive

nouns:

(aa) Gentile names are formed in -eús, fem. -is (gen. -idos), -ιτης, fem. -ίτις (gen. -ίτιδος), -άτης, fem. -âτις (gen. -άτιδος), -ήτης,