§ IV. (B) Classification of Derivatives.

(a) Derived Substantives.

361 Substantives are derived (1) from verbs, (2) from adjectives, (3) from other substantives.

(1) Substantives derived from Verbs.

(a) Substantives denoting the agent or person who carries out the action of the verb.

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(aa) The most common termination is -7ns (gen. -Tov), fem. -τρις (gen. -τριδος), -τρος (gen. -τρου), -τωρ (gen. -τορος) οι -τρια (gen. -τριας) or -τις (gen. -τιδος); less common is -τηρ (gen. -τηρος), fem. -Teipa (gen. -Teipas). These nouns are formed in the same way as the verbals in -rós and -Téos, and there is no doubt that the terminations are connected. Thus we have αὐλήτης, “a fute player” (from αὐλεῖν), fem. αὐλητρίς and αὐλήτρια; κελευστής, “α commander" (from Keλevw); μants, "a disciple" (from pa-vκελεύω); μαθητής, θάνειν), fem. μαθητρίς; ὀρχήστης and poet. ὀρχηστήρ, " a dancer" (from ὀρχεῖσθαι), fem. ὀρχήστρια; δράστης οι δρηστήρ, “a labourer (from δρᾶν), fem. δρῆστις; προδότης, “ a traitor” (from προδιδόναι), fem. προδότες; ἰατρός, “ a healer” (from ἰᾶσθαι); σωτήρ, “ a saviour” (from σαοῦν, σώζειν), fem. σώτειρα; εὐναστήρ, εὐνητήρ οι εὐνατήρ, “ a husband” (from εὐνᾶν, εὐνά-ζειν), fem. εὐνάστειρα, εὐνάτειρα, εὐνήτειρα, εὐνήτρια; ῥήτωρ, “ an orator” (from the root of εἴ-ρη-κα); and secondary derivatives like ἀπάτωρ, ἀμήτωρ from πατήρ, μήτηρ. Words formed with the ending -της have sometimes, but rarely, a passive sense; thus yevéтns means "a son" (Soph. Ed. T. 470); ȧtítns, “dishonoured" (Esch. Agam. 72); Kiσσodéτηs, “bound with ivy" (Pind. Fr. 45, 9).

Obs. With regard to the accentuation of these derivatives, it is to be observed (a) that the nouns in -Tns are paroxytone when they are proper names, when they are dissyllable, or when, being polysyllable, they have a short penultima; thus we find Ορέστης, ψεύστης, δεσπότης. But if the penultima is long, the word is oxytone; thus we find wointys, δικαστής. Exceptions : κριτής (but in compounds with any other word than a preposition it draws back its accent, as in ὀνειροκρίτης), εὑρετής, δυνάστης; and in Attic Greek derivatives from liquid verbs, as ψαλτής, TOLKIλTÝS, &c. (b) The nouns in -Tηp and -Tpis are oxytones. (c) Those in τρια and -TEɩpa are proparoxytones.

(bb) The terminations -ns (gen. -ov) from verbs in -éw, -as (gen. -ov) from verbs in -áw, and -os (gen. -ov) from consonantal

verbs, are less common and are generally confined to compounds; such are σιτοπώλης, “a corn-factor” (from πωλεῖν); ὀρνιθοθήρας, "a fowler" (from Onpâv); σтparnyós, "a general" (from ayev); but we have simple nouns, such as тpopós, "a nurturer" (from τρέφω); ταγός, “a marshaller (from τάσσω); πομπός, “ a conductor" (from Téμπew); ȧodós, "a singer" (from deídew). πέμπειν); ἀοιδός,

Obs. Nouns in -ns and -as are paroxytone, but verbal derivatives in -os are oxytone, perhaps to indicate the loss of a consonant affix; this distinguishes them from words like ζωγράφος and λιθοβόλος, which, as we shall see, are not derived from γράφω and βάλλω, but from γραφή and βολή.

(cc) It is difficult to decide whether the nouns of agency in -cús are derivatives from verbs, or from other nouns; according to their meaning they are verbal derivatives; thus iππe's, though it is anterior to ἱππεύω and ἱππεία, cannot come immediately from Tos, but must involve some derivative verb, now lost; similarly σκαφεύς, " a digger” (from σκάπτειν); κναφεύς, “α fuller” (from κνάπτειν); γραφεύς and γραμματεύς, " a writer;" πоμжЄÚя, "an attendant" (cf. Tоμπós1), &c., bear verbal significations quite as immediate as the corresponding verbals in -ŋ or -eía (below, (hh)). See however (3), (d), (aa).

(b) Substantives denoting the action or result of the action.

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(aa) Nouns in -σis (-is, -is) and -oía (all fem.) denote generally the action itself, as incomplete or in progress; thus we have πράξις, “the doing” (from πράσσειν); αὔξησις, “the increasing" (from avgáveiv); Ovoía, "the sacrifice" (from Ovew); Sokiμaoía, "the scrutiny" (from Sokiμáčew). But some of these denote the result of the action, as dóous, which means both "a gift" and "a giving" (cf. the English “dose”).

αὐξάνειν);

(bb) Nouns in -oa (fem.) have the same meaning as those in -σις. Compare δόξα with δόκησις, both from δοκεῖν.

(cc) Nouns in -Ts and -TUS (all fem.) correspond in meaning and in origin with those in -σs and -Tŋs, only they are rarer and more poetical; of these we have páris, "a speaking" (from pávai); μῆτις, “a thinking" (from μαίεσθαι); πύστις, “an inquiring" (from πυνθάνεσθαι); ἐδητύς, “ an eating” (from ἐσθίειν); ἐπητύς,

Πομπεύς, in the sense "" one who goes in a procession," is found only in 1. VI. 58.

" a friendly speaking” (from εἰπεῖν, cf. ἐπητής); ὀρχηστός, “α dancing” (from ὀρχεῖσθαι, cf. ὀρχηστής).

(dd) Nouns in -pos (all masc.) generally and properly express the action itself, but, like some of those in -os, denote also the result of the action; thus we have Stay-uós, both "a pursuit or purdɩwy-μós, suing" and "a being pursued" (from diкev); Oeo-μós, "a laying down" or "the law as laid down" (from Ti0évai); σeio-μós, “a shaking" or specifically "an earthquake” (from σeiewv); oñao-μós, "a drawing" or "cramp" (from σжâν); σтаl-μós, “"a standing" or σταθμός, "station" (from ioтávai); Tор0-μós, "a passing" or "place for πορθ-μός, passing," "a ferry" (from Telpew). By the side of these we seem to have nouns of agency in -μýv or -μáv, as πoi-μýv, “a shepherd;" πυθμήν, “ a depth;" ήγεμών, " a leader;” κηδεμών, “ one who cares for;" SaiTv-μov, "a feaster;" yvá-μwv, "an indicator;" besides many adjectives, simple and compound (below, 362, (2), (c)).

δαιτυμών,

(ee) Nouns in μa-т= μevт (all neuter) denote sometimes the result of an action, sometimes the product of the act, and sometimes the object which causes the verbal state; and they seem to be formed from the nouns of agency in -μεν (-μην) or -μον (-μων) which have just been mentioned: thus we have πрâyμa, “a deed” or "result of action" (from Tрáoσew), compare ȧ-πрáy-μwv, πολυ-πράγμων, &c.; ποίημα, “ a poem” or “product of composition" (from Tоιîν); μvñμа, "a memorial" or "that which causes ποιεῖν) μνῆμα, remembrance” (from μιμνήσκειν), compare μνήμων; κώλυμα, α hindrance" or "what hinders" (from xwλúei); vónμa, "that which is perceived" (from voeîv), compare vonμwv.

δέσμη,

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(ff) Nouns in -un (all fem.) correspond in meaning rather to the neuters in -μar than to the masculines in -μos; thus we have γραμμή, “ a line drawn” (from γράφειν), cf. γράμμα, " a thing written;" Séoun, "a bundle" (from deîv), cf. Seouós, “a binding, a band, bond or fetter;" Tuń, "honour, price" (from тíeɩ); þýμn, "a report" (from þávai); μvýμn, "record," "memory" (from μιμνήσκειν), cf. μνῆμα, “ a memorial.”

Obs. It will be observed that the accentuation of these derivatives is not consistent, and the attempts to explain the inconsistency are not in accordance with the facts, or with a correct view of etymological analysis. One of these explanations is that nouns derived from the perf. pass., 2 perf., and 2 aor. act. are oxytone; but this does not apply to μvýμn, or explain πυγμή, δεσμή, σπιθαμή, &c. Another explanation is that the

accent remains on the root syllable when it is strengthened by some special ectasis; but this again does not apply to riun. It seems to us that the variations spring from an original but no longer obvious difference of form. Thus Tun is formed from Ti-pa-éa, involving the affix μα = ματ ; whereas μνήμη, γράμμη, &c. are merely parallel to the forms in -par-, with which they are nearly synonymous, and do not presume their intervention.

(gg) Nouns in -os = 0т- (gen. -€os, -ous), which are necessarily neuter, stand on precisely the same footing as the nouns in -μat, with which, as we have seen (above, 182), they ultimately agree in flexion. They denote the result or product of the action; thus we have dos, "sorrow" (from κndew); yévos, "birth" (from yiyκήδειν); νεσθαι); φάος, φώς, “light” (from φαίνειν); τεῖχος, “a_wall” (from τεύχειν, cf. τεῦχος, τοῖχος); ψεῦδος, “a lie” (from ψεύδε σθαι).

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(hh) Nouns in -os (masc.) and -n or -a (fem.) express the action of the verb, and sometimes the result also; as λóyos, “a speaking or discourse" (from Aéyew); ypapń, " a writing or paintλέγειν); γραφή, ing," both as the act and as the result or production (from ypáφειν); φυγή, “ a feeing or exile” (from φεύγειν); μονή, “a remaining,” also an abode” (from μένειν); σπόρος and σπορά, "a sowing" and "the seed" (from σπeíρew); popá, (from σπείρειν); φορά, “ carrying,” "bringing," "motion," but pópos, "the thing brought" (from pépeiv). The ending -ta is confined to nouns of this class derived φέρειν). from verbs in -eveiv, as Baoiλeía, “a reigning" (from Baoiλeveiv) ; μαντεία, “ a prophesying” (from μαντεύεσθαι).

Obs. The rule for the accentuation of these nouns is generally suggested by the fact that 7 involves a special affix with a consonantal initial, so that n=iā=yăσă; thus while we have σrópos we have σπορ-ά = σπορ-γάσα, while we have εύχο-ς (gen. -ους) we have εὐχή = εύχο yára. But there are many words in -7 in which this affix must have represented a = σᾶ; compare δόξα, μοῦσα with δίκ-η, νίκ-η, κόμη, τύχη, βλάβη.

(2) Substantives derived from Adjectives.

Abstract nouns corresponding to our words in -ness, -dom, -hood, &c., are formed in -a (-ela, -oia), -тns (gen. -TηTOS), -σvvn, -as (gen. -ados)-all feminines-and -os (gen. -ovs), necessarily neuter-from the corresponding adjectives; thus we have copía, "wisdom" (from σopós); àλýleta, “truthfulness" (from aλnons); ια, kindness (from εὔνους); βραδυτής, (from evvovs); Bpadurns, "slowness" (from

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βραδύς); μικρότης, “littleness” (from μικρός); δικαιοσύνη, “ righteousness" (from Sixalos); owppoσúvn, "sound-mindedness" (from σώφρων); μόνας, “ oneness, unity, an unit” (from μόνος); τάχος, temporary swiftness," and Taxurns, "habitual swiftness (from ταχύς).

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Obs. 1 Nouns in -Tηs, -TηTOs are generally paroxytone; the following are oxytone: ποτής, δηϊοτής, βραδυτής, ταχυτής, ἀνδροτής; but τραXurns and Kovporns are so accentuated only in the Attic dialect.

Obs. 2 Nouns in -σvvy are generally derived from adj. in -wv, and Sikaloovvn is the only word in common use formed from an adj. in -os. Some few of these are formed from substantives; such are deσπoσúv from δεσπότης, θεμιστοσύνη from θέμις, κλεπτοσύνη from κλέπτης, μαν τοσύνη from μάντις, παλαισμοσύνη from πάλαισμα, τεχνοσύνη from τέχνη.

(3) Substantives derived from other Substantives.

or

(α) From nouns of agency in της and -τηρ (-τρος), -εύς, we have other substantives in -τηριον, -τρον, -τρειον, τρᾶ, signifying the place, means, or instrument of action; thus from Tórns we have ποτήριον, “a cup;” from ἐργάστης οι ἐργάστηρ we have ἐργαστήριον, pyaoτnpiov, " a workshop;" from aréoτns, "a mender," we have ȧkéσтρа, "a darning-needle;" from larpós, "a surgeon or phyἀκέστρα, sician," we have laтpeîov, "a surgery." So also we have тpopeîov, "the pay for nurture," from Tpope's; Xoyeîov, "the speakingτροφεύς; place" (the stage), from Xoyeús; Kovρeîov, "a barber's shop," from κουρεύς.

(b) From nouns of action in -ois, -os, -n, and the like, we have formations in -cov, -elov of the same meaning as the last named; thus from γύμνασις, “exercise,” we have γυμνάσιον, “a school for exercise;" from Xóryos, "speaking," we have λóryov, “an oracle; from φθόρος oι φθορά we have φθόριον, “ a means of destruction,” &c. In the case of compounds this formation is very common; thus we have συμπόσιον, κυνηγέσιον, ναυάγιον, κατηγόριον, ἀρχαιρέσιον, λειποτάξιον, &c.

(c) Feminine designations are derived from the masculine nouns, as mentioned above (151, cf. 361, (a), (aa)).

(d) Personal designations signifying locality (gentile names) or parentage (patronymics) are thus derived from their primitive

nouns:

(aa) Gentile names are formed in -eus, fem. -ís (gen. -ídos), -ιτης, fem. -ίτις (gen. -ίτιδος), -άτης, fem. -âτις (gen. -άτιδος), -ήτης,