More commonly, however, the contraction is not indicated by the circumflex. Thus we have: κριτής, “a judge.” Root, κρι-, “ to separate.” Movoa, "a recollector" and "deviser," i.e. "Goddess of memory and poetry." 66 Root, μου οι μα = μεν (107), “ to recollect,” “ contrive.” The nouns, which are declined like Μούσα, are those which end in -ă preceded by any consonant except p. They are nouns, like Μούσα, in -σα, as βύρσα, δόξα, ἄνασσα, γλώσσα, μέλισσα, δίψα; those in -ζα, as τράπεζα, μᾶζα, ῥίζα; in -λλα, as ἄλλα, ἅμιλλα ; and a number of nouns in -va, as ἄμυνα, ἄχνα, δέσποινα, ἔχιδνα, εὔθυνα, λέαινα, μάραγνα, μέριμνα, μύραινα, πεῖνα, πότνα, πρύμνα, χλαίνα, the proper names Αἴγινα, Πύδνα, and the Latin word Σαβίνα. It seems probable that all of these represent original forms in -σα; for ζ is here δσ or τσ, τράπεζα being [τε]τράπεδ-σα, and μάζα being μάσ-σα from μάσσω = μάγγω, the special term for making barley bread (Plat. Resp. 11. p. 372 B). Then as is an ultimate vocalization of s or h (above, 18, j), we have the same affix implied in ἅμιλλα = ἁμίλια, λέαινα = λεάνια (above, 103, 104), and a comparison of πότνα with πότνια, and of both with δέσποινα by the side of δεσπότης, leads to the conclusion that the nouns in -vă also originally ended in -via. Besides these there are some special cases, which probably involve less explicable corruptions of the same kind; such are ἄκανθα, ἄρδα, δίαιτα, ἐπίβδα, μάμμα, νάφθα, παῦλα, πρέσβα, τόλμα (τόλμη in the Tragedians). See Lobeck, Phryn. pp. 331, 447. Obs. By the side of the nouns in -vă we have others in -vn, as evvý, θοίνη, οἴνη, αἴνη, ποίνη, πείνη, φωνή, and the nouns in -σύνη; and by the side of nouns in -σα the poetical forms ἄση, ἔρση, ὄξη, and αύξη. "to 161 (8) In-a pure or -pa retaining the a throughout. Thus we have φιλία, “ friendship” (root, φιλ-, " to love, uninfected form, φιλ-γă or φιλε-); πείρα, “ an attempt” (root, περ-, uninflected form, περι-). Singular. Dual. Plural. (1) The name of a pure, which is not a very happy designation (for it often involves an absorbed consonant), is given to a after another vowel or p. The vowel, however, which allows the a to remain, is generally either t or e, as in παιδεία, “ education; ἀλή θεια, “ truth;” θεά, “a goddess;” βία, “ violence.” We have, however, a pure after a in ἐλάα, and in the contracted words μν for μνάα, ̓Αθηνâ for ̓Αθηνάα'; after o in πόα, στόα, χρόα (which often, however, end in -ta); after w in aλwά only; after v in yúa, καρύα, οἰσύα, ὀστρύα, σικύα. The only exceptions to a pure after ρ are ἀθάρη, αἴθρη, δείρη, κόρη, κόῤῥη, and the compounds in -μέτρης, as γεωμέτρης. (2) The a is retained in some cases where it is not preceded by a vowel or p: such are the words ἀλαλά, σκανδαλά, and the proper names Ανδρομέδα, Γέλα, Διοτίμα, Κισσαίθα, Κυναίθα, Λήδα, Μίκκα, Νέδα, Φιλομήλα, probably all Doric forms. 162 The a, in those cases in which it is retained as pure, varies in quantity according to its origin. If it is the Doric representative of an Attic n, or if it can be resolved etymologically into -ιᾶ= -εᾶσα οι -ρα = -ρᾶσα (and this is always the case when there is a corresponding masculine in -tos or -pos), it is necessarily long. But when the termination itself is -tă or -pă for -σa or -piă, it is necessarily short. The following details will show the application of these distinctions. (α) -ā long. (1) -ā is always long in the terminations -aa, -ɛa, -oa, -va, -wa, because here we have an absorbed t or σ; for example, ἐλάα is for ἐλά-ya, and θεά for θεγά. (2) -a is always long when it stands as a distinct termination, even though it has an i before it; thus in βασίλεια, " a queen,” we have merely the derivative in -ua from βασιλεύς, analogous to the feminines γλυκεία, θήλεια, ὀξεία from γλυκύς, θῆλυς, ὀξύς; but in βασιλεία, “ a kingdom,” we have a derivative in -a = ya or -σα from βασιλεύω. For the same reason the -a is long in αγορά, γαληναία (from the dative γαλήνῃ), λεία, παιδεία, φιλία, ἁγία, χροία, ἀλλοία, αὔρα, χώρα, αἰσχρᾶ, ἡμέρα. (b) -ă short. (1) -a is always short in nouns derived from adjectives in -ης, as ἀκριβής (ἀκριβε-ya), ἀκρίβεια; ἀληθής (ἀληθε-ya), ἀλήθεια; for 1 'Αθάνα is the form preferred by the Attic dramatists (see Porson ad Eurip. Orest. 26). But 'Αθηναία is the only form found in public documents before the archonship of Euclides (see Böckh, Staatshaushalt. d. Athen. II. p. 200). which, however, Homer has the longer forms ἀληθηίη, &c. Similarly it is short in πανάκεια, πέλεια, Κορώνεια, and the adjectives in -εία from us, as ὀξεία, or in -via from -ωs, as τετυφυία. But μητρυιά for μητρυι-γá has a long -a. (2) Compounds in -oua have the -a short; as εὔνοια, παλίῤῥοια, Εὔβοια. (3) Nouns in -ρα for -σα or -ρια, and of course in -νια, have the -a short; as σφύρα, πεῖρα, ὀρχήστρια, γενετεῖρα, ἔμπνια, πότνια, Πύῤῥα. (4) -a is short in διa and μία for δί-ια and μένεια. 163 (γ) Sometimes the -ua is written -ea; as in συκέα, “a fig-tree;" and in this case the termination is contracted into -ŋ or -a throughout: 164 (δ) When the uncontracted form is obsolete, the contraction is not indicated by the circumfex: thus from τιμά-εα (root, τι-, or uninfected form, τιμα-) we have τιμή, " honour or “price;” and from δίκη, " equivalent” or “atonement” (root, δικ- οι δεχ-), we have δίκ-εα = δίκη, which are infected thus : Compare the masculine κριτής with Ἑρμέας (159). 165 General Remarks on the First Declension. (a) Nouns in -ns generally make the vocative in ă, thus: πολῖτα. (2) Nouns in ns; as παιδοτρίβα, γεωμέτρα. (3) Ethnic names; as Πέρσα, Σκύθα. Other names, as the patronymics and proper names in -dns, make -δη, as 'Ατρείδη, "Αιδη; but we have Στρεψίαδες in Aristoph. Nub. 1206. (4) There are some nouns in -âs (chiefly contracted, as Anμâs for Δημήτριος, Ζηνας for Ζηνόδωρος) and in -ης (chiefly foreign, as Mauons), which retain the -a or -n throughout, thus: -as, -α, -a, -av, -a, -ης, -η, -η, -ην, -η. (8) In the epic dialect -a is changed into -7, and in the Doric -n is changed into -a: thus we have in the one εύπλοίη for εὔπλοια, and in the other Tua for Tμń. The Æolians sometimes wrote short -ă for -n, as in ὦ Δίκα, ὦ νύμφα. (7) The epic dialect substitutes the vocative for the nominative form in nouns in -ης: thus we have ἱππότα, ἠπύτα, νεφεληγερέτα, αἰχμητά, Θυέστα, &c. Three forms are proparoxytone: ἀκάκητα, εὐρύοπα, and μητίετα. (8) From this they have a genit. sing. and plur. in -ao, -awv, which may of course be referred, like the vocative, to the original crude form of the noun: and the -ao is often softened into -ew, according to an euphony constantly observed in Greek (above, 145). From Toλn and autý we have both forms in Homer, but always πασέων and ἁπασέων. In Herodotus -ew and -εων are the regular forms for substantives and pronouns, and they are not unfrequent in adjectives and participles. Thus we have, I. 180, Xívowv |