(7) In verbs in -úw, which have a collateral form in -vμu, v is short; e. g. δεικνύω and δείκνυμι, ὀρνύω and ὄρνυμι, &c.

(c) In verbs in -vu, v is long in the sing. of the pres. and imperf. act., and in all numbers of the aor. 2 act. It is also long in the opt., when this is formed by the mere annexation of -μι and -μην to the root, because v in that case stands for vi; e. g. èkdûμev, Hom. Il. xvi. 99; daíviro, Hom. Il. xxiv. 665. The imperat. aor. 2 also, formed with the termination -0, has v long; e.g. kλôi; but shortens it when there is a reduplication; e. g. kékλvői, kékλUTE. The length of u in the participial termination -vs has been observed above, III. 1, d; and this is followed by the fem. in -voa, as appears also from the accent.

Obs. That the 3d pers. plur. pres. also, when -úaoi is contracted into -ûr, has v long, is self-evident, and indicated also by the accent.

3 In derivative words, v is long in the penultima, or in the middle syllables generally, in the following cases:

(a) In trisyllabic subst. in -vmy or -vva ; e.g. αἰσχύνη, ἄμυνα, εὐθύνη.

Obs. In κopúvn and Topúvŋ the v is made long only by the Attic writers, but mostly short by Epic poets; and in odun it is always short.

(b) In trisyllabic or polysyllabic words in -vvos, when a does not precede this termination ; e. g. βόθυνος, κίνδυνος, λάγυνος, εὔθυνος.

Obs. Except the compounds in -yuvos, formed from yuvý (a woman), which always have u short; e.g. ἀνδρόγυνος.

(c) In polysyllabic subst. in -vpa, v is long in proparoxytones, as ἄγκυρα, γέφυρα, ὄλυρα, and in κολλύρα; otherwise always short, as λύρα, θύρα, and the like.

(d) v is long in adjectives in -upos, when the preceding syllable is likewise long; and short, on the contrary, when the preceding syllable is short; e. g. ἰσχυρός, οἰζυρός; on the contrary, λαμυρος, ὀχυρός, and the like.

Obs. v in ȧλuvpós is used long by the Attic writers, but short by the Epic writers, according to Draco's rule, which, however, is uncertain, as we have åλμõpós in Eurip. Troad. 440.

(e) v is long in masc. of the first declension in -vrns, fem. -ūris, as πρεσβύτης, &c.

(f) In the termination -vros, v is long only in trisyllabic subst., whose first syllable is likewise long, as кwkuтós, and the like; and in compound adj. in -δακρυτος and -τρίτος (from δακρύω and τρύω), ἀδάκρυτος, ἄτρυτος, &c.

(g) v is long in adverbs in -υδον, as ὠρυδόν.

(h) Besides these, observe also the following special cases with long v in the middle syllables:

ἀμαρυγή, ἰυγή, ολολυγή, and ὀλολυγών, ὠρυγή, together with ἀμύμων, αυτή, and αϋτέω; also, εἰλυφάζω, ειλυός or ιλυός, γννη, ερύκω, κέλυφος, λάφυρον, λέπυρον, πάπυρος, πίτυρον, ψιμύθιον; lastly, all derivatives from μῦθος and θυμός, as πολύμυθος, ἄθυμος, and the like.

Το these may be added the proper names: "Αβυδος, Αἰσθήτης, "Αμφρύσος, Αρχύτας, Βηρυτός, Βιθυνός, Διόνυσος, Ενυώ, Ενυάλω, Καμβύσης, Κέρκυρα, Πάχυνος.

C. Long ϋ at the beginning of Greek words.

1 v is long in dissyllabic neuters in -υλον, as the accent also proves; e. g. φύλον, σκῦλον, &c. From this ξύλον forms an exception.

2 v is long in dissyllabic oxytones in -vλos, -vμos, and -vvos; as χυλός, θυμός, κρυμός, ξυνός, &c. Except πλυνός, which always has v short.

3 v is long in dissyllabic paroxytones in -υμη and -υνη, as λύμη, ζύμη, μύνη.

4 In neuters in -υμα, derived from verbs in -ύω, the quantity is regulated by the form of the root (see above, B, 2, b). In dissyllables of this kind, the quantity is indicated by the accent, as in κύμα, but we have πλύμα. The polysyllables are mostly long, as ἄρτυμα, ἔλυμα, εἴλυμα, ἵδρυμα.

5 In dissyllabic neuters in -os, the quantity of v is likewise learned in most cases from the accent; most of them are long, as ψύχος, κῦδος, σκῦτος ; but some short, as στυγος, τρύφος.

6 The quantity of v in verbs in -vw has been treated of above (Β, 2, b), and in verbs in -ύνω and -ύρω (Β, 2, a). It only remains, therefore, that we consider the case where v appears in the root-syllable of mute and contracted verbs, and to this the following rules apply:

(a) In mute verbs from a monosyllabic root, v is always long; e.g. ψύχω, βρύχω, τύφω, &c. Γλύφω alone has v short.

(b) In contracted verbs v is long when the verb is formed from a long primitive, as κυρόω (from κῦρος), λυπέω (from λύπη), θυμόομαι (from θυμός), &c. On the contrary, v is short in those in -έω, which exist only as a collateral form to a liquid verb, as κυρέω το κύρω.

Obs. It is self-evident that those formed from short roots retain the short vowel, as, e.g. στυγέω (from στύγος).

7 Of special words with long u in the root-syllable, the following deserve notice:

प

γυρός, θύλακος, κυφός, λύπη, μυελός, μυκάομαι, μύραινα, μυών, πυγή, πύελος, πυετία, πῦος, πυραμίς, πυρός, σύκον, σύριγξ, σφύρα, τρυγών, τυρός, βός, ύλη, φυλή, φυσάω, χρυσός, ψυχή, to which may be added μυελός, veλos, for Homer at least uses these words as dactyls, though other poets leave the first syllable short.

We have also the proper names: Λυδός, Μυσός, Μυρώ, Στρυμών, Τυδεύς, Τυρώ.

Obs. Monosyllables, as μûs, σûs, or us, and rûp, have the long vowel in the monosyllabic forms, consequently in the nom. and acc., but shorten it in the dissyllabic cases, and in compounds derived from them ; e.g. μυός, μυοκτόνος, συβώτης, πυράγρα, &c.

Final remark.—In assigning general rules, as well as in the enumeration of special words, we have above adduced only the fundamental forms, and have passed over their derivatives, in order that further space might not be unnecessarily devoted to this subject. It may be sufficient, therefore, to remark here, that the quantity of the primitive is in general transferred to its derivative; as, e. g. xpuσós, and therefore Xpuσeos; λέλυμαι, and therefore also λυτός, ἄλυτος, λύσις; but λυσιμελής, according to the analogy of λύσω.

B. Accents.

40 The accent is the sharp or elevated sound with which some one of the last three syllables of a Greek word is regularly pronounced, and is called accordingly the "acute accent,” accentus acutus, οξεία προσῳδία, ὀξὺς τόνος. It is indicated by a line sloping to the right over the vowel, or second vowel of the diphthong, by which the accentuated syllable is articulated.

41 Every other syllable is supposed to have the "grave accent" (Bapeîa πрoodia), which, when expressed, is marked by a line sloping to the left.

42 The acute accent may stand on the ultima, penultima, or antepenultima of a word.

43 Words are called oxytone when the acute is on the ultima, as κρiτns; paroxytone, when on the penultima, as λóyos; and proparoxytone, when on the antepenultima, as TUTTóμevos.

44 Paroxytone and proparoxytone words are called barytones.

45 When an oxytone word occurs in the middle of a sentence, its last syllable becomes barytone, and the accent is sloped to the left; thus we write: εἰ μὴ μητρυιὴ περικαλλὴς Ἠερίβοια. These words are said to be "inclined" (èykλivóμeva, Anecd. Bekk. 1142), and must be carefully distinguished from the enclitics (éɣkλitiká), of which we shall speak directly.

46 The only other case, in which the grave accent is expressed, is when it is combined with the acute in a contracted syllable, made up of two vowel-syllables, the former of which has the acute accent. Thus, if φιλέω is contracted into φιλώ, οι φιλέουσα into piλovσa, the grave of the second, as well as the acute of the first vowel, is expressed in the circumflex which is placed over the contracted syllable1. This combined accent is written or ~; and when the original form was paroxytone, the resulting word is called perispomenon (TEρioπάμevov); when proparoxytone, the new word is called properispomenon (προπερισπώμενον).

47 In proparoxytona, and therefore in properispomena, the last syllable is always short: and if the last syllable is short, and the penultima, being long by nature, is also accentuated, the word must be properispomenon. Thus we have μâλλov, owμa, &c., and though rule 46 does not apply, we have ἑστῶτος from ἑσταότος, and Νηρήδες from Νηρηίδες. But in a crasis like τἄλλα for τὰ ἄλλα οι χὤτε for καὶ ὅτε, the paroxytone word is not altered, unless a diphthong results, as in τούργον for τὸ ἔργον.

48 In reference to accentuation, a and or are considered short, except in cases where etymology teaches that there was an

1 The only exception to this in the contraction of a final syllable is the accentuation of ἀδελφιδοῦς, θυγατριδούς, of which the uncontracted forms, according to all the grammarians (Theodos. p. 30, 12; Joann. Alex. p. 6, 21; Arcad. p. 175, 9), were written ἀδελφιδεός, θυγατριδεός, &c.

2 On this subject, however, there is great difference of opinion. The rule given above is maintained by F. A. Wolf, Analect. Litter. II. p. 434, but is neglected by I. Bekker and E. C. Schneider, who have read more MSS. than any editors of Greek books, and who consistently write τοῦργον, τάλλα, τἄνδον, &c. It is also disputed by the latest grammarian, Rost. It seems to us that all three modes of accentuating the crases involve specific difficulties, that is, whether we write τἆλλα, τοῦργον; τἄλλα, τοῦργον; οι τἄλλα, τοῦργον; but that Wolf's compromise avoids the most glaring incongruities, namely, those of writing χάμα, χὦταν, τάρα on the one hand, or τουργον on the other.

original longer form, as in the infin. -évai for -éμeval, and the optat. -au for ele, and the locative -ot for -o0. Thus we distinguish between oikot, "houses," and oikot, "at home," though compounds of waxa throw back their accent, as πρóжaλai, &c. Aristoph. Eq. 1154. In the second and third declension -ws is regarded as short, or as forming a synizesis with the preceding e; thus we have Μενέλεως, πόλεως, &c.

49 When the last syllable is long by position only, and the penultima long by nature, it is held that the word may be properispomenon, although, under the same circumstances, it could not be proparoxylone; thus, we might write Anuovat, but not 'Imπíavaş.

50 The accentuation depends upon the etymology or form of the word. For example, the sharp sound produced by a consonantal affix is naturally marked by the acute accent. Thus, the accentuation discriminates the root in δίκ-η and ἠθική.

51 The following are the chief rules for practice in the accentuation of inflexions.

a. In Nouns, the accent of the oblique cases is always on the same syllable as in the nominative, unless some one of the general rules prohibits this. Thus we have σῶμα, σώματος, but σωμάτων; ἄνθρωπος, ἄνθρωποι, τράπεζα, τράπεζαι, ἐξουσία, ἐξου σίαι, but ἀνθρώπου, ἀνθρώπων, τραπέζης, τραπεζῶν, ἐξουσιῶν; χώρος, χώρου, χώροι, χώρων; ἐλπίς, ἐλπίδος, ἐλπίδες, ἐλπίδων; and so forth. But femin. adj. and participles retain the accent on the same syllable as in the masc.; thus we have ἄξιαι, ῥόδιαι (but Ροδίαι, “ Rhodian women”), παιδευόμεναι.

a. In the first declension the gen. plural is always perispomenon, because -v is here a contraction from -áv. The only exceptions to this rule are femin. adj. and participles like ağíwv, podíwv (but 'Podiov, "of the Rhodian women"), Taidevoμévwv, and the subst. χρήστων (from χρηστής, “ a lender”), ἀφύων (from ἀφύη, “ an anchovy"), to distinguish them from the genitives of xpnσtós, “good,” "useful," and apuns, "out of shape;" ernoiwv (from ernoía, the name of certain trade-winds), and xλovvwv (from xλoúvns, “a wildboar"). The vocative singular, which represents the crude-form, throws back its accent in Séorora, and circumflexes the penultima in words like Toλîтa. The nom. and voc. plural have the accent on the same syllable as the nom. sing., but when the penultima is