full moon is called διχόμηνις, “ the divider of the month” (Pindar, Οl. III. 34, cf. Eurip. Ion, 1156 : μηνὸς διχήρης). As the lunar month consists of 29 days and about 13 hours, the 12 months were reckoned alternately at 30 and 29 days, the former being called full months (πληρεῖς) and the latter hollow (κοίλοι). And, as the 12 lunar months fell short of the solar year, the Greeks were obliged every other year to interpolate an intercalary month (μὴν ἐμβολιμαῖος), either full or hollow; and thus, while the ordinary year consisted of 354 days, every third year consisted of 384 or 383 days, the intercalary month being a second Poseideon inserted in the interval between autumn and winter. Every Athenian month was divided into three decades, according to the following table, which represents the successive days of the full month: In the hollow month the twenty-ninth day was ἔνη καὶ νέα, the twenty-eighth δευτέρα φθίνοντος, and so on; the twenty-first being there fore ἐνάτη φθίνοντος. The separate years were designated at Athens by the name of the chief Archon, hence called ἄρχων ἐπων κα pame-giving Archon ;” at Sparta by the first of the Ephors; at Argos by the priestess of Juno, &c. Timæus, the historian, introduced (about B.C. 130) the method of reckoning by Olympiads. The simplest rules for converting the year B.C. into Olympiads, and vice versa, are as follows: I. To find the year B.C., given the nth year of Ol. p, take the formula 781-(4p+ n). If the event happened in the second half of the Attic year, this must be farther reduced by 1; for the Attic year, as mentioned above, commenced with the summer solstice. Thus Socrates was put to death in Thargelion of Ol. 95, 1. Therefore he died in B.C. [{781 - (4 × 95 + 1)} - 1] = (781-381)-1=400-1=399. 781 4 II. To find the Olympiad, given the year n B.C., take the formula -n The quotient is the Ol. and the remainder the current year of it; if there is no remainder, the current year is the 4th of the Olympiad. If the event happened in the second half of the given year, it must be increased by 1. Thus, to take the event just mentioned, Socrates was put to death 781 (399 + 1) 781-400 = = Ol. 99, 3. 4 4 (b) Calculation of Money. The Athenians reckoned money most usually by the Spayun, a silver coin equivalent in value to 9.72 pence, or 9åd. of our money, and therefore as nearly as possible the counterpart of the modern French franc, which is worth about 93d. The Romans regarded two drachmas as equivalent to their numus (Plautus, Pseud. III. 2, 20; Truc. 11. 7, 12). There was another standard of weight, which was called the Æginetan Spaxun, and which was worth 18. 1ąd. But whenever a sum is mentioned without any specification of the unit, Attic drachmas are always meant. The drachma contained six obols (oßoλoć), which were latterly of bronze; but the Athenians, in their best days, had silver obols, and separate silver coins from four drachmas to a quarter of an obol, or Sixaλkov. One half of this, or the xaλxous, and one-seventh of the Xaλkoûs, or the λerróv, were the smallest coins known at Athens, and were always of bronze or copper. Sums of money were estimated by certain weights of silver. A mina (uva) indicated a sum of 100 drachmas, and a talent (ráλavrov) a sum of 60 minas. The following table gives the relations of all the coins and sums mentioned by the Attic writers. The rate of interest was expressed in two ways: 1. By the number of oboli or drachmæ per minam per mensem. 2. By the part of the principal that was paid as interest, either annually or for the whole time of the loan. Thus, 1. According to the first method of speaking: I. INDEX OF GREEK WORDS'. d-, prefix, 63, 334 a, quantity of, 24 sqq., 87 -a, as genitive of ist decl., 89 a for n, 64 a, pure, 86 ἀγαγεῖν, ἤγαγον, 198 ἀγάγωμι, 249 ἀγαθός, comparison, 159 ἀγάλακτες, 334 ἀγγέλλομαι, 433 ἁγνώσασκε, 246 ἄγροικος, 127 ἀγυιά, 117 ἄγχι, 527 ἄγων, as second. pred., 457 -αινα, fem. of - wy or -as, 79 αἰσχίων, 158 αἰσχύνομαι, with part. or inf., 588 ἀκόλουθος, 334 ἀκρατέστερος, 155 ἄληθες, 112, 635 άλις, 454 ἀλλά, 566 ἀλλά, after comparatives, 393 ἀλλά, after οὐ, 575 ἄλλο τι ἤ, ἄλλοτι, 559 ἄλλος, 138, 463 ἄλλοτ ̓ ἄλλον, ἄλλως, 567 ἅμα, 567, 579 ἁμαρτάνειν, c. gen., 466 ἄμβροτος, 54 ἀμείνων, 159 -âv, not av, infin., 256 -av for -ασι in perf. act., 253 repeated, 545 only with past tenses of the indica- tive, 546 not used with the fut. infin., 543 in objective sentences, 543, 589 -ava, aorist, 184 ἀνά, 514 ἄνα for ἀνάστηθι, 515 ἀνάεδνος, 334 ἀνακοινοῦσθαι, 440 . ἀνδράποδον, 162 ἀνδρειφόντης, ἀργειφόντης, 332 ἀνέρχομαι, transitive, 273 άνευ, 527 ἀνέχομαι, with double augment, 200 1 This Index does not contain the words already occurring in alphabetical |