σαν.

ἡ μήτηρ ἡ Εὐβουλίδου καὶ ὁ Πολέμων ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ̔Αγνίου ἀδελφοὶ ἦσαν. Thucyd. iv. 46: αὐτοὺς ἐς τὴν νῆσον τὴν Πτυχίαν διεκόμι The proper name and its apposition are sometimes combined under the influence of one article; as τὸ Αἰγάλεων ὄρος, τὸ Σούνιον акpov; but if they are of different genders, a complete and distinct apposition is necessary, whether the proper name precedes, as in Thucyd. III. 116: ẻπì tŷ Aïtvy tô ope; or follows, as in Thucyd. III. 85 : ἐς τὸ ὄρος τὴν Ἰστώνην.

(c) If the subject is of itself sufficiently definite, the article may be omitted; e. g. in such words as οὐρανός, γῆ, θάλασσα, ἥλιος, σελήνη, ἄνεμος, ᾅδης, βασιλεύς (of the king of Persia), θεοί, Tóλs, apoi, and names of relationship, though this is more common in poetry than in prose; thus we have

μέγας δὲ βασιλεὺς οὐχὶ διὰ τοῦτον κομᾷ;

(Arist. Plut. 170),

"and does not Great-king pride himself, owing to this God?" for here a particular "great king," i.e. the Shah of Persia, is referred to: so that μéyas Baoiλeús is almost equivalent to a proper name. Compare the compound Μεγαλόπολις for ἡ μεγάλη πόλις. There are, however, instances of the use of Baoiλeùs & μéyas with the article, when the king of Persia is intended (see Herod. 1. 188).

(d) The article is necessarily omitted, if the subject, though certain, is indefinite; as

Iππos eтeke Mayov, "a certain mare (equa nescio quæ) brought ἵππος ἔτεκε λαγών, forth a hare;"

yvvý τis oρviv eixe, "a woman, i.e. some one in particular (mulier quædam), had a hen."

(e) The article is also omitted, if it is implied that the subject and predicate are so intimately connected that either may be predicated of the other; as

οὐκ ἄρα σωφροσύνη ἂν εἴη αἰδώς (Plato, Charm. 161 Α), i.e. " σωφροσύνη and αιδώς would not appear to be identical.”

(8) The Article appears with the Predicate.

(a) In the case just mentioned, when the subject and predicate are convertible, they may both have the article, if they are expressed by infinitives or other words which do not become nouns

without such a prefx; thus we have ἆρ ̓ οὐ τὸ μανθάνειν ἐστὶ τὸ σοφώτερον γίγνεσθαι περὶ ὃ μανθάνεις; (Plato, Theatet. 145 E), i.e. "does not learning amount to becoming wiser about the object of learning?-are not these convertible terms?"

(b) Both subject and predicate have the article when they appear with a verb of calling or naming; as οἱ ἱπποβόται ἐκαλέοντο οἱ παχέες τῶν Χαλκιδέων (Herod. v. 77), “ the equestrian order of the Chalcidians were called the men of substance." And so also in the oblique construction; as τοὺς ἠλιθίους λέγεις τοὺς σώφρονας; (Plato, Gorg. 491 E), " do you call fools temperate ?—do you designate the foolish and the temperate by one name?" Similarly ἀνακαλοῦντες τὸν εὐεργέτην τὸν ἄνδρα τὸν ἀγαθόν (Xen. Cyrop. III. 3, § 4), "giving the name of good man to their benefactor." Cf. Plat. Lach. 195 D; Gorg. 491 c; Resp. 531 в; Xen. Anab. VI. 4, § 7.

(c) The predicate has the article when it appears as an apposition; as ἱκανὸν ἐγὼ παρέχομαι τὸν μάρτυρα, ὡς ἀληθῆ λέγω, τὴν Tevíav (Plat. Apol. p. 31 c), "my poverty, which I adduce as a witness that I speak the truth, is a sufficient witness." Similarly Tòv Boûv ễλaße тò viênτýρiov (Xen. Cyrop. VIII. 3, § 33), “he took the ox as his prize."

(d) The predicate may have the article in reference to a preceding mention of the same word; thus in Herod. 1. 68, where the reference is to the terms of the oracle in the preceding chapter, we have τοὺς ἀνέμους, τόν τε τύπον καὶ τὸν ἀντίτυπον and τὸ πῆμα Eπì πýμaτ, though the same words appear in the oracle as subjects and without the article.

395 Independently of the relation of subject to predicate, the article is prefixed in all cases analogous to the last mentioned, namely, when we are referring directly to some person or thing, which has been already mentioned; thus, ἐπιπίπτει χιών· κατακειμένων δὲ ἀλεεινὸν ἦν ἡ χιὼν ἐπιπεπτωκυία, “there was a fall of snow, but the snow after it had fallen was warm as they were lying down;" ʼn παιδιὰ χάριν ἀναπαύσεως ἐστιν· τὴν δ ̓ ἀνάπαυσιν ἀναγκαῖον ἡδεῖαν eivat, "amusement is for the sake of rest, but it is necessary that the rest should be pleasant."

396 For a similar reason the article is used when the person or thing designated, though not mentioned before in the passage,

is so well known that the mere mention of it appears as a repeated reference; thus Xen. Anab. 1. 2, § 10: Eevías rà Aúκaιa čovσe Kai ἀγῶνα ἔθηκε· τὰ δὲ ἆθλα ἦσαν στλεγγίδες χρυσαῖ· ἐθεώρει δὲ τὸν ȧyova Kai Kûpos, "Xenias performed the (well-known) sacrifice called Lycæa, and established a contest; but the prizes (because every contest involved prizes) were golden scrapers; and Cyrus also was a spectator of the contest (i.e. that which had been already mentioned).” Thucyd. II. 59: ἡ νόσος ἐπέκειτο ἅμα καὶ ὁ πόλεμος, "the (well-known) plague and the (Peloponnesian) war attacked them at the same time." Demosth. de Coron. § 30: Tò μépos tŵv †ýþwv où λaßwv, "not having obtained the (prescribed fifth) part of the votes.” Ibid. § 53: οἱ μὲν πρυτάνεις τὴν βουλὴν ἐκάλουν εἰς τὸ βουλευτήριον· ὑμεῖς δὲ εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ἐπορεύεσθε, “the regular) prytanes summoned the (ordinary) council into the (usual) senate-house, but you proceeded to the (fixed place of) assembly (i.e. the Pnyx).”

oi

Obs. The application of this rule is of very wide extent, and grammarians have endeavoured to reduce the examples, which are numberless, to different classes; for example, Middleton would refer the last example to the class of "monadic nouns, i. e. nouns indicating persons or things, which exist singly, or, of which if there be several, only one, from the nature of the case, can be the subject of discourse." But he admits that this use is very nearly allied to that of the two preceding examples, when the article refers to some object of which there are many, but no one of which is so familiar to the mind of the hearer as that which is indicated in the particular case. It appears to us unnecessary to discriminate the different examples of these usages, which may all be explained on the same principle as the article prefixed to the subject of a proposition, namely, that the definite article limits what might have been a general predicate to some particular object present or presumed to be present to the thoughts of the speaker and his hearers; so that vooos means "it, you know what I mean, the plague of Athens:" and so on. When this use of the article occurs in the subject of the proposition, it is of course difficult to say in some cases to which cause the limitation is attributable-the general logical difference between subject and predicate, or the specialty of the reference. But in such cases as vóσos émékeтo there can be no doubt as to the specialty; for otherwise the article would have been omitted according to 394, (d), and νόσος or νόσος τις ἐπέκειτο would have been written in the sense, disease or a certain illness made an inroad." In the class of words mentioned in 394, (a), (c), we may similarly prefix the article to terms otherwise approximating to proper names. Thus in Eurip. Orest. 412, Sovλevoμer Beois OTI TOT eiow oi Oeoi, the meaning is, "we serve gods, whatever those gods are," i. e. the gods whom we serve. And in Aristot. Eth. Nic. IV. 2, ἀγαπῶσι τὰ αὑτῶν ἔργα οἱ γονεῖς καὶ οἱ ποιηταί, the meaning

66

is, "those individuals who happen to be parents or poets love their own works;" for here the subjects of the proposition are quite equivalent to relative sentences or participles with the article prefixed, such as οἱ τεκνοποιοῦντες καὶ οἱ ποιητικῇ χρώμενοι τέχνῃ.

397 As a general rule, if a noun in the genitive is dependent on another noun, and if the main noun has the article, the genitive has it likewise, whether it is included between the former and its article, or placed by its side; thus we have, Plato, Polit. p. 281 a: A: τὸ τῆς τοῦ ξαίνοντος τέχνης ἔργον, " the work of the art of him who cards wool.” Theœtet. 178 D: ἡ τοῦ γεωργοῦ δόξα, ἀλλ ̓ οὐχὶ ἡ τοῦ KIOαρισтоÛ, Kνρía, "the opinion of the husbandman, and not that of the harp-player, is decisive." Thucyd. init.: Oovxvdídns §vvéypaye τὸν πόλεμον τῶν Πελοποννησίων καὶ ̓Αθηναίων, “ Thucydides wrote a history of the war between the Peloponnesians and Athenians." ΙΙΙ. 43 : φθονήσαντες τῆς οὐ βεβαίου δοκήσεως τῶν κερδῶν τὴν φανερὰν ὠφελίαν τῆς πόλεως ἀφαιρούμεθα, " feeling a grudge on account of the uncertain opinion of their being corrupted, we are deprived of the manifest advantage of the state."

The only exceptions to this rule, which is distinctly given by Apollonius (de Syntaxi, 1. 4, § 42, pp. 83, 84 Bekker), are (a) when one of the nouns is a proper name, or (b) such a word as Baoiλeús, meaning the king of Persia, (c) when the dependent noun is some word, which, in the particular instance, rejects the article, or (d) when the main word could not admit a definite prefix: thus we find such phrases as (a) o 'Apiσтáρxov vápiμos, "the acquaintance of Aristarchus;" (b) Ó Baoiλéws oikétηs, “the king's servant;” (c) ἡ ἄδικός τε καὶ ἄτεχνος συναγωγὴ ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναιKós, "the unjust and unscientific bringing together of a man and a woman;" (d) Toλλoì Tŵv σоpŵν, "many of the wise," for oi Toλoí, as we shall see, would have a different meaning.

398 The idiom of the Greek language requires the article with many words, which in English do not require or admit that prefix.

(a) The article is used with words accompanied by the indicative pronouns ὅδε, οὗτος and ἐκεῖνος, and it is even prefixed to correlative pronouns, such as τοιοῦτος and τοσοῦτος. Thus we have τήνδε τὴν πόλιν οι τὴν πόλιν τήνδε—οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ οι ὁ ἀνὴρ · οὗτος—κατ ̓ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον οι κατὰ τὸν χρόνον ἐκεῖνον—ὁ

τοιοῦτος ἀνήρ—τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτην—ἐκ τῶν τοιῶνδε ἀγώνων—ταῖς τηλικαῖσδε σμικρὸς ἐξαρκεῖ λόγος (Soph. d. Col. 1118) —τὴν ὀρθότητα τῶν τοιούτων ἡ ἰσότης ἂν ἐξεργάζοιτο τοῦ τε τοσούTOV Kal ToÛ TOLOÚTOV, i.e. of quantity and quality (Plato, Leges, II. p. 667 1)οἷον τὸ τοιόνδε λέγω (Id. Phed. 65 Α)—καταλύεται τῆς βουλῆς ἡ δύναμις ἐν ταῖς τοιαύταις δημοκρατίαις ἐν αἷς αὐτὸς συνιὼν ὁ δῆμος χρηματίζει περὶ πάντων (Aristot. Pol. vi. [iv.] 15, § 12).

Obs. 1 The general rule for the use of the article with the subject, as distinguished from the predicate, explains the absence of the article in those cases where the indicative pronoun does not appear in an adjectival relation to the noun, but the noun is either an apposition or a predicate. Thus we say, raútηv ëxeɩ téxvnv, not "he has this art," but "he has this as an art;" Tovтų Tapadeίyμari Xpovraι, not "they adduce this example," but "they adduce this as an example;" kívnois avτη μeyiotη dù èyéveto, "this was the greatest commotion that ever happened," not "this commotion was the greatest;" aurn or iкavỳ áπoλoyía, “let this be a sufficient defence," not "let this defence be sufficient." But conversely the substantive has the article if the indicative pronoun appears as a guide to the predicate, and not as a subject; thus we find (Plato, Resp. I. p. 338 Β): αὕτη ἡ Σωκράτους σοφία, αὐτὸν μὲν μὴ ἐθέλειν διδάσκειν, παρὰ δὲ τῶν ἄλλων περιϊόντα μανθάνειν, “ the well-known) cleverness of Socrates is this-not to be willing to teach of himself, but to go about and get instruction from others."

Obs. 2 The pronoun may stand between the article and its noun, if the former is followed by some definitive word or phrase; as Thucyd. VIII. 80 : αἱ τῶν Πελοποννησίων αὗται νῆες. Plat. Protag. p. 313 Β: τῷ ἀφικομένῳ τούτῳ ξένῳ. Xen. Anab. iv. 2, § 6 : ἡ στενὴ αὐτὴ ὁδός. Dem. Phil. I. § 21 : οὐ γὰρ ἀσφαλεῖς ταῖς πολιτείαις αἱ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους αὗται λίαν ὁμιλίαι.

(b) The article is used with the possessive pronoun, especially in Attic prose, whenever a definite person is intended; thus ó épòs viós means "my son," being some individual indicated by the context or otherwise; but eμòs viós is "a son of mine,” any individual of whom that relationship can be predicated. In the dramatists the article is often omitted, as in Soph. El. 597: ei kaì ons díxa γνώμης λέγω, which would certainly have been τῆς σῆς γνώμης in prose. The possessive generally stands between the article and noun, as above; but it may follow, as in Soph. El. 566: Taτýρ ποθ' οὑμός. 588: πατέρα τὸν ἀμόν. Plat. Soph. 225 D: κατὰ yváμnv týv čμýv, especially when there is an emphatic repetition, as in Soph. El. 625 : τἄμ' ἔπη καὶ τἄργα τἀμά.

Obs. 1 The possessives are sometimes used for the personal pronouns in the objective meaning of the genitive; thus we have dia Tv oǹv pc..