than opposition; thus Anab. IV. 6, § 14: ảτàρ Tí èyà πepì kλowîs ovμßánoμai, “but (to continue) what do I suggest respecting the theft ?"

(6) "ATE, "as," is used with the participle in causal sentences (below, 616, Obs. 3).

(7) Av, “again," "on the other hand,” also in the longer form αὖθις, and with emphatic repetitions combined with πάλιν, as in πάλιν αὖ, more rarely αὖ πάλιν, also αὖθις αὖ, αὖθις πάλιν, πάλιν αὖθις, αὖ πάλιν αὖθις, αὖθις αὖ πάλιν, like our “ again and again, "over again." Thus Plat. Protag. 355 B: avois av λéyete, “say it over again.'

(8) Avτíka, "immediately," "forthwith," is used sometimes, especially by Plato, in the sense "for example's sake," as Resp. p. 340 D: ἐπεὶ αὐτίκα ἰατρὸν καλεῖς σὺ τὸν ἐξαμαρτάνοντα περὶ TOÙS KÁμVOVTAS; "since, for example's sake, do you call him a physician who blunders about the sick?"

(9) Γάρ (from ye and ἄρα, or perhaps from the older forms γά and þá), “for,” “in point of fact," is regularly used in causal sentences (below, 618).

(10) Te, "yes," "certainly," "at least," is a particle of concession and affirmation. It is often compounded with ovv in the form yoûv, "at all events," and is used in combination with many other particles, as eye, “since," ye μnv, "certainly," &c. With the relative os it is used in causal sentences, like the Latin quippe qui (below, 619).

(11) Aé, "in the second place," "on the other hand," "too,' is regularly used in distributive sentences (below, 559 sqq.).

(12) Ań, "now," "up to now," is sometimes a particle of time, like non, and sometimes used to emphasize some other word, especially a superlative, as μéylotos dń, "by far the greatest." Kaì Sń means "just at the time specified;" as Soph. Aj. 48: xaì dù’πì δισσαῖς ἦν στρατηγίσιν πύλαις, “ he had just got to the gates of the two generals.' Hence it is used in suppositions (below, 621). We have also the combination Snov, "of course;" Snres, "some one or other," &c. And Sn is sometimes used in an ironical sense, like our old-fashioned "forsooth;" as Xen. Hell. v. 4, § 6: Tàs éTaipidas Sn, "the courtesans forsooth, as he called them." In this sense we have also δήθεν.

(13) Añτa, in the sense "by all means," is used with imperatives; in the sense "especially," "for that reason more than any other," with interrogatives; and in the sense "yes, certainly," in answers to questions.

(14) EiTα, ETTEIтa, "thereupon," "afterwards." The former Εἶτα, ἔπειτα, especially is used to strengthen a concessive sentence (below, 621). (15) ELTE-ELTE, "whether-or" (below, 552).

(16) Επεί, ἐπειδή, “since, "because," are both temporal and causal particles. In one passage (Plat. Protag. 333 c) èπel—ye seems to be concessive: αἰσχυνοίμην ἂν ἔγωγε τοῦτο ὁμολογεῖν, ἐπεὶ πολλοί γέ φασι τῶν ἀνθρώπων, “I, for my part, should be ashamed to admit this; though there are many who say so."

(17) "EσTE, Ews, “until," a particle of time (below, 582). (18) "H, "truly," "verily," as Esch. Frag. 276: Bapv ĥ φόρημ' ἄνθρωπος εὐτυχῶν ἄφρων, " verily a fool in prosperity is a heavy burden." This particle is often used in close combination with others. Thus we have unv with the infinitive after ouvvui, as Asch. Sept. c. Theb. 513: ὄμνυσιν, ἢ μὴν λαπάξειν ἄστυ. Also ή τοι in strong asseverations, as Ibid. 534: ἢ τὴν πανώλεις παγκάκως τ ̓ ὀλοίατο. Also ή γάρ, generally in questions which require and expect an affirmative answer, as Plat. Gorg. 469 B: ĥ yàp тOÛTO μéуoTov; "this is the greatest, is it not?" Also ή που, “I suppose ;” Ibid. 469 Β: ή που ὅ γε ἀποθνήσκων ἀδίκως ἐλεεινός ἐστιν; “I suppose of course that he who dies unjustly is pitiable." We have Toυ apa (in Thucyd. v. 100) in the sense "surely therefore;" and Tov dý (in Thucyd. 1. 142, § 1) or TOú ye dń (Id. vi. 37, § 3) signifies "not to say," "to say nothing of," "what is more," a fortiori. The same meaning may be expressed by ποῦ δή οι ποῦ γε δή without ἦ, when used interrogatively, as in Herod. II. 12, and we ought to read Toû dý in Thucyd. VIII. 27, § 3 (vide Pref. p. xx).

dý

(19) "H is both "either-or" (and that too either in the disjunctive sentence like vel, or the interrogative like an) and also the particle of comparison "than" (like the Latin quam). In the former use it is sometimes coupled with To, as in Thucyd. II. 40, § 2: αὐτοὶ ἤτοι κρίνομέν γε ἢ ἐνθυμούμεθα ὀρθῶς τὰ πράγματα. In the latter use it follows words of contrast, like ἀντίος, τούμπαλιν, Siapopos, as well as comparatives.

(20) "Hồn, "now," "already," a temporal particle.

(21) "Iva, "where," "in order that," a final particle.

(22) Kai, "both—and," a copulative conjunction; also used as a particle of emphasis, like our "even," "also," "especially," or when we lay a stress on the auxiliary verb. It is used as a particle of comparison in expressions of similarity and identity, as in Thucyd. II. 60, § 4: ὁ γνοὺς καὶ μὴ σαφῶς διδάξας ἐν ἴσῳ καὶ ei μǹ èveðvμýOŋ, "he who knows and does not give clear information, is in the same position as if he had not even conceived the thought." It may signify "therefore" in a regular syllogism, as in Thucyd. vI. 89, § 3, where it is followed by ȧπ' èκeívov (below, 604). With the participle, and generally strengthened by Tep, it is concessive; so also with Tot and Taûra. It may signify "so that," as in Plat. Symp. 220 D: ἤδη ἦν μεσημβρία καὶ ἄνθρωποι ᾐσθάνοντο. In a question kaì Tŵя; generally introduces an objection (see Porson, ad Phan. 1373). For kai dń, see under dŋ.

(23) Má, a particle of adjuration, when the oath is negative, though we sometimes find vaì pá- in an affirmative oath.

(24) Mév, "in the first place, on the one hand," a distributive particle, see 559 sqq. In the combinations μév тol, pèv dý, &c., and in the longer form μýv, it is emphatic and affirmative, and μèv ovv is corrective.

(25) Naí, "yes," is used in affirmations and affirmative answers, and vý appears in affirmative oaths.

(26) Nôv (vôv dý, vvví, &c.), “now," is a particle of time. In the enclitic form it is a particle of inference.

(27) "Oμws, "nevertheless," "likewise still," is used to strengthen the concessive sentence; and oμôôs, “equally," "in like manner,” is a synonym of ὁμοίως.

(28) "Ows, the correlative of Ts (above, 263), is used as follows, (a) as a particle of comparison, with ouτws or ade presumed as its antecedent, "how," "in what way," "in what manner," either with a sentence, Soph. Εl. 1288: ὧδ ̓, ὅπως καὶ σοὶ φίλον, καὶ τοὐμὸν ἔσται τῇδε, “I will act in such a manner as is pleasing also to you;" or with a single word, like os, Soph. Fr. 153: ove' oπws φυγάς, οὔθ ̓ ὡς ὁ Τυδεύς. In this use it is commonly found with superlatives, as oπws тáxiσтα, “as quickly as possible" (Esch. Prom. 228). (b) As the correlative of ws in the oblique interrogation, as in Id. Ibid. 374: οὐκ οἶδ' ὅπως ὑμῖν ἀπιστῆσαί με χρή,

(On the use of

"I do not know how I ought to disobey you." ou and un with this sense of oπws, see above, 532.) (c) As a final particle, Soph. Phil. 238: γέγωνε πᾶν μοι τοῦθ ̓, ὅπως εἰδῶ τις ei, "tell me aloud all this, in order that (to the end that) I may know who you are." For oux oπwя, "not only not," see below, 571. (d) As a particle of time, Arist. Nub. 61: μетà Taûl' oπws νῶν ἐγένεθ' υἱὸς ουτοσί, “ after these things, when this son was born to us."

(29) Ὅτε, ὅταν, ὁπότε, ὁπόταν, ὁπηνίκα, “when,” are the most common particles of time.

(30) "OT, "that," is used in objective senses, as an equivalent for the accusative with the infinitive. It is also a particle of explanation, signifying "because;" Plat. Resp. IV. 426 D: åpa tò ὅσιον, ὅτι ὅσιόν ἐστι, φιλεῖται ὑπὸ τῶν θεῶν, ἢ ὅτι φιλεῖται ὅσιόν OT; "is holiness loved by the gods because it is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the gods?" In Plato ovx or is concessive, and signifies "not but that," "although," as in the Gorgias, p. 450 Ε: οὐχ ὅτι τῷ ῥήματι οὕτως εἶπες, “ although you said so in words; " Protag. p. 336 D: ovx őтi παíšeɩ кaí þnow èπiλńoμwv eivai, "although he jokes and pretends to have a bad memory.'

(31) Ovv (Ionic ŵv), “accordingly," "in accordance with what has been said," is a particle of retrospective reference. It does not imply a logical inference, like åpa, but merely recals attention to something, which has been already said, in the way of confirmation or correction. Thus in Herodotus v is very often inserted in a tmesis, as in II. 39: οἱ δέ, φέροντες εἰς τὴν ἀγοράν, ἀπ ̓ ὧν ἔδοντο, "they taking it to the market, in accordance with that procedure (i.e. as a matter of course, for why else did they go to the market?) sell it." Similarly in such phrases as Herod. III. 80: kaì èλéxθησαν λόγοι ἄπιστοι μὲν ἐνίοισι τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἐλέχθησαν δ ̓ ὦν, "stories were told, incredible indeed to some of the Greeks, but still (as I say) they were told." Soph. Ed. C. 980: yáμovs olovs èpo τάχ ̓, οὐ γὰρ οὖν σιγήσομαι, “ nuptials such as I will describe at once, for indeed (as I say) I will not hold my peace." For its corrective use with μév, see below, 567. In composition with relatives and relative particles, ovv is equivalent almost to the Latin -cunque. Thus we have aλλos boтis ovv, "another, whoever he may be;" oπшs oʊʊ, “in any way whatever" (Plat. Symp. 219 D); dσovŵv, "in any quantity whatever" (Herod. II. 22); éπeì ovv, as ovv, “as ἐπεὶ

soon as ever" (Hom. 17. III. 4, 30), &c. For ovкoûv and oйKOVV, see above, 535.

(32) Iep, "quite so," "very much so," is an enclitic (from the preposition Teρí, as Kev is from Kaтá), generally appended to relatives and relative particles, as bσTeρ, "the very person who;" wσTEр, "just as;' or to kai, in concessive sentences with the participle, as kaiπep ảσlevŵv, “although he was sick," i.e. “being very much indisposed."

(33) IIv, "besides," "except," is not only a quasi-preposition (above, 488), but also a conjunction, as a substitute for dé in distributive sentences (562), and in its proper sense as introducing an exception, generally with ei or some other particle, more rarely with the finite verb (Soph. Trach. 41; Xen. Anab. 111. 31, § 26).

(34) IIpív, "before, until," a temporal particle (below, 583). (35) Te, "and," the enclitic form of the copulative conjunction (549 sqq.).

(36) Téws, Tμos, "so long," the correlative or antecedent of ews, uos in temporal sentences (579). Téws also means "for a time," "in the first instance," &c., when we have the opposition οι τέως μέν—ἀλλ ̓ ὅτε δή, τέως μέν—μετὰ δέ, τέως μέν—δέ, τέως μέν—ἐπεὶ δέ, τέως μέν—τέλος δέ.

(37) Tol, "assuredly," is often an enclitic affixed to other particles, as τo, &c.; but it is also prefixed in certain cases, as τοίνυν, “ therefore,” τοίγαρ, τοιγαροῦν, τοιγάρτοι, and the like, signifying an inference.

(38) 's means "as" in comparative sentences, "that" in objective sentences, "in order to" in final sentences, "for, on the ground that" in causal sentences. In the first sense it is strengthened by Tep, and woTep means "just as." In the old combination wore it is the regular concomitant of the illative clause, signifying "so as to," in which sense, however, it is sometimes superseded by the simple ws.

§ III. Copulative and Disjunctive Sentences.

549 Copulative and disjunctive sentences stand upon very nearly the same footing; for every copulative sentence is, to a certain extent, disjunctive, and vice versa. Indeed, in some cases, where we use a disjunctive formula, the Greeks employ the closest copulative connexion, Te—κaí.